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Skeletal System Reviewer

The document discusses the skeletal system, including its major components like bones, joints, and cartilage. It describes the different types of bones and how they are classified. The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. Some key bones are identified, such as those in the skull, vertebral column, rib cage, shoulders, pelvis, arms, and legs. Joint structure and types of joints are also summarized. Common bone and joint disorders are mentioned.

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Madelle Capending Debuton
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227 views4 pages

Skeletal System Reviewer

The document discusses the skeletal system, including its major components like bones, joints, and cartilage. It describes the different types of bones and how they are classified. The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. Some key bones are identified, such as those in the skull, vertebral column, rib cage, shoulders, pelvis, arms, and legs. Joint structure and types of joints are also summarized. Common bone and joint disorders are mentioned.

Uploaded by

Madelle Capending Debuton
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PARTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM:

 BONE
 JOINTS
 CARTILAGE
 LIGAMENTS (bone to bone) (TENDON = bone to muscle)

FUNCTIONS OF THE BONES


 SUPPORT OF THE BODY
 PROTECTION OF SOFT ORGANS
 MOVEMENT DUE TO ATTACHED SKELETAL MUSCLES
 STORAGE OF MINERALS AND FATS
 BLOOD CELL FORMATION

DIVIDED INTO 2 DIVISIONS


 AXIAL SKELETON – longitudinal axies of the body
Divided into 3 parts:
1. Skull
2. Vertebral Column
3. Bony Thorax
 APPENDICULAR SKELETON – limbs and girdle
1. Limbs (appendages)
2. Pectoral (shoulder) girdle
3. Pelvic girdle

BONES OF THE HUMAN BODY:


 The skeleton has 206 bones
 The basic types of bone tissue :
1. COMPACT BONE - homogeneous (dense/hard)
2. SPONGY BONE – small needle-like pieces of bones, has many open spaces (cancellous)

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
 LONG BONES – typically longer than wide , haves a shaft with heads at both ends, contain monstly compact bones,
found in legs and arms (ex: femur and humerus)
 SHORT BONES – generally cube-shape and small, cointain mostly spongy bone, found in wrist,ankles and toes (ex:
carpals and tarsals)
GROSS ANATOMY OF A BONE
 Diaphysis
-shaft
- composed of compact bone
 Epiphysis
-ends of the bone
-composed of mostly spongy bone
STRUCTURE OF A LONG BONE
 Periosteum
-outside covering of the diaphysis
-fibrous connective tissue membrane
 Arteries
-supplies bone cells with nutrients
 Articular cartilage
-covers the external surface of the epiphysis, made of hyaline cartilage
 Medullary cavity
-cavity of the shaft, contains yellow marrow(mostly fat)
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES ON THE BASIS OF SHAPE
 FLAT BONES - thin and flattened,usually curved (exam: skull, ribs , sternum)
 IRREGULAR BONES – irregular shape, do not fit into other bone classification categories (ex: vertebrae and hip)

BONE GROWTH
 EPIPHYSEAL PLATES allow for growth of long bone during childhood

BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING


 OSSIFICATION
 OSTEOBLAST – responsible for remodel (bone forming cells)
 EPIPHYSEAL PLATE – responsible for growth
 PTH-OSTEOCLAST – bone- destroying cells , breakdown bone matrix for remodelling and release of calcium
 CALCITONIN – decrease calcium in blood ( ESTROGEN – hormones [develops calcium])

(3.5- 5 mEq) – blood

THYROID GLAND – produces calcitonin


PARATHYROID GLAND – stimulates nervous system if theres low calcium

Hypercalcimia – level of calcium in the blood is higher than normal


Hypocalcimia – level of calcium in the blood is lower than normal
1% of calcium is responsible for muscle contracting
Thyrodictomy – removal of thyroid gland

BONE FRACTURES
 A break in a bone
 Types of bone fractures
1. Close (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin
2. Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin
CLOSE REDUCTION – dislocated,massage (hilot la an bulong)
OPEN REDUCTION – patient undergo surgery
ORIF – OPEN REDUCTION INTERNAL FIXATION

COMMON TYPES OF FRACTURES :


1. COMMINUTED – bone breaks into many fragments
2. COMPRESSION – bone is crushed
3. DEPRESSED – broken bone portion is pressed inward
4. IMPACTED – broken bone end are forced into each other
5. SPIRAL – ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone
6. GREENSTICK – bone breaks incompletely,much in the way a green adults

REPAIR OF BONE FRACTURES/STAGES


1. HEMATOMA FORMATION
2. FIBROCARTILAGE CALLUS FORMATION
3. BONY CALLUS FORMATION
4. BONE REMODELING
THE SKULL

 Sits on top of the vertebral column


 2 sets of bones
1. Cranium (8 bones)
2. Facial bones ( 14 bones)
 Bones are joined by sutures (tahi)
 Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint
SUTURES : - FOR MOLDING
PARIETAL SUTURES
FRONTAL SUTURES (FONTANIL)
TEMPORAL SUTURES
CORONAL SUTURES

FORAMEN - HOLE (BONES) LUHO


VOMER – LONG NOSE( PAMPATANGOS) BONE

PARANASAL SINUSES
-hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
Functions:
1. Lighten the skull
2. Give resonance and amplification to voice
Sinusitis – disease

HYOID BONE – the only bone that does not articulate with another bone , serve as a moveable base for the tongue
VERTEBRAL COLUMN – vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs
Cervical spine – 7 cervical vertebrae
Thoracic spine – 12 thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar spine – 5 lumbar vertebrae
CURVATURE – concave, convex

BONY THORAX
 Forms a cage to protect major organs (true ribs 1-7 , false ribs 8-12)
 Made up of 3 parts
1. Sternum – breastbone, located along the midline of the anterior chest
2. Ribs – 12 pairs rib attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae (true ribs – 7, false ribs – 5)
3. Thoracic vertebrae

THE PECTORAL (SHOULDER) GIRDLE


 Compose of 2 bones
1. Clavicle – collarbone
2. Scapula – shoulder blade
These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement
BONES OF THE UPPER LIMB
 The arm is formed by a single bone (humerus)
 HUMERUS
 The forearm has 2 bones
1. Ulna – the longer of 2 forearm, located on medial or little finger side of the forearm
2. Radius - locate on the lateral or thumb side when the palm of the hand is facing forward
BONES OF THER UPPERLIMB
 The hand
1. Carpals - wrist
2. Metacarpals - palm
3. Phalanges – fingers
BONES OF THE PELVIC GIRDLE
 Compose of two coxal bones (hip bones)
 Composed of 3 pair of fused bones
1. ilium
2. ischium
3. pubis (pubic bone)
 the total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
 Protects several organs
1. Reproductive organs
2. Urinary bladder
3. Part of the large intestine
BONES OF THE LOWER LIMBS
 The leg has 2 bones
1. Tibia – shin bone / larger
2. Fibula – long and thin
 The foot
1. Tarsals – ankle
2. Metatarsals – sole/instep
3. Phalanges – toes

Disorders – gigantism,dwarfism,acromically(dako),rickets

JOINTS – ARTICULATIONS OF BONES


Functions:
- Hold bones together
- Provide flexibility

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS


 Synarthroses – immovable joints
 Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable joints
 Diarthroses – freely moveable joints

STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS


 Fibrous joints – generally immovable
 Cartilaginous joints – immovable or slightly moveable
 Synovial joints – freely moveable

INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH JOINTS

 Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction


 Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths
 Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints

CLINICAL FORMS OF ARTHRITIS


 Osteoarthritis – most common chronic arthritis, related to normal aging process
 Rheumatoid arthritis – an autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints
 Gouty arthritis – inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of urate crystals from the blood

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