LEARNING MODULE SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Bachelor in Technical Vocational Teacher Education Curriculum

LEARNING MODULE

in

TLE 4 – TEACHING COMPETENCIES

IN INDUSTRIAL ARTS (Carpentry)

Prepared by:

ENGR. ALBREN RYAN C. CORDITA, LPT

Guest Lecturer

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TLE4: Teaching Competencies to Industrial Arts (Carpentry) 1 Engr. Albren Ryan C. Cordita, LPT
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Lesson 1. Introduction to Carpentry …………………………………. 4 - 25

Lesson 2. Practice Occupational Health and Safety …………………. 26 - 44

Lesson 3. Prepare Construction Materials and Tools........................... 45 - 55

Lesson 4. Maintain Tools and Equipment ……………………................. 56 - 62

Lesson 5. Perform Mensuration and Calculation ................................. 63 - 79

Lesson 6. Interpret Drawings and Plans ............................................... 80 – 95

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Welcome to the world of Carpentry!

There are 8 common competencies are covered separately in 8 Lessons. As shown

below, each lesson is directed to the attainment of one or more learning outcomes:

Lesson 1: Introduction to Carpentry

LO 1. Basic concepts in carpentry
LO 2. Importance of carpentry and it’s relevant tools
LO 3. Basic carpentry hand tools and their use

Lesson 2 : Practice Occupational Health and Safety Procedures

LO 1. Identify hazards and risks.
LO 2. Evaluate and control hazards and risks.
LO 3. Maintain occupational health and safety awareness.

Lesson 3: Prepare Construction Materials and Tools

LO 1. Identify materials and tools applicable to a specific construction job
LO 2. Request appropriate materials and tools.
LO 3. Receive and inspect materials and tools.

Lesson 4: Maintain Tools and Equipment

LO 1. Check condition of tools and equipment.
LO 2. Perform basic preventive maintenance.
LO 3. Store tools and equipment.

Lesson 5: Perform Mensuration and Calculation

LO 1. Select measuring instrument.
LO 2. Carry out mensuration and calculation.

Lesson 6 : Interpret Technical Drawings and Plans

LO 1. Analyze signs, symbols and data.
LO 2. Interpret technical drawing.
LO 3 Apply free hand drawing.

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LESSON 1

I. Title : INTRODUCTION TO CARPENTRY

II. Topics : LO1: Basic Concepts in Carpentry

III. Time Frame : 2 hrs.

IV. Introduction :

Carpentry may be defined as the process of making wooden components. It deals with
the building work, cabinet making etc. Jointly, i.e. preparation of joints is one of the important
operations in all wood works. It deals with making joints for a variety of applications like door
frames, window frames, ward robes, cupboards, stairs etc. here tools and works associated
with joinery are presented.

V. Objectives: At the end of the topic the students are expected to:

a. Develop an awareness in the concepts of carpentry

b. Understand the types of carpentry skills
c. Identify the general points on shelter construction

VI. Learning Activities:

Carpenters construct, repair, and install building frameworks and structures made
from wood and other materials.

Duties of a carpenter:

Carpenters typically do the following:

 Follow blueprints and building plans to meet the needs of clients

 Install structures and fixtures, such as windows and molding
 Measure, cut, and shape wood, plastic, and other materials
 Construct building frameworks, including walls, floors, and doorframes
 Erect, level, and install building framework with the aid of rigging hardware and cranes
 Inspect and replace damaged framework or other structures and fixtures
 Instruct and direct laborers and other construction helpers

Carpenters are a versatile occupation in the construction industry, with workers

usually doing many different tasks. For example, some carpenters insulate office buildings

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and others install drywall or kitchen cabinets in homes. Those who help construct tall
buildings or bridges often install wooden concrete forms for cement footings or pillars and
are commonly referred to as rough carpenters. Rough carpenters also erect shoring and
scaffolding for buildings.

Carpenters use many different tools to cut and shape wood, plastic, fiberglass, or
drywall. They commonly use hand tools, including squares, levels, and chisels, as well as
many power tools, such as sanders, circular saws, nail guns, and welding machines.

Carpenters fasten materials together with nails, screws, staples, and adhesives,
and check their work to ensure that it is precisely completed. They use tape measures on
nearly every project to quickly measure distances. Many employers require applicants to
supply their own tools.

The following are examples of types of carpenters:

Construction carpenters construct, install, and repair structures and fixtures of wood,
plywood, and wallboard, using carpenter’s hand tools and power tools.

Rough carpenters build rough wooden structures, such as concrete forms; scaffolds;
tunnel, bridge, or sewer supports; and temporary frame shelters, according to sketches,
blueprints, or oral instructions.

Carpenters should also possess the following specific qualities:

Business skills. Self-employed carpenters must be able to bid new jobs, track
inventory, and plan work assignments.

Detail oriented. Carpenters perform many tasks that are important in the overall
building process. Making precise measurements, for example, may reduce gaps
between windows and frames, limiting any leaks around the window.

Manual dexterity. Carpenters use many tools and need hand-eye coordination to
avoid injury. Striking the head of a nail, for example, is crucial to not damaging
wood.

Math skills. Because carpenters use basic math skills every day, they need to be
able to calculate volume and measure materials to be cut.

Physical stamina. Carpenters need physical endurance. They often lift heavy tools
and materials while standing, climbing, or bending for long periods.

Physical strength. Many of the tools and materials that carpenters use are heavy.
For example, plywood sheets can weigh 50 to 100 pounds.

Problem-solving skills. Because all construction jobs vary, carpenters must adjust
project plans accordingly. For example, they may have to use wedges to level
cabinets in homes that have settled and are sloping slightly.

Types of Carpentry Skills

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Mechanical

Carpenters utilize mechanical skills to work with a variety of tools and

machines. These might include ladders, electronic levels, and rotary tools such as
power saws. Carpenters must be comfortable operating, maintaining, and
occasionally repairing these types of tools.

 Power Tools
 Hand Tools
 Cabinet Building
 Drilling
 Framing
 Furniture Making
 Insulation
 Paneling
 Sanding
 Sawing
 Trimming
 Woodworking

Math

Carpenters require math skills in order to accurately measure materials that

need to be cut and installed. They also use their math skills to plan projects. This
might include reading blueprints and making measurements as well as calculating
costs to make sure a project comes in under budget. Frequently used math skills
include arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and even calculus and statistics.

 Budgeting
 Geometry
 Algebra
 Estimates
 Marking
 Measuring

Detail Orientation

Carpenters must be very precise in their work. They have to measure

distances and the size of items exactly when installing household items. An eye for
detail helps with making measurements and fitting structures.

 Building Codes
 Building Plans
 Cutting
 Finishing
 Installation
 Reading Blueprints

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Critical Thinking

Carpenters must be able to problem-solve when issues arise in a project.

Often, projects run longer than expected. Other times, errors occur, such as materials
arriving late or in the wrong size. Carpenters have to think critically to solve these
issues. With strong critical thinking skills, carpenters can use logic not only to solve
problems but also to anticipate them.

 Design
 Layout
 Ordering
 Ornamental Design
 Planning
 Project Management
 Problem Solving
 Time Management
 Troubleshooting

Physical Strength

Physical strength is critical since carpenters lift and wield heavy tools and
materials, including lumber (which can be quite heavy). They also need physical
stamina. Most jobs require standing, climbing, lifting objects, and/or bending down for
long periods at a time.

 Hand-Eye Coordination
 Maintenance
 Manual Dexterity
 Nailing
 Rigging

Communication

Communication is a useful soft skill for carpenters. They should be able to

communicate effectively with clients, as well as listen carefully so that they can
understand what the client requires. They also need to be able to explain complex
technical issues in terms non-carpenters will understand. Customers appreciate a
carpenter who listens to their needs and explains things clearly and kindly.

 Communications Skills
 Customer Relations
 Personal Relations
 Scheduling
 Supervision

More Carpentry Skills

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 Appliance Installation
 Building Housing Additions
 Building House Foundations
 Adherence to Safety Procedures
 Assembling
 Demolition
 Chiseling
 Flooring
 Refinishing

General points on shelter construction

1.1 The role of a carpenter

A carpenter is called upon to provide four services:

- Advise households how they can make their shelters safer.

- Improve shelters resistance before rainy season.
- Upgrade the safety and quality of existing shelters
- Build new shelters

1.2 Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Compliance

In order to reduce the risks of loss of lives, livelihood and assets caused by heavy
rains, strong storms and high floods, the carpenters have to observe some main points and
follow important technical guidelines when they upgrade any existing shelter or build new

safe houses. In technical words this means: DRR compliance of a shelter is its ability
to retain its original characteristics after being subjected to natural elements and continue to
provide safe shelter to its occupants and assets.

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1.3 ABC Principle

The general requirements in shelter construction in regard of DRR compliance is

summarized in a simple abbreviation: the ABC Principle.

A = Anchoring
Every part of the structure must
be tied back to some secure point
which is capable of resisting all
applied forces.

B = Bracing
Every part of the structure must

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be held rigid so that it cannot tilt,

slide or rotate.

C =Continuity
Every part of the structure must
be properly connected to every
other member.

1.4 How to check the stability of an existing shelter

Prior to planning any repair work or eventually a new construction to replace an

existing shelter, check the shelter for stability. The stability of a shelter can be assessed by
four checks, which are made best when the household owner is assisted by a Carpenter.

- Is the majority of post bases decayed?

- Is the shelter tilted more than 5 degrees?
- Is the roof sagging?
- Are bracings provided?

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1.5 Shelter upgrading

Existing shelters shall be upgraded to better resist and thus better protect the families
against heavy rains, strong storms and high floods. Shelter upgrading work involves:

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VII. Self -Evaluation:

Explain why “abc” principles in carpentry should be follow correctly?

VIII. Review of Concepts:

These rules apply to all types of shelters, whether building with bamboo and fixing with
ropes or if constructing with palm trunks or timber joined by nuts and bolts. These rules do
not only apply to constructions after a cyclone, but to any shelter construction you and your
village members engage in from now on. This Guide explains the special features,
techniques and recommendations and shows how they can easy be applied for any safe
construction. Read the guide, discuss with your community, seek advice from other
carpenters and build a safer shelter.

IX. References

https://www.workyard.com/blog/carpentry-guide-the-basics-to-becoming-a-carpenter/

https://www.truity.com/career-profile/carpente

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LESSON 1

I. Title : INTRODUCTION TO CARPENTRY

II. Topics : LO2: Importance of Carpentry and It’s Relevant Tools

III. Time Frame : 2 hrs.

IV. Introduction :

Carpentry is a skilled trade and a craft in which the primary work performed is the
cutting, shaping and installation of building materials during the construction
of buildings, ships, timber bridges, concrete formwork, etc. Carpenters traditionally worked
with natural wood and did the rougher work such as framing, but today many other
materials are also used and sometimes the finer trades of cabinetmaking and furniture
building are considered carpentry. Carpenters are usually the first tradesmen on a job and
the last to leave. Carpenters normally framed post-and-beam buildings until the end of the
19th century; now this old fashioned carpentry is called timber framing.

V. Objectives: At the end of the topic the students are expected to:

a. Appreciate the importance of carpentry.

b. Identify the theory of carpentry

VI. Learning Activities:

Carpentry and It’s Important;

Carpentry covers many different areas and with an open canvas, be it commercial or
residential, a carpenter can manage lots of different parts of a new build, extension or
refurbishment. They can cover kitchens, bathrooms, doorways, floors, roofs, framework,
panelling, moulding, ceilings – basically put, a carpenter carries a variety of skills putting
them perfectly in your sights if you are looking to change an area in your home or property.

Carpenters can repair or remodel existing structures of all kinds and any certified
carpenter can:
 Rework & Remodel
 Install Stairs
 Create Banisters
 Install & Create Kitchens
 Create Framework
 Install Doorways
 Carry Out Woodwork of All Kinds
 Lay Floors
 Apply Wall Coverings
 Work on Interiors & Exteriors
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 Install Beams
In fact, the carpentry craft is a talented one and anyone that can work well with their hands
may become a carpenter, but having the experience to carry out any intended work is
essential. Carpentry requires modern and traditional skills that can be carried out manually.
It also requires that any individual carrying out carpentry can read designs, be it from an
individual home or property owner or an architect. It also requires that they can understand
building plans and work from them accurately. What this means for you is that you should
ensure that you always take on a carpenter who can work really well with you. They should
be confident that they can incorporate your ideas and your chosen tradesman should
always understand the importance of getting the work completed to a perfect finish.

Carpentry material

Timber is the basic material used for any class of carpentry work. The term timber is
applied to wood from well grown trees. The trees are cut, sawn in to various sizes to suit
the required purpose. Indian timbers most commonly used for various carpentry words are
as follows: babul, deodar, mahogany, mango, sal, sissy and teak

Carpentry tools
In carpentry large numbers of hand tools are used for processing the wood. Here the
details of tools that are being used in workshop are presented.

Making and measuring tools

Steel rule - It is strip of steel with graduations on its edges and is used for measuring and
setting out dimensions.

Try square - Try squares are used for making and testing of right angles and
for testing flatness of surface.

Marking gauge - It is a tool which has one projected

marking pin and is used to mark accurate lines parallel to
the true edge of a wooden piece.

Holding tools

Carpenter's vice - It is used for holding the work for

planning, sawing and chiseling. The whole vice is made of

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iron and steel. It has two jaws one of which is fixed to the side of the table while the other is
movable.

C-clamp - It is used for holding the work projecting above the surface of
the bench. This is used to prevent the wood from moving forward when
being planned.

Bench stop - It is simply a block of wood projecting

above the top surface of the bench. This is used to
prevent the wood from moving forward when being
planned.

Cutting tools

Wooden jack plane - It consists of

wooden body in which blade is set at an
angle of 45 degrees to the body or sole.
The cutting blade used is made of high
carbon steel and is very similar to a
chisel. Jack plane is a general purpose
plane and is used to produce flat and
smooth surfaces and wood.

Hand or cross-cut saw - It is used to cut

across the grains of the stock or thick
wood. The teeth are set alternatively to the
right and left of the blade, and its purpose is
to make the cut wider than the thickness of
the blade. This allows the blade to move
freely in the cut, without sticking. Her teeth
are set at 2.5mm apart.

Tenon saw or back saw - This is saw

mostly used for cross cutting when a finer
and more accurate finish is required. The

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teeth are shaped in the form of an equilateral triangle and generally have 13 teeth and
25mm length.

Firmer chisel or straight edge chisel - It

is a general purpose chisel and is used
for cutting and shaping wood
accurately. The width of the blade
varies from 1.5 to 50mm.

Adze - Adze is a side axe used to chop extra wood

quickly by carpenters. Adze with very long handle is
used to plane long palm tree barks in standing position
and also used as a hammer.

Miscellaneous tools

Pincer - It is made of steel with a hinged joint and is

used for pulling out small mails from wood.

Claw hammer - It is a dual-purpose hammer. It has a

hammer face, which is used to drive in mails and claw
at the other end for pulling out mails from the wood

Wood rasp file- It is a finishing tool used

to make the wood surface smooth, remove the
sharp edges and other interior surfaces. Sharp
cutting teeth are provided on its surface this file
is exclusively used in wood work

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VII. Self -Evaluation:

Match the tools (1–5) with the descriptions (a–e).

1. claw hammer a. used to cut into the angle of a dovetail

2. hand saw b. used for cutting timber
3. carpenter's vice c. used for driving nails into timber
4. chisel d. used for smoothing rough wood
5. plane e. used for holding the work for planning, sawing and chiseling

VIII. Review of Concepts:

We are experts in a range of fields and our carpenters work to ensure that your
finished project is completed to perfection, is appealing, and that the work when done is
intended to work well within your home or property.

IX. References

https://millworkguide.com/carpentry-tools-and-their-uses/

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LESSON 1

I. Title : INTRODUCTION TO CARPENTRY

II. Topics : LO3: Basic Tools in Carpentry

III. Time Frame : 2 hrs.

IV. Introduction :

Carpentry is a skillful profession. In this profession, carpentry tools are required to

cut, bring in shape or even install certain basic building materials. This is used while
constructing our homes, offices, school buildings, timber bridges or may be ships etc. For
performing the aforesaid operations on building materials, certain types of tools are
required known as carpentry tools.

V. Objectives: At the end of the topic the students are expected to:

a. Appreciate the importance of carpentry.

b. Identify the theory of carpentry

VI. Learning Activities:

Basic Carpentry Hand Tools and their uses

Here are some names of tools with image and their use in carpentry:

Tool Belt:

A Tool belt is a must for any

professional as well as non
professional seeking to perform
carpentry operations. A tool belt
is a well arranged kit containing
all your necessary tools, which
allows you to work efficiently
and makes it much easier for
you to walk or climb ladders for
your work more safely.

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Depending upon your requirements and kind of job, you can choose from various kinds of
tool belt which comes in various shapes and sizes for various body parts like waist, hip,
pouch, apron etc. You can also choose from varying materials like leather, canvas, cotton,
nylon, polyester or fabric.

Hand drills

Hand drills are an important tool that you

will require in your work space and are a
must to make and boring holes in your
woodcrafts. In case of lack of power, hand
drills are really useful especially for outdoor
projects. It is very handy to have a variety
of drill bits on the stock. Drills also come in
varying shapes and types. It can be broadly
divided into three types- Traditional drills,
Impact driver, Hammer drills.

Measuring tape

The measuring tape is one of the most useful

tools in woodworking and is widely available in
many commercial hardware facilities. Normally a
carpenter measures twice before cutting the
wood. Every woodworker has a retractable
lockable measuring tape in their arsenal of tools.
The idea is to get one that uses marking systems,
standard and metrics.

Sandpaper

A coated abrasive consisting sheets of

abrasive cloth or abrasive paper is
known as Sandpaper or Glasspaper.
These layers or sheets are glued
together at one face. Although, the
name is deceptive in the sense neither
it consists of glass nor sand but they
are basically abrasive materials made
of aluminium oxide or silicon carbide
products. Sandpaper is found in variety
of grit sizes. The main purpose of the
Sandpaper is to remove excess
material from the surface. It is also used for smoothening of surfaces, especially used prior
to painting or wood finishing. It is in fact also used to make the surface rough at times while
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preparing it for gluing purposes. The grit size should be chosen in such a way, keeping in
mind the particle size. Usual case is that for better performance grit size is inversely
proportional to the size of the particle.

Squares

A Carpenter’s major job is also to lay

structures that are generally in shapes
having accurate right angles. It is not
plausible for a carpenter to build a
prototype every time he works with such
shapes. Hence Steel square or simply
square makes life of a carpenter much
easier. Steel square generally refers to a
specific long armed square that is used for
measuring various kinds of angles apart
from right angles using the rafter table
printed on it. It is also known as framing
square or carpenter’s square. It consists of
two arms one of them is long and wider
arm known as blade, the other one is a
shorter and narrower arm known as
tongue, which forms a right angles (90
degrees).

Apart from steel, Squares also come in Aluminium and Polymers variants. This is to
prevent them from rusting and is also lighter than the steel. There are four major kinds of
square namely the framing square, the speed square, the try square and the combination
square. Many carpenters mostly use the speed square and the framing one.

Level

How will you ever know whether a surface is

horizontal (level) or vertical (plumb)? Well many
artisans including carpenters, bricklayers,
surveyors, millwrights or other building trade
workers require a specialised instrument called
spirit Level or simply a Level to check the surface
of building material they are working on. Level
forms another essential tool majorly for
carpenters and allows them to get horizontally or
vertically perfect cuts.

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Hammer

A specialized tool in the form of a handle

(called helve) which is fixed with a head at the
top is known as a Hammer. It is generally used
for a variety of operations like blowing an
object in order to break it, driving a nail or a
spike into another or to forge out the intended
shape out of the building material. Depending
upon the utility Hammers come in varying
shapes and sizes such as claw hammer, ball
pain, cross and straight pein, cross pein pin
hammer, club hammer, sledge hammer, joiner’s mallet, soft faced hammer, special
hammers or even power hammers.

The Sliding Bevel

The performance of a carpenter is measured in

terms of its precision. Setting angles precisely would
have been a tough job without a sliding T bevel,
which is also called a bevel gauge or false square. It
can be adjusted for precisely setting and
transferring of angles. The handle is connected to a
metallic blade. It is generally made up of wood or
plastic. In order to set an angle the blade pivot is to
be first locked. Locking of the blade pivot is made
possible by either loosening or tightening the
thumbscrew. The operation of a sliding bevel is
complemented with other measuring tools such as
protractor or framing square.

Nail puller

A Nail puller is kind of a standard tool in carpentry. It is

also referred to as cat’s paw or cat’s claw. It generally
consists of a bar which is hexagonal or can be round,
consisting a pointed or a cup-shaped tip. This bar is
curved at the end. This tool has its main utility in holding
on or gripping the nail heads. Demolition work forms most

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of its utility because it is used for tearing the wood surrounding the nailhead.

Nail Set
An icepick shaped metal piece which is used to
drive finished nails is called a Nail Set. A Nail Set
finds its relevance and a lot of importance in field
of carpentry because of various benefits such as a
nail set while driving finished nails at or below the
building material will not cause damage to the
finished surface. A nail set is so compact that it
can fit the narrower spots as well. It can be
complemented with the use of a hammer as well.
Thus a nail set will work wonders without harming
the arms, hands or wrists. Also the best part is it is
very easily accessible an economical to purchase.

Hand Saw

Ever wondered which is the basic tool with

which you are able to cut huge blocks of
wood or logs? It is known as Handsaw,
which comes in varying shapes and sizes.
They are also known as Panel Saws used
for cutting or carving wooden blocks into
varying shapes and sizes. It basically
consists of two edges where one edge is
flat and the other is a sharp edge used for
cutting wooden pieces. Handsaws also
have the potential for pruning wood or even cutting metal. Various kinds of Hand Saw are
available namely keyhole saw, cross cut saw, rip cut saw, back saw, flooring saw etc.

Chisels and Screwdrivers

A tool with a shaped cutting edge on the blade at its

end is known as a chisel. This tool finds its utility in
cutting of hard materials such as a metal piece, stone
or wooden blocks by hand. The tool can use
mechanical power or can be struck with a mallet. In
order to use a chisel, forcefully insert the blade into the
desired material to cut it. The force applied can be via
hammer or hand. A simple tool used for inserting or
removing screws is known as screwdriver. It can either
be manual or the power operated one. A screwdriver
does the basic function of screwing or unscrewing of
screws. It consists of a handle and a shaft. At the end
of the shaft one can insert the screw head and then turn
the handle in order to screw or unscrew. Composition of

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shaft is of steel. Composition of handle is either of wood, plastic or can even be of metal.

Workbench

While working on building material, holding

of material usually wood tightly and with
great precision is a challenge without the
use of Workbench. It consists of a tight fitted
table used for holding work pieces with
precision. In order to hold the workpieces
tightly a workbench must be rigid as well as
heavy. A worker can adjust the width or
height at which the workpiece is to be held
at the Workbench. Depending upon the
operation to be performed, a worker can
choose from varying kinds of benches
specifically designed for different workpieces
of various shapes and sizes.

Hand tools safety tips

Traditional woodworking uses a variety of apparently safe type of hand tools like
Hammers, torques, several types of hand saws, drillers, screwdrivers, etc. Hand equipment
seems to be safe; however, sometimes they provoke a series of wounds. Truth be told,
about a 10% of the woodworker’s payable wounds has origin from hand tools related
accidents and sometimes they aggravate to serious wounds. Carpentry tools can provoke
any kind of injuries like the amputation, cuts, punctures and several others. These devices
are designed to cut or pinch wood, imagine what can be the repercussions on the human
flesh if safety procedures and certain safety norms are not kept in mind while dealing with
these potent of harming tools.

As they say, “Prevention is always better than Cure”. Hence taking suitable
precautions can avert major and minor accidents while dealing with these tools.
A good idea is to elude these kinds of wounds. Here we provide you with some basic safety
tips which you must keep in mind while working with any tool:

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 Always wear your required safety equipment’s before operating the tools.
 Make sure you wear proper attire before proceeding to operate the tools.
 Make sure you disconnect the power while changing various parts of the tool,
example before a blade change.
 Always make sure you operate or hold the tools from flat edge rather than the sharp
edge.
 Avoid the consumption of toxics such as alcohol or drugs at work place.
 Do not operate such devices that are not in proper working condition or are out of
order.
 Always use such tools which are as per your specifically designed work piece.
 Do not operate broken or worn out devices, such as dull cutting apparatuses, or
screwdrivers with worn tips.
 Ensure your grip and balance is firmly secured while operating the instruments.
 Always cut materials placing it at certain distance away from your body.
 Avoid distractions.

Carpentry Power Tools and their uses

Like we evolve and upgrade ourselves, the same way our skill set also is evolving
and upgrading. After you have made yourself comfortable with basic hand operated non-
power tool, you are now ready to take a fresh leap to a whole new experience of Power
tools. Power tools are much easier to use and require far less personal physical strength as
compared to the non-power ones. But their usage requires a certain kind of skill set. After
operation non-power tools for a while, one feels comfortable in operating any kind of power
operated tools. Here we introduce to you some commonly used power tools that can help
you make better choices before you purchase them.

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Circular Saw

While you prefer budget

woodworking, a basic power
operated circular saw is a household
name in the field of economic
carpentry operations. You can
operate this with clamp-on straight-
edge and it increases its accuracy
and precision manifolds. This
combination would be perfect at
cutting plywoods or medium density
fiberboard.

Power Drill

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The most basic kind of power operated

tool used for boring holes is Power
Drill. It can either be cordless or
corded. For beginners, a corded power
drill is usually recommended.
Depending upon the utility,
specifications of Power drill can be
chosen based on size of chuck or
chosen from keyed or keyless chuck
etc.

Random Orbital Sander

While a normal sandpaper is a sheet of

abrasives, power operated random orbital
sander consists of hooked and looped
sanding disks. Depending upon the utility it
can be fixed with sanding disks of various
grits. This customization allows you smooth
sanding operations without leaving any
sanding marks

VII. Self -Evaluation:

Find ten words relating to tools. The words read from left to right (→)
and top to bottom (↓).

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VIII. Review of Concepts:

A carpenter is almost indispensable as far as the construction industry goes. Their

expertise and talents cover a multitude of different areas including setting foundations,
laying new stairs, installing beams and installing trims, decorations and much more. We are
experts in a range of fields and our carpenters work to ensure that your finished project is
completed to perfection, is appealing, and that the work when done is intended to work well
within your home or property.

IX. References

https://www.essex-property-maintenance.com/news/carpentry-and-woodwork/carpentry-
and-its-importance/
https://millworkguide.com/carpentry-tools-and-their-uses/

LESSON 2

I. Title : PRACTICE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY PROCEDURE

II. Topics : LO1: Identify Hazard and Risk

III. Time Frame : 3 hrs.

IV. Introduction : Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has recently
updated the Guidelines for Safety and Health Programs it first released 30 years ago, to
reflect changes in the economy, workplaces, and evolving safety and health issues. The
new Recommended Practices have been well received by a wide variety of stakeholders
and are designed to be used in a wide variety of small and medium-sized business
settings. The Recommended Practices present a step-by-step approach to implementing a

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safety and health program, built around seven core elements that make up a successful
program.

V. Objectives: At the end of the topic the students are expected to:

a. Understand safety regulations and workplace safety and hazard control practices
and procedures.
b. Identify hazards/risks in the workplace and their corresponding indicators to
minimize or eliminate risk to co-workers, workplace and environment in accordance
with organization procedures
c. Stablish contingency measures during workplace accidents, fire and other
emergencies in accordance with organization procedures

VI. Learning Activities:

Hazards and Risks Identification and Control

 Requirements in Conducting/Identifying Hazards

- Survey the workplace to identify hazards. This survey must be in writing and must
be available to all workers
- Determine whether any hazard requires Personal Protective Equipment
- Pay special attention to working conditions or process that can produce hazards.
- Reassess hazards whenever necessary, especially when new equipment is
installed, to avoid accidents. Any reassessment must be written and must be
available to workers upon request.

HAZARD, RISK AND EXPOSURE IN THE WORKPLACE

Carpentry works covers with a lot of activities to be done in the different

workplace. While performing these activities we expose ourselves to a lot of risk.
Workplace hazard is a major cause of accident, injury, or harm to a worker who
performs such task. These hazards should be the major concern of all who are
involved in a certain job or work.

It is important to distinguish hazard, risk and exposure when undertaking risk

management.

 Hazard is the potential for harm, or adverse effect on an employee’s health.

Anything which may cause injury or ill health to anyone at or near a workplace is a
hazard.
 Risk is the likelihood that a hazard will cause injury or ill health to anyone at or near
a workplace. The level of risk increases with the severity of the hazard and the
duration and frequency of exposure.
 Exposure occurs when a person comes into contact with a hazard.

Types of Hazard

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Hazards are classified into five different types. They are:

1. Physical - includes floors, stairs, work platforms, steps, ladders, fire, falling
objects, slippery surfaces, manual handling (lifting, pushing, pulling),
excessively loud and prolonged noise, vibration, heat and cold, radiation, poor
lighting, ventilation, air quality
2. Mechanical and/or electrical - includes electricity, machinery, equipment,
pressure vessels, dangerous goods, fork lifts, cranes, hoists
3. Chemical - includes chemical substances such as acids or poisons and
those that could lead to fire or explosion, like pesticides, herbicides, cleaning
agents, dusts and fumes from various processes such as welding
4. Biological - includes bacteria, viruses, mold, mildew, insects, vermin,
animals
5. Psychosocial environment - includes workplace stressors arising from a
variety of sources.

Emergency procedures regarding safety working environment

1. Identify the potential emergencies.

The emergencies that may occur on project site could include:
a. Fire
b. Flood
c. Typhoon
d. machinery entrapment
e. electrical shock
f. chemical exposure
g. injuries
h. illness and
i. accidents

2. Provide emergency facilities appropriate for the sorts of emergencies that might
occur on the farm (e.g. deluge showers, eye washes, firefighting equipment, first aid
kits).
3. Make sure that the correct equipment is available to contain and handle any
chemical or other dangerous materials spills that might happen.
4. To help minimize the risk of personal injury or property damage in the event of an
emergency, people working on and visiting the farm need to know and understand
the emergency procedures and their responsibilities.
5. Instruct everyone working on the farm in the emergency response procedures
6. Everyone should know the location of fire alarms, fire extinguishers and first aid
kits; how and

WORKING CONDITIONS THAT CAN PRODUCE HAZARDS

1. Falling objects
2. Objects that can puncture skin
3. Objects that could roll over worker’s feet
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4. Toxic chemicals
5. Heat
6. Harmful Dust
7. Radiation

GENERAL SAFETY IN THE WORKING AREA

General Safety Practices

Safety practices are an important component in performing one’s job in order to

prevent accidents. In relation to this, safe work habits acquired now will be useful in years
to come. The following are reminders that will guide you in practicing safety measures in
the working area.

1. Always think “safety first” before performing an operation.

2. Wear safety goggles, or a face shield in the danger zones or in other designed
area.
3. Report even the slightest injury; small cuts or other minor injuries may become
serious if left unattended. Inform your teacher immediately.
4. Notify your teacher of any unsafe conditions observed. This may include such
things as dull tools and frayed electrical cords.
5. Keep the floor clear of scraps of materials.
6. Place clamped stock so it will not fall. Make sure the clamps do not extend into
pathways.
7. Place all used rags in a metal fireproof container.
8. Close vise handle so they do not protrude into the aisles. However, do not tighten
them.
9. Stay alert! Keep your mind on the operation of the machine all the time. Do not
talk to anyone while operating machine.
10. Ask for assistance prior to the cutting long or heavy piece.
11. Wear safe clothing. Make sure you button your shirt, and wear your shoes or
sneakers. Do not wear jewelry. If you have long hair tie it back.
12. Respect the right of others and their property.
13. Wear ear protection when operating tools with high noise levels.
14. Be sure everyone is out of danger zone around a machine before beginning an
operation.
15. Ask your teacher for permission before using machines.

PREVENTING SLIPS

Slips occur when there is too little friction between your feet and the ground.
Common causes of slips are wet surfaces, weather hazards, and loose soil or ground. Slips
often happen when you are distracted or in a hurry, but they can be prevented. Here are
the following examples of accidents that normally occur if an individual is careless:

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Safety should be the concern of everybody

In relation to this, safe work habits must also be practiced in the shop Room. The
illustrations will describe the causes and effects once you are careless inside the working
area.

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Signs, Signals and Barricades

 Signs, signals and barricades are important, if not critical, to the safety of the
construction workers.

Accident Prevention Signs and Tags

1. General. Signs and symbols required shall be visible at all times when work is
being
performed, and shall be removed or covered promptly when the hazard does not
exist anymore.
2. Danger Signs. Danger signs shall be used only where an immediate hazard
exists.

Danger signs should be read as the predominating color for the upper panel; outline
on the borders; and a white lower panel for additional sign wording.

3. Caution Signs. Caution signs shall be used only to warn against or caution
against practices. Caution sign shall have yellow as the predominating color; black
upper panel and borders; yellow lettering of “caution” on the black panel; and the
lower yellow panel for the additional sign wording. Black lettering shall be used for
additional wording.

Standard color of the background shall be yellow; and the panel, black with
yellow letters. Any letter used against the yellow background shall be black. The
colors shall be those of opaque glossy samples.
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4. Exit Signs. Exit signs, when required, shall be lettered in legible red letters, not
less than 6 inches high, on a white field and the principal stroke of the letters shall
be at least three-fourths in width.

5. Safety Instructions Signs. Safety instruction signs, when used, shall be with
green upper panel with white letters to convey the principal message. Any additional
wording on the sign shall be black letters on the white background.

6. Directional Signs. Directional signs, other than automotive traffic signs specified
in the paragraph below, shall be white with a black panel and white directional
symbol. Any wording on the sign shall be black letters on the white background.

7. Traffic Signs. Construction areas shall be posted with legible traffic signs at point
hazard. All traffic control signs or devices used for protection of construction workers
shall conform to Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards.

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8. Accidental Prevention Tags. Accident prevention tags shall be used as

temporary means of warning of an existing hazard such as defected tools,
equipments, etc. They shall not be used in place of, or as a substitute for, accident
prevention signs. Specifications for accident prevention tags similar as shown below
shall apply.

VII. Self -Evaluation:

Find ten words relating to tools. The words read from left to right (→)
and top to bottom (↓).

VIII. Review of Concepts:

The main goal of safety and health programs is to prevent workplace injuries,
illnesses, and deaths, as well as the suffering and financial hardship these events can
cause for workers, their families, and employers. The recommended practices use a
proactive approach to managing workplace safety and health. Traditional approaches are
often reactive –that is, problems are addressed only after a worker is injured or becomes
sick, a new standard or regulation is published, or an outside inspection finds a problem
that must be fixed. These recommended practices recognize that finding and fixing hazards
before they cause injury or illness is a far more effective approach.

IX. References

https://www.osha.gov/shpguidelines/

http://teachergelo.blogspot.com/2017/01/grade-7-lesson3-occupational-health-
and.html

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LESSON 2

I. Title : PRACTICE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY PROCEDURE

II. Topics : LO2: Evaluate and Control Hazard and Risk

III. Time Frame : 3 hrs.

IV. Introduction : Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has recently
updated the Guidelines for Safety and Health Programs it first released 30 years ago, to
reflect changes in the economy, workplaces, and evolving safety and health issues. The
new Recommended Practices have been well received by a wide variety of stakeholders
and are designed to be used in a wide variety of small and medium-sized business
settings. The Recommended Practices present a step-by-step approach to implementing a
safety and health program, built around seven core elements that make up a successful
program.

V. Objectives: At the end of the topic the students are expected to:

a. Understand Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) procedures for controlling

hazards and risk are strictly followed.
b. Identify procedures in dealing with workplace accidents, fire and emergencies are
followed in accordance with the organization’s OHS policies.
c. Stablish personal protective equipment (PPE) is correctly used in accordance with
organization’s OHS procedures and practices.

VI. Learning Activities:

Signs and their location:

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1. Danger Signs -are used only where immediate hazards exist. They are printed in
red as the predominating color.
2. Caution Signs -are used to warn against potential hazards.
3. Exit Signs -are printed in legible red letters for exits.
4. Safety Instructions Signs
5. Accidental Prevention Tags - are used as temporary means of warning to existing
hazards, such as defection, tools and equipment.
6. Barricades -are used for protection of employees

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Here are the types of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) use for safety purposes:

A. Face protection
Goggles and face protection must be used when workers
are at risk from flying particles, liquid chemicals, acids or
caustic liquids and chemical gases. Various goggles for face
protection must meet certain design criteria for safety.

B. Foot Protection
Safety shoes with impact protection are used in work areas
where heavy objects or tools could be accidentally dropped
on the feet. Safety shoes with puncture protection are
required when working around nails, wire tacks, scrap metals
and other objects that could fierce the feet.

C. Hand Protection
Gloves are required to protect the hands of workers
from cuts, scrapes, punctures, burns, chemical
absorption, and exhaust temperatures. It is crucial that
the type of glove being used is the right one for the job.

D. Hearing Protection
Appropriate ear muffs or ear plugs must be made available as a last
resort if it is not possible to make the workplace less noisy. The
requirement is a small part of the occupational noise exposure
standard which requires employers to ensure that workers are
exposed to less than 90 decibels of noise over an 8 hour period.
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E. Respirators
Appropriate respirators must be worn as a last resort if it is not
possible to ventilate the work area properly.

Occupation Health and Safety (OHS) Procedures for controlling hazards and risks.

1. Conduct a hazard assessment like;

 Survey workplace to identify hazards (put them in writing)

 Determine whether any hazard required Personal Protective Equipment.
 Pay attention to working conditions that can produce hazards
 Reassess hazards whenever necessary, especially when new equipment is
installed
2. Select appropriate equipment;

 Ensure that all Personal Protective Equipment used is the right kind of equipment for
the job, and is maintained properly

1. Have knowledge on the following:

 Which PPE is necessary

 How to identify if it fits properly
 How to put on, remove, adjust and wear Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
 How to dispose of Personal Protective Equipment(PPE)
 The limitation of using Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Procedure in dealing with workplace, accidents, fire and Emergencies

PROCEDURES:

A. DEALING WITH ACCIDENTS

1. Keep calm, don’t panic and study the situation.

2. Report immediately to your teacher
3. Apply first aid to the victim while waiting for a nurse or a physician
4. Bring the patient to the nearest clinic or hospital

B. DEALING WITH FIRE

1. Do not panic, stay calm.

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2. Call the attention of everybody.

3. Use your firefighting equipment to control extinguish the fire.
4. Call the office or the fire station
C. DEALING WITH EMERGENCIES
1. Stay calm and study the situation.
2. Call the attention of your teacher.

VII. Self -Evaluation:

A. DIRECTION: : Write the letter of the correct answer on your answer sheet.

1. Conducting hazard assessment to a workplace should be done_______.

a) during working hours
b) after working hours
c) before working hours
d) all of the above
2. Observing good housekeeping ________________.
a) prevents fire
b) makes for easy location of tool and materials needed
c) both a and b
d) none of the above
3. In dealing with accidents , the first thing to do is to_________________.
a) stay calm and study the situation
b) apply first aid
c) call the attention of your teacher
d) all of the above
4. Accidents can be prevented _____________.
a) thru proper cares and maintenance of tools and equipment
b) right attitude towards works
c) if you have enough knowledge about safety practices
d) all of the above
5. When an injury occurs, how soon should it be treated?
a) After class hours
b) Immediately
c) Both a and b
d) Later

VIII. Review of Concepts:

The main goal of safety and health programs is to prevent workplace injuries,
illnesses, and deaths, as well as the suffering and financial hardship these events can
cause for workers, their families, and employers. The recommended practices use a
proactive approach to managing workplace safety and health. Traditional approaches are
often reactive –that is, problems are addressed only after a worker is injured or becomes
sick, a new standard or regulation is published, or an outside inspection finds a problem
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that must be fixed. These recommended practices recognize that finding and fixing hazards
before they cause injury or illness is a far more effective approach.

IX. References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health

LESSON 2

I. Title : PRACTICE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY PROCEDURE

II. Topics : LO3: Maintain occupational health and safety awareness

III. Time Frame : 3 hrs.

IV. Introduction : As an employee, we know that when you’re healthy, you’re happier
and more productive. While some jobs, like construction, have obvious safety hazards, it
isn’t wise to assume that if you clock time at a desk job you have nothing to worry about.
Many professions go hand-in-hand with stress, sedentary behavior and other unhealthy
habits that can take their toll on you both physically and mentally. So, whether you work
from home or keep busy with a manual labor job, it’s important to know what you can do to
make your workplace a safer, healthier environment.

V. Objectives: At the end of the topic the students are expected to:

a. Distinguish procedures in emergency related drill are strictly followed in line with the
established organization guidelines and procedures
b. Evaluate OHS personal records filled up in accordance with workplace equipment
c. Verify PPEs are maintained in line with organization guidelines and procedures

VI. Learning Activities:

.
Which is an Ideal Working Station?
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What is 5S?

The 5Ss are Japanese words that start with letter S. But in the Philippines, some thought of
5 English words that all begin with letter S which is equivalent to these Japanese words; it
is therefore necessary to remember the Japanese’ 5Ss. What is important aside from
retaining this into our minds is to make it part of our daily habit.

Below are the 5Ss and their English equivalent:

5Ss is not simply a list of action items. It is an integrated concept of action, condition and
culture. The nature and implication of each S needs to be understood as follows:

1. SEIRI (SORT) is an Action to identify and eliminate all unnecessary items from your
workplace.
2. SEITON(SYSTEMATIZE) is an ACTION to put every necessary items in good order.
3. SEISO (SWEEP) is an ACTION to clean your workplace thoroughly.
4. SIEKETSU (SANITIZE) is a CONDITION where high standard of good housekeeping is
maintained so that there is no dust and rust anywhere.
5. SHITSUKE (SELF-DISCIPLINE) is a CONDITION where all members practice
accordingly. It is a CULTURE.

How to practice 5Ss?

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1. SEIRI (SORT) means “take out unnecessary items and dispose’

Step 1 – Look around your workplace. Discover and identify items which are
unnecessary to your work. Then, dispose all unnecessary items.
“NEVER KEEP ANYTHING WHICH IS UNNECESSARY TO YOUR WORK.”

Step 2 – If you cannot decide whether an item is necessary or not, put

“DISPOSAL NOTICE” with the data on the item and set item aside.

Step 3 – After a period, say two months, check if someone has the item or not. If
no one needed the item, that means the item is not needed for your work.

Note: Disposal can be done in either of the following ways:

1. Sell it to outside of the workplace.

2. Move to other department/section where the item is needed.
3. Throw it away, dispose as garbage.
4. In disposing the belongings, it is better to make people know who has the
authority for disposal.
5. It is also better to make people know where to return excessive stock of materials
and supplies.
6. While looking around for unnecessary items in your workplace, look at every nook
like when you are looking for cockroaches. It will be a bonus to you if you find some
useful items.

2. SEITON (SYSTEMATIZE) means “Arrange necessary items in good order to use”

Step 1.Make sure that all unnecessary items are eliminated from your
workplace.
Step 2.Decide with your workmates which things to put when taking into
account the flow of your work. The principle is to put most frequently needed
items close to the user so as to minimize the movement of the person. Things
which are not so often used could not be placed slightly further away.
Step 3. It is necessary to make sure that everyone at your workplace knows
what is kept for efficient use. Make a list of things with location and put it in a
locker or cabinet. Label each drawer/cabinet to show what is kept inside.

Note:
The object of SEITON (SYSTEMATIZED) is to make your workplace a safe and efficient
place to work in.

3. SEISO (SWEEP) means “Clean your workplace”.

There is a very strong correlation between quality of products and cleanliness

of the workplace where products are manufactured. Accordingly, SEISO (SWEEP)
should be practiced every day, and sometimes, even during the day.

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The following are suggested for your SEISO (SWEEP) operation:

 Do not wait until things get dirty. Clean your workplace, including machines,
equipment, tools and furniture regularly so that they do not have chance to get
dirty.
 Put things inside for 3 minutes every day.
 You and your workmates should be responsible for the dirty works around you.
The janitors or sweepers will look after the common areas only.
 Never throw anything and make it your habit.
 Cleaning is also checking.

4. SEIKETSU (SANITIZE) means” Maintain high standard of housekeeping”. So as not

to waste your effort, do not stop after implementing initial 3Ss.

The following are suggested for your SEIKETSU(SANITIZE) operation:

 Create a maintenance system for housekeeping. Make a schedule of cleaning for

your workplace.
 Interdepartmental competition is a very effective means of sustaining and
enhancing people’s interest on 5Ss.

Note:
1. Indicate the names of the persons responsible for the work area and for the
machine.
2. Regular inspection and evaluation on the level of 4Ss by each work are
necessary.
3. Do not criticize poor cases, but also praise and commend good practices or good
performances.

5. SHITSUKE (SELF-DISCIPLINE) means “Do things spontaneously without being told

or ordered.” It is to make every one practice 4Ss spontaneously and willingly as
habit or way of life. There is no other way to foster such culture than practicing 4Ss
regularly until such time when everyone becomes fond of 5Ss.

To help such corporate culture conducive to 5Ss, the following need to be

emphasized:

 Treat your workplace as your own home.

 You are spending most of your “WAKING TIME” at your workplace than at home.
 Your workplace is an important place where to make income for yourself and
your family.
 Make your workplace as clean and comfortable as your home.

Note:

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In enhancing SHITSUKE (SELF-DISCIPLINE) of workers in a workplace, the rules of

management are very important. People with managerial duties should be worthy of
respect and emulation.

What can an individual gain from the 5Ss?

1. The 5Ss makes your workplace more pleasant. In practicing 5Ss, you have to start from
discussing and agreeing what to put for efficient use by everyone. With your workmates,
you have to clean the workplace. Such human relation and working environment will make
you and your workplace pleasant.

2. The 5Ss makes your work more efficient. If you have to look for something and take so
much time finding it, you are not only wasting your time but also wasting your energy and
moral. On the other hand, if everything at your workplace is arranged in proper order and
readily available for use; your work flow will always be very smooth. It improves not only
your efficiency but also improves the rhythm of your work and the more you will enjoy it. If
you have a work, better to enjoy it.

3. The 5Ss improves your safety. A clear and tidy working environment where everything is
properly placed, where clear instructions are readily available, and where no one throws
anything is safer place to work in.
Practicing 5Ss improves your own safety. You can enjoy your work more with less risk.

4. The 5Ss improves quality of your work and your products. People affect environment. On
the other hand, the environment also affects people. If you are accustomed to work in a
clear and tidy environment, you can develop your sensitivity so that you can feel and
identify any defect in work. On the contrary, messy and untidy environment will adversely
affect your sensitivity.

Therefore, good environment will improve the quality of your work. It is quite natural
that quality products come only from clean and well-organized workplace.

5. The 5Ss makes a quality life of people. The process of 5Ss requires people to think,
consult and agree with others and cooperate with each other. At the same time, practicing
the 5Ss gives people satisfaction of being
creative, friendly with others and seeing chances better.

In summary:
 5Ss improves CREATIVITY of people
 5Ss improves COMMUNICATION
 5Ss improves HUMAN RELATION among people
 5Ss enhances COMRADERSHIP among people
 5Ss gives VITALITY to people

Vitality of the people is the locomotion to move the company forward.

A Healthy Shop Is a Safe Shop

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The shop should be pleasant place where you will enjoy your work. Large
manufacturing companies have learned that the shop accidents are greatly reduced
when the shop itself is welllighted and well-ventilated. The introduction of ventilating
and blower systems, which free the air of dust and particles of dirt, have gone a long
way toward reducing accidents. Good lighting, both natural and artificial, likewise
safeguards the worker. The healthy shop is a safe shop. After all, the protection of
health is the first rule of “Safety First in the Shop”.

Safe Procedures
1. Control measures should be regularly reviewed through:

• workplace communication and consultation;

• safety and health committee meetings;
• regular equipment and work safety checks;
• incident, accident and near-miss records;
• injury and lost time records; and
• repair and maintenance reports

2. Workers should be continuously trained specifically on information and

instruction on:

• workplace safety and health;

• hazards and risks associated with work activities;
• safe work practices and procedures, safe handling (including lifting and
moving), safe operation of equipment and the control measures in place;
• safe use of plant and associated equipment, electrical safety, safety in
confined spaces and other training required under hazard-specific
regulations;
• safe use of hazardous substances relevant to the work to be performed;
• correct use, fit and care of PPE , tools and equipment and why the
equipment is needed

VII. Self -Evaluation:

I. Give what is being asked. Write your answer on your answer sheet.

A. Explain briefly the following 5Ss:

1. SEIRI
2. SEITON
3. SEISO
4. SEIKETSU
5. SHITSU

B. Cite 4 advantages of the 5Ss for the people if observed strictly?

1.
2.
3.
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4.

C. Enumerate 5 reasons why schools such as yours should practice the 5Ss
religiously?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

VIII. Review of Concepts:

The main goal of safety and health programs is to prevent workplace injuries,
illnesses, and deaths, as well as the suffering and financial hardship these events can
cause for workers, their families, and employers. The recommended practices use a
proactive approach to managing workplace safety and health. Traditional approaches are
often reactive –that is, problems are addressed only after a worker is injured or becomes
sick, a new standard or regulation is published, or an outside inspection finds a problem
that must be fixed. These recommended practices recognize that finding and fixing hazards
before they cause injury or illness is a far more effective approach.

IX. References

https://www.prolianceorthopedicassociates.com/news/maintaining-your-health-and-
safety-in-the-workplace

LESSON 3

I. Title : PREPARE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TOOLS

II. Topics : LO1: Identify and select materials and tools

III. Time Frame : 2 hrs.

IV. Introduction : Tools are particularly important in construction work. They are
primarily used to put things together (e.g., hammers and nail guns) or to take them apart
(e.g., jackhammers and saws). Tools are often classified as hand tools and power tools.
Hand tools include all non-powered tools, such as hammers and pliers. Power tools are
divided into classes, depending on the power source: electrical tools (powered by
electricity), pneumatic tools (powered by compressed air), liquid-fuel tools (usually powered
by gasoline), powder-actuated tools (usually powered by an explosive and operated like a
gun) and hydraulic tools (powered by pressure from a liquid). Each type presents some
unique safety problems.

V. Objectives: At the end of the topic the students are expected to:
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a. Identify tools and materials selected per job requirements

b. Classified tools according to their functions per job requirements.
c. Understand how materials are classified according to their uses for specific
construction project.

VI. Learning Activities:

Hand tools include a wide range of tools, from axes to wrenches. The primary
hazard from hand tools is being struck by the tool or by a piece of the material being
worked on. Eye injuries are very common from the use of hand tools, as a piece of wood or
metal can fly off and lodge in the eye. Some of the major problems are using the wrong tool
for the job or a tool that has not been properly maintained. The size of the tool is important:
some women and men with relatively small hands have difficulty with large tools. Dull tools
can make the work much harder, require more force and result in more injuries. A chisel
with a mushroomed head might shatter on impact and send fragments flying. It is also
important to have the proper work surface. Cutting material at an awkward angle can result
in a loss of balance and an injury. In addition, hand tools can produce sparks that can ignite
explosions if the work is being done around flammable liquids or vapor’s. In such cases,
spark-resistant tools, such as those made from brass or aluminum, are needed.

Power tools, in general, are more dangerous than hand tools, because the power of
the tool is increased. The biggest dangers from power tools are from accidental start-up
and slipping or losing one’s balance during use. The power source itself can cause injuries
or death, for example, through electrocution with electrical tools or gasoline explosions from
liquid-fuel tools. Most power tools have a guard to protect the moving parts while the tool is
not in operation. These guards need to be in working order and not overridden. A portable
circular saw, for example, should have an upper guard covering the top half of the blade
and a retractable lower guard which covers the teeth while the saw is not operating. The
retractable guard should automatically return to cover the lower half of the blade when the
tool is finished working. Power tools often also have safety switches that shut off the tool as
soon as a switch is released. Other tools have catches that must be engaged before the
tool can operate. One example is a fastening tool that must be pressed against the surface
with a certain amount of pressure before it will fire.

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TYPES AND USES OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TOOLS

DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALS AND TOOLS

In this lesson you will describe the materials and tools according to their description
per job requirement in carpentry.

Materials:
Lumber - sawn Timber
Nails - made of metal used for fastening woods
Cement - a powdered substance which when mixed with water acts as
binder of aggregate
Sand - fine gritty, substance found in the shore and desert
Plywood - thin cross laminated sheet of wood
Gravel - coarse aggregate

Tools:
Pull-push-rule - used for measuring long distances
Claw hammer - used for driving and pulling out nails
Cross-cut-saw - tool used for cutting across the grain
Ripsaw - used for cutting along the grain
Plumb-bob - used for vertical alignment
Try square - used to test the squareness of a stock
Hack saw - fine toothed saw used to cut metals and pipes
Level bar - tool used in checking vertical and horizontal position

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Activity #1:
Directions: Supply what is defined or described. Write your answer on your answer sheet.

_____________1. It is a thin cross laminated sheet of wood.

_____________2. This is made of metal used for fastening.
_____________3. It is a powdered substance mixed with water.
_____________4. It is a fine, dry, gritty substance mixed with water.
_____________5. It is a sawn timber.
_____________6. It is used for measuring long distances.
_____________7. It is used for driving and pulling out nails.
_____________8. It is a tool used for cutting along the grain.
_____________9. It is used for vertical alignment.
_____________10. It is a tool used to test the squareness of a stock

VII. Self -Evaluation:

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VIII. Review of Concepts:

Poorly designed tools can also contribute to fatigue from awkward postures or
grips, which, in turn, can also lead to accidents. Many tools are not designed for use by left-
handed workers or individuals with small hands. Use of gloves can make it harder to grip a
tool properly and requires tighter gripping of power tools, which can result in excessive
fatigue. Use of tools by construction workers for repetitive jobs can also lead to cumulative
trauma disorders, like carpal tunnel syndrome or tendinitis. Using the right tool for the job
and choosing tools with the best design features that feel most comfortable in the hand
while working can assist in avoiding these problems.

IX. References

https://www.iloencyclopaedia.org/part-xvi-62216/construction/itemlist/category/153-tools-
equipment-and-materials
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LESSON 3

I. Title : PREPARE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TOOLS

II. Topics : LO2: Request appropriate Materials and Tools

III. Time Frame : 2 hrs.

IV. Introduction : Tools are particularly important in construction work. They are
primarily used to put things together (e.g., hammers and nail guns) or to take them apart
(e.g., jackhammers and saws). Tools are often classified as hand tools and power tools.
Hand tools include all non-powered tools, such as hammers and pliers. Power tools are
divided into classes, depending on the power source: electrical tools (powered by
electricity), pneumatic tools (powered by compressed air), liquid-fuel tools (usually powered
August 2020 Edition
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by gasoline), powder-actuated tools (usually powered by an explosive and operated like a

gun) and hydraulic tools (powered by pressure from a liquid). Each type presents some
unique safety problems.

V. Objectives: At the end of the topic the students are expected to:

a. Identified needed materials and tools are listed as per job requirement.
b. Understand requests done as per company’s standard operating procedures
(SOP)

VI. Learning Activities:

REQUISITION OF MATERIALS AND TOOLS

REQUISITION PROCEDURE

The information that follows will teach you how to accomplish the form in order to acquire
materials.

Procedure:
1. State the name of the project and date when you requested for materials.

2. Fill in the classification of the project and its purpose.

3. Write the number of required materials.

4. List the unit of materials to be requisitioned.

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5. Enumerate the materials with their description.

6. List the cost per unit and the total cost.

7. Write your name as requisitioner.

8. Secure the approval of authorities concerned.

REQUESTED MATERIALS AND TOOLS ACCORDING TO

THE PREPARED LIST

Bill of Materials

A bill of materials is a list of all things needed in a project together with their
description, sizes and amount or price. All information needed should be in the bill of
materials.

Parts of a Bill of Materials

1. Quantity tells the amount of materials to be purchased.

2. Unit gives the measure of materials to be purchased.
3. Description states the detailed name of materials.
4. Unit cost gives the price of each material.
5. Amount is the cost of all materials.

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Suggested Project: Bulletin Board

VII. Self -Evaluation:

Make your own bill of materials in making a study table?

VIII. Review of Concepts:

Poorly designed tools can also contribute to fatigue from awkward postures or
grips, which, in turn, can also lead to accidents. Many tools are not designed for use by left-
handed workers or individuals with small hands. Use of tools by construction workers for
repetitive jobs can also lead to cumulative trauma disorders, like carpal tunnel syndrome or
tendinitis. Using the right tool for the job and choosing tools with the best design features
that feel most comfortable in the hand while working can assist in avoiding these problems.

IX. References

https://www.academia.edu/33579308/UC_1_Prepare_Construction_Materials_And_Tools_
1_

LESSON 3

I. Title : PREPARE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TOOLS

II. Topics : LO3: Receive and inspect materials and tools

III. Time Frame : 2 hrs.

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IV. Introduction : The purpose of this inspection process is to thoroughly test and
inspect the behaviors of the different hand tools when being used to raise awareness of
how certain items can break and cause unwanted accidents. The main focus of this
inspection is to verify that there are no hand tools that have poor-quality plating and
grinding capabilities all the time to keep the quality of excellence seal for all the hand tools
being tested. By performing efficiency testing on all hand tools, inspectors will be able to
accurately pin-point the maximum capabilities of these hand tools by battery testing and
other hands-on exercises.

V. Objectives: At the end of the topic the students are expected to:

a. Appreciate materials and tools substituted and provided unavailable without

sacrificing cost and quality of work.
b. Organize materials and tools as per quantity and specification based on requisition
are received and inspected.
c. Classify tools and materials to be checked for damage and manufacturing defects.

VI. Learning Activities:

ACQUIRE AND INSPECT MATERIALS/TOOLS

It is important to inspect and check materials and tools for defects and damage
before receiving them so that you can ask for replacements for those that you found
defective.

1. Check if the materials and tools are complete in terms of quantity and
specification (number of pieces, length, width, etc.)
2. Check the physical condition of tools, (check tools against the specification,
quantity, and quality,) see to it that parts are complete, cutting edges or tooth free
from damages,
3. Check the accessories of each material and tool. See to it that nothing is missing.
4. If any of the materials or tools is found missing or defective, report it immediately
to the supply officer or teacher.
5. Get a replacement for the materials and tools found defective.
6. Sign the requisition form as you receive materials and tools.
7. Store the received materials and tools in a safe area or store room nearest your
workplace. (store materials, in proper order, bulky and heavier materials at the
bottom lighter and smaller items on top of the pile)
8. Always handle the materials and tools carefully. (avoid dropping the tools on the
floor, do not expose tools and materials on sunlight or rains).

VII. Self -Evaluation:

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VIII. Review of Concepts:

The purpose of this inspection process is to accurately measure the different hand
tools under the same category to ensure that all of the tools are uniform in height, weight,
size and diameter. This process is important to assure the right number of components
used under the same queue is in check. For the actual measurements, each hand tool will
undergo a machine that will accurately measure each dimension of the hand tool to ensure
proper ergonometric features that is both safe and reliable for everyday use (if applicable).
Any hand tool that have a different specification as provided will be labeled as
“DEFECTIVE” and will be re-assessed accordingly.

IX. References

https://www.academia.edu/33579308/UC_1_Prepare_Construction_Materials_And_Tools_
1_

https://www.intouch-quality.com/blog/hand-tools-inspection-procedures

LESSON 4

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I. Title : MAINTAIN TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

II. Topics : LO1: Check condition tools and equipment

III. Time Frame : 2 hrs.

IV. Introduction : With regular inspection, you make sure your equipment is in top
shape and can handle the toughest jobs. A trained technician can determine if small repairs
will make a big difference and can suggest repairs to help your equipment run more
efficiently. An equipment inspector may point out details your team might tend to overlook.
Most importantly, regular inspections ensure the safety of your workers. You can get
projects done on schedule and with peace of mind, knowing your equipment is in good
condition. When it comes down to it, there is no reason not to have regular inspections and
get the most out of the investment you made.

V. Objectives: At the end of the topic the students are expected to:

a. Categorize non-functional tools and equipment to be segregated and labeled

according to classification.
b. Identify safety of tools and equipment in accordance with manufacturer’s
instructions.
c. Conditions of PPE are checked in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.

VI. Learning Activities:

CHECK CONDITION OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

CLASSIFICATION OF HANDTOOLS

A. MEASURING TOOLS

1. Pull-Push Rule - flexible tape that slides into a material case and it is used to
measure irregular and regular shapes.
2. Ruler - 12-inch or one foot rule and it is used to take/make simple
measurements.
3. Meter Stick - used to measure a work piece.
4. Try Square - squaring, measuring and testing tool used to check adjacent
surfaces for squareness.
5.Caliper - used to transfer measurements from the rule to the work.

B. MARKING LINING TOOLS

1. Pencil - used to layout or mark cutting lines.

2. Marking Gauge - wood or metal tool consisting of a beam, head and a point
used to mark a line parallel to the grain of the wood.
3. Chalk Line - used to establish a straight line on a surface.
4. Divider - tool with two metal legs used to lay-out an arc circle or step
off division on a line.
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5. Compass - used to scribe arcs and circle in a metal wood.

C. TESTING TOOLS

1. Try Square - tool used in squaring, measuring and testing the squareness of a
wood.
2. Steel Square - framing square used to mark out the work for squaring and
checking of angles and is used in the construction of roof framing and large
furniture.
3. Spirit Level - tool used for testing vertical and horizontal surfaces.
4. Plumb bob - tool used to test the vertical and horizontal surfaces.

D. EDGE CUTTING TOOLS

1. Chisel - tool used to trim and shape wood.

2. Plane - used to obtain a smooth and flat surface.
3. Spoke shave - small plane like tool from irregularly shaped objects.
4. Cabinet scraper - rectangular piece of steel with two cutting edges used for
working flat and curved shapes.

E. TOOTH-CUTTING TOOLS

1. Cross Cut Saw - handsaw used to cut the wood across the grain.
2. Rip-saw - hand saw used to cut the wood along the grain.
3. Back Saw - handsaw with a metal back and plywood and joinery.
4. Compass Saw - used to cut irregular shape either in large or small board.
5. Turning Saw - used to rip, cross and cut curves in lumber.
6. Coping Saw - u-shaped saw used for cutting irregular shape in small board.
7. Dovetail Saw - small back saw with a straight chisel type handle used to cut
very fine joints.

F. BORING TOOLS

1. Auger bit - tool used to make hole in woods.

2. Expansive bit - tool used to drill holes of various sizes in woods.
3. Drill Bit - tool used for boring holes either in metals, woods or plastics.

G. HOLDING TOOLS

1. C-Clamp - used for holding together pieces of lumber while working.

2. Bench Vise - used to hold any materials or tools in place.
3. Bar Clamp - used to hold large boards or frames together while assembling or
gluing.

H. MISCELLANEOUS TOOLS

1. Oil Stone - used for sharpening edge cutting tools such as chisel.

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2. Files - used to smoothen metal and wood surfaces.

3. Paint Brush - used to apply paint or varnish on wood surfaces
4. Nail Set - used to drive the head of nails lower than surface of wood.
5. Saw Set - used to bend the upper half of each tooth to one side or the other to
form a set.

I. PORTABLE POWERTOOLS

1. Sander - portable power tool used for sanding furniture pieces.

2. Router - used for shaping surfaces and edges of furniture parts.
3. Jigsaw - power tool used primarily for cutting curved or irregular shapes of
wood surfaces.
4. Circular saw - power saw used for many types of cutting, particularly on large
panel stock.
5. Electric Drill - power drill which is used to drill holes in various materials to
perform a multitude of tasks.

J. PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)

1. Goggles - used to protect the eyes against flying debris and harmful liquids.
2. Ear Protector - used to protect the ears against high frequency noise.
3. Face Mask - used to prevent the inhalation of sprayed paint fumes.
4. Gloves - used to protect the hands while working.
5. Apron - used to protect the worker against flying debris.

K. DRIVING TOOLS

1. Claw Hammer - used to drive and pull out nails on wooden surfaces.
2. Mallet - made out of wood or rubber used to drive other tools like chisel.
3. Nail Set - used in setting the head of a finishing nail below the surface of the
wood.
4. Screw Driver - used to drive and loose screws.

VII. Self -Evaluation:

A. Identify the different tools and materials that are described in each item.

1. Tool used for smoothing curve surfaces.

2. Tool used for drawing arcs and circles.
3. Tool used for testing the squareness of large stocks.
4. Tool used to hold bits when boring.
5. Materials used to lubricate movable parts.

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VIII. Review of Concepts:

Preventive maintenance refers to regular, routine maintenance to help keep

equipment up and running, preventing any unplanned downtime and expensive costs from
unanticipated equipment failure. It requires careful planning and scheduling of maintenance
on equipment before there is an actual problem as well as keeping accurate records of past
inspections and servicing reports. Preventive management can be very complex, especially
for companies with a lot of equipment. For this reason, many companies rely on preventive
maintenance software to help organize and carry out all their preventive maintenance
needs.

IX. References

https://www.academia.edu/33579308/UC_1_Prepare_Construction_Materials_And_Tools_
1_

https://www.intouch-quality.com/blog/hand-tools-inspection-procedures

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LESSON 4

I. Title : MAINTAIN TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

II. Topics : LO2: Perform basic preventive maintenance

III. Time Frame : 2 hrs.

IV. Introduction : Preventive maintenance (or preventative maintenance) is

maintenance that is regularly performed on a piece of equipment to lessen the likelihood of
it failing. It is performed while the equipment is still working so that it does not break down
unexpectedly. In terms of the complexity of this maintenance strategy, it falls between
reactive (or run-to-failure) maintenance and predictive maintenance.

With regular inspection, you make sure your equipment is in top shape and can handle the
toughest jobs. Most importantly, regular inspections ensure the safety of your workers. You
can get projects done on schedule and with peace of mind, knowing your equipment is in
good condition.

V. Objectives: At the end of the topic the students are expected to:

a. Categorize non-functional tools and equipment to be segregated and labeled

according to classification.
b. Identify safety of tools and equipment in accordance with manufacturer’s
instructions.
c. Conditions of PPE are checked in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.

VI. Learning Activities:

What Does Preventive Maintenance Include?

Preventive maintenance involves the systematic inspection of equipment where

potential problems are detected and corrected in order to prevent equipment failure before
it happens. In practice, a preventive maintenance schedule may include things such as
cleaning, lubrication, oil changes, adjustments, repairs, inspecting and replacing parts, and
partial or complete overhauls that are regularly scheduled. The exact preventive
maintenance required will vary based on operation and type of equipment. Recommended
standards of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) are used to help determine
the type of inspections and maintenance needed and how often they should be performed.
ANSI helps ensure the health and safety of consumers by creating and overseeing the use
of thousands of guidelines and norms for nearly every industry, and ANSI standards can be
used like a preventive maintenance checklist to define requirements and instructions for
maintaining equipment. Preventive maintenance includes much more than simply
performing routine maintenance on equipment. It also involves maintaining accurate
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records of every inspection and servicing, as well as knowing the lifespan of each part to
understand the replacement frequency. These records can help maintenance technicians
anticipate the appropriate time to change parts and can also help diagnose problems when
they occur.
What Are the Benefits of Preventive Maintenance?
 Prolonged life of company equipment
 Less unplanned downtime caused by equipment failure
 Less unnecessary maintenance and inspections
 Fewer errors in day-to-day operations
 Improved reliability of equipment
 Fewer expensive repairs caused by unexpected equipment failure that must be fixed
quickly
 Reduced risk of injury

LUBRICATING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

1. Read and analyze the use of preventive Maintenance Schedule form.

2. Determine the types of tools and machine needed to be lubricated.
3. Fill out a requisition slip form in releasing the lubricants needed.
4. Secure a borrower’s slip from your teacher.
5. Fill out the slip form correctly intended for the needed tools.
6. Perform the task according to the prescribed schedule and the assigned machine.
7. Perform lubricating procedure.
8. Determine the parts of the machine needed to be lubricated.
9. Apply thin coat of oil on the parts for a long period of time.
10. Open the bearing cover and apply grease.
11. Apply grease on sealed bearing with the use of a grease gun.

VII. Self -Evaluation:

Self-Check 2.1

Directions: Copy the table on a separate sheet of paper then check the appropriate box
whether you performed each indicator.

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Self-Check 2.2

Directions: Copy the table on a separate sheet of paper then check the appropriate box
whether you performed each indicator.

Steps in Filling Out Inspection Report Form

Directions: Do the following procedure.

1. Secure an inspection report form from your teacher.

2. Determine the defective instrument based on the report form.
3. Replace inspected tool and equipment defects based on the report form.
4. Use the Repair Manual in replacing the defective parts.

VIII. Review of Concepts:

Preventive maintenance refers to regular, routine maintenance to help keep

equipment up and running, preventing any unplanned downtime and expensive costs from
unanticipated equipment failure. It requires careful planning and scheduling of maintenance
on equipment before there is an actual problem as well as keeping accurate records of past
inspections and servicing reports. Preventive management can be very complex, especially

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for companies with a lot of equipment. For this reason, many companies rely on preventive
maintenance software to help organize and carry out all their preventive maintenance
needs.

IX. References

https://www.intouch-quality.com/blog/hand-tools-inspection-procedures
https://www.fiixsoftware.com/maintenance-strategies/preventative-maintenance/
LESSON 5

I. Title : PERFORM MENSURATION AND CALCULATIONS

II. Topics : LO1: Select measuring instrument

III. Time Frame : 2 hrs.

IV. Introduction : One of the tasks at planning of quality inspection is selection of

measuring instruments. The measuring instruments are the most important part of the
measuring process so their selection have to be done carefully. The selection of measuring
instruments is a complex task, which depend on the size, the character and the value of
measured magnitude.

V. Objectives: At the end of the topic the students are expected to:

a. Identify measuring tools as per object to be measured or job requirements.

b. Develop correct specifications obtained from relevant sources.
c. Select alternative measuring tools used without sacrificing cost and quality of work.
d. Follow measurements obtained according to job requirements

VI. Learning Activities:

TYPES OF MEASURING TOOLS

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Measuring Tools Which Are Essential For Woodworking

If you made a list with tools that every homeowner should have and it included all
sorts of useful things, from the common screwdriver to the power drill. This time we decided
to focus more on specifics so we made a list with measuring tools which we find to be
essential for woodworking. They are tools that anyone should have and know how to use,
whether we’re talking about a DIY passionate or someone that builds furniture from scratch.

1. The tape measure.

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This very simple measuring tool is something that anyone probably already has in
their homes. It’s such a basic tool that anyone could have guessed it would be in the list.
For woodworking, it would be best to have one measuring tape that you use all the time.
That’s because very small but important discrepancies can occur in the case of different
tapes.

2. The framing square.

When you’re trying to build a cabinet or

anything with right angles, a framing square
is an essential tool. It’s a critical element for
any woodworker. The framing square is also
ideal for checking square edges on large
pieces and smaller framing squares are
useful in tighter spaces. By using a framing
square when building furniture you can be
sure you won’t have any problems of
accuracy when nailing, screwing or stapling
the pieces together.

3. The level.

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Having a level nearby when building furniture or doing handy work is very useful but
it can also be frustrating. The level is a tool designed to measure and point out
imperfections. So it can be quite annoying to have to make changes until everything turns
out ok but, at the same time, this also means that you will end up creating something
perfect. To avoid meltdowns and unnecessary work, use the level as you built your furniture
or whatever it is that you’re making.

4. The short rule.

When you already have a tape measure to rely on, you tend to think it’s everything
you need. However, when dealing with small or tight spaces it’s not as practical as a short
ruler. Moreover, a short ruler is easier to use and even more accurate than a ruler since
you get to place it directly on the piece you’re measuring. A flat 6’’ ruler should be the
perfect tool for such cases. It’s practical and it should also fit nicely in your pocket.

5. The try square.

With a construction similar to that of a framing square, the try square tends,
however, to be a little more practical and easier to handle. The try square features a metal
blade fastened into a wooden handle and doesn’t have a single-body construction, which
allows it to rest on the piece you’re building more easily than a normal framing square.

HANDLING OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS / TOOLS

A. DO’S
1. Wipe measuring tools/instruments before returning them to the storage room.
2. Oil the movable parts of the measuring tools such as zigzag rules, calipers, dividers and
compasses to avoid stock-up.
3. Make sure that grits like sand do not get inside the housing or case of a pull-push rule to
avoid wearing off of the graduations.
4. Check the lock of a pull-push rule if it is working.

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B. DON’T’S
1. Do not wipe off edges of the steel tape of pull-push rule with bare hands to avoid injury.
2. Do not pull the steel tape of pull-push rule too much to avoid the coil spring from
damage.
3. Do not use the caliper as tongs.

LINEAR MEASUREMENTS FOR THE 6 FACES OF LUMBER

A lumber has 6 faces: 2 ends, 2 edges and 2 surfaces

Hence; the linear measurements obtained are:

1. End 1 to end 2 or A B = Length (L )

2. Edge 1 to Edge 2 or C D = Width ( W )

3. Surface 1 to surface 2 or E F = Thickness / Height ( T / H )

VII. Self -Evaluation:

I. List down nine measuring tools on your answer sheet and give it’s function.
1. ______________________
2. ______________________
3. ______________________
4. ______________________
5. ______________________
6. ______________________
7. ______________________
8. ______________________
9. ______________________

VIII. Review of Concepts:

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A measuring instrument is a device for measuring a physical quantity. In

the physical sciences, quality assurance, and engineering, measurement is the activity of
obtaining and comparing physical quantities of real-world objects and events. Established
standard objects and events are used as units, and the process of measurement gives a
number relating the item under study and the referenced unit of measurement. Measuring
instruments, and formal test methods which define the instrument's use, are the means by
which these relations of numbers are obtained. All measuring instruments are subject to
varying degrees of instrument error and measurement uncertainty. These instruments may
range from simple objects such as rulers and stopwatches to electron
microscopes and particle accelerators. Virtual instrumentation is widely used in the
development of modern measuring instruments.

IX. References

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286714704_Methods_for_Selection_of_
Measuring_Instruments

https://www.homedit.com/5-measuring-tools-which-are-essential-for-woodworking/

LESSON 5

I. Title : PERFORM MENSURATION AND CALCULATIONS

II. Topics : LO2: Carry out measurement and calculations

III. Time Frame : 2 hrs.

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IV. Introduction : One of the tasks at planning of quality inspection is selection of

measuring instruments. The measuring instruments are the most important part of the
measuring process so their selection have to be done carefully. The selection of measuring
instruments is a complex task, which depend on the size, the character and the value of
measured magnitude.

V. Objectives: At the end of the topic the students are expected to:

a. Select accurate measurements obtained according to job requirements.

b. Describe work pieces of measurements according to job requirements

VI. Learning Activities:

SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENTS
The two (2) systems of measurements are: the English and the Metric System. The
English system originated in England also known as the U.S. customary system of
measurement while the Metric System was developed in France and also known as the S.
I. (International Standard).

I. (UNIT OF MEASURES) - LINEAR MEASUREMENT

ENGLISH METRIC
Yard ( yd ) meter
Foot ( ft ) / („ ) decimeter 1/10 meter
Inch (in. ) / (“ ) centimeter 1/ 100 meter
millimeter 1 /1000 meter
II. READING OF MEASUREMENTS

A. Reading the inch

The inch is divided into segments called graduations. Each graduation represents a
measurement in form of a proper fraction. The inch can be divided into 16, 8, 4 and 2,
equal parts.

B. Reading the centimeter and milimeter

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III. CONVERTING FRACTION TO DECIMAL

In converting fractions to decimals, divide the numerator by its denominator whether

it is proper, improper or mixed fraction.

Sample Solutions:

A. Proper fraction 2/5 = 0.4

B. Improper fraction 11/3 = 3.66

C. Mixed fraction 2 ½ = 2.5

IV. CONVERTING UNITS OF MEASURE

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GUIDE TABLE IN UNIT CONVERSION

Sample Solutions in Conversion

A. Foot to inches

3 ft = _________ inches

Solution: Multiply 3ft by 12 inches / ft = 36 inches

B. Inch to feet

48 inches = ________ Feet

Solution: Divide 48 inches by 12 inches / feet = 4feet

C. Centimeter to millimeter

22 cm = ________ millimeters

Solution: Multiply 22 cm by 10 mm / cm = 220mm

D. Inch to centimeter

6 inches = _______ centimeter

Solution: Multiply 6 inches by 2.54 cm / inch = 15.24 cm

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LINEAR MEASUREMENT (International System)

Metric System Basic Measurement

LINEAR MEASURE

1 Centimeter = 10 Millimeters
1 Decimeter = 10 Centimeters
1 Meter = 10 Decimeters
1 Decameter = 10 Meters
1 Hectometer = 10 Decameter
1 Kilometer = 1000 Meters

SQUARE MEASURE (AREA)

1 Sq. Centimeter = 100 Sq. Millimeters

1 Sq. Meter = 10,000 Sq. Centimeters
1 Acre = 100 Sq. Meters
1 Hectare = 100 Acres
= 10,000 Sq. Meter
1 Sq. Kilometer = 100 Hectares
= 1,000,000 Sq. Meters

CUBIC MEASURE (VOLUME)

1 Cubic Centimeter = 1000 Cu. Millimeters

1 Cubic Decimeters = 1000 Cu. Centimeters
1 Cubic Meter = 1000 Cu. Decimeters

CAPACITY MEASURE (LIQUID)

1 Centiliter = 10 Milliliters
1 Deciliter = 10 Centiliters
1 Liter = 10 Deciliters
1 Deciliter = 10 Liters
1 Hectoliter = 10 Decaliters
1 Kiloliter = 10 Hectoliters
= 100 Liters

METRIC CONVERSION IN TERMS

OF LINEAR

1 inch = 25.400 millimeters

1 mm = 0.03937 inch
1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 cm = 0.3937 inch
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1 foot = 12 inches
1 inch = 0.08333 foot
1 foot = 0.333 yard
1 yard = 3 feet
1 foot = 0.30481 meter
1 meter = 3.2809 feet
1 yard = 36 inches
1 yard = 91.44 centimeters
1 centimeter = 0.9144 meter

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V. TAKING DIMENSIONS

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Graduations on a Ruler

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CALCULATING BOARDFOOT OF LUMBER

Although the International System (SI) or Metric System had already

superseded the English System of measure, the board foot as a unit of measure for
determining the volume of lumber is still being used by the furniture & cabinet maker
and construction industry. This is because lumbers are sold in terms of board foot.

A board foot is actually one square foot of lumber of one inch thick

The formula used in computing board foot is:

Board foot (Bd. Ft.) = T x W x L

12
Where:
T = Thickness in inches
W= Width in inches
L = Length in feet

Note: This formula is being used for sawed wood of commercial dimension.

Example: Compute the board foot of lumber whose dimension is 2” x 4 “x 12”

Steps 1. Identify the given data

Given. T = 2”
W = 4”
L = 12‟

Step 2. Determine what is being asked

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Find the Bd. Ft. = ?

Step 3. State the formula

Formula: Bd. Ft. = T x W x L

12
Step 4. Substitute the given data in the formula, then solve.

Solution:

Bd. Ft. = TxWxL

12

= 2” x 4” x 12 “
12

= 96
12

= 8 Bd. Ft.

VII. Self -Evaluation:

I. Convert the following measurement to their unit equivalents.

1. 4 meters = ____________ cm.

2. 4 meters = ____________ ft.
3. 8 feet = _______________ inches
4. 20 inches = __________ cm
5. 236.22 inches = _______meters

II. Identify the different ways of taking

dimensions.

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III. Directions: Compute the number of board feet of lumber with the following
dimensions.

1. 2” x 6” x 12‟
2. 3” x 4” x 10‟
3. 2” x 2” x 16‟
4. 2” x 12” x 8”
5. 4” x 4” x 18”

VIII. Review of Concepts:

A measuring instrument is a device for measuring a physical quantity. In

the physical sciences, quality assurance, and engineering, measurement is the activity of
obtaining and comparing physical quantities of real-world objects and events. Established
standard objects and events are used as units, and the process of measurement gives a
number relating the item under study and the referenced unit of measurement. Measuring
instruments, and formal test methods which define the instrument's use, are the means by
which these relations of numbers are obtained. All measuring instruments are subject to
varying degrees of instrument error and measurement uncertainty. These instruments may
range from simple objects such as rulers and stopwatches to electron
microscopes and particle accelerators. Virtual instrumentation is widely used in the
development of modern measuring instruments.

IX. References

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286714704_Methods_for_Selection_of_
Measuring_Instruments

https://www.homedit.com/5-measuring-tools-which-are-essential-for-woodworking/

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LESSON 6

I. Title : INTERPRET DRAWINGS AND PLANS

II. Topics : LO1: Analyze signs, symbols, and data

III. Time Frame : 2 hrs.

IV. Introduction : Line symbols used in technical drawing are often referred to
as ALPHABET OF LINES. The use of line symbols enables engineers/designers to express
features of designed products clearly and accurately. Line features vary not only by width
but also by how they are graphically represented in a drawing. Line significance is
conveyed by line weight or thickness of the line. Every line is drawn at different thickness
and darkness to express contrast as well as importance. Lines that are less important are
thin and light. Key to successful drafting is to have a good technical knowledge of these
various line characteristics – to understand where and when to apply them in technical
drawing.

V. Objectives: At the end of the topic the students are expected to:

a. Understand sign, symbols, and data according to job specifications.

b. Identify sign, symbols, and data determined according to classification or as
appropriate in drawing.

VI. Learning Activities:

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DRAWING SIGNS AND SYMBOLS

A line type is a set of 2D geometric elements that repeats along a line in both
directions from a center point. The geometric elements can be a simple dash definition,
or more complex 2D shapes with fill. The color and thickness of the lines in a line type
are not part of the resource definition. Once a line type is applied to an object, use the
Attributes palette to set the color and thickness of the lines for that object.
Alphabet of Lines In sketching orthographic drawing, certain conventional lines are
used for a definite purpose. These lines are commonly called Alphabet of Lines.

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USES OF ALPHABET OF LINES

Construction line Very light line used to “block in” an object. These lines are made
so light that little or no erasing is needed. They serve as base for darkening in the
permanent line

Borderline - Heavy, solid line used to frame in the drawing

Visible line - A medium line used to show edges and contours not visible to the eye.

Invisible line - A medium line used to show edges and contours not visible to the
eye.

Centerline - A light line used as axis of symmetry. Used for center of circle and arcs.
Sometimes the symbol is shown

Dimension line - Light thin lines used to show the sizes of the object. Extension
lights start about 1/16” from visible or object line. The dimension line is broken near
the center for the dimension.

Long break line - Heavy line draws freehand for same purpose as long break.

VII. Self -Evaluation:

Directions: Identify the kinds of line used in any drawing in carpentry.

VIII. Review of Concepts:

The purpose of this lesson is to have students analyze different signs that they see
in their everyday lives to gain an understanding of what they mean. Signs and symbols are
very common in real life, and it is important to understand the meaning behind them.

IX. References

https://www.umasd.org/cms/lib7/PA01000379/Centricity/Domain/325/The_Alphabet_of_Lin
es.pdf

https://schoolworkhelper.net/technical-drawing-alphabet-of-line/

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LESSON 6

I. Title : INTERPRET DRAWINGS AND PLANS

II. Topics : LO2: Interpret technical drawings and plans

III. Time Frame : 2 hrs.

IV. Introduction : Construction drawings are necessary in most spheres of the building
industry, as being the best means of conveying detailed and often complex information
from the designer to all those concerned with the job. Building tradespeople, especially
carpenters and joiners, should be familiar with the basic principles involved in
understanding and reading drawings correctly. Mistakes on either side – in design or
interpretation of the design – can be costly, as drawings form a legal part of the contract
between architect/client and builder. It should be kept for a period of time after completion
of the job, in case any queries should arise.

V. Objectives: At the end of the topic the students are expected to:

a. Identify necessary tools, materials and equipment according to the plan.

b. Understand components, assemblies or object as per job requirement.
c. Interpret dimensions and specification according to job requirements.

VI. Learning Activities:

Wood joinery is one of the most basic concepts in woodworking. If we didn't have the
ability to join two pieces of wood together in a solid fashion, all woodworking pieces would be
sculptures, carved out of a single piece of wood. However, with the many varied types of
wood joinery, a woodworker has a number of different joints in his arsenal from which to
choose, based on the project. If you master these wood joinery concepts, you'll be well on
your way to becoming a very accomplished woodworker.

Basic Butt Joint

There is no more basic wood joinery than the butt joint. A butt joint is
nothing more than when one piece of wood butts into another (most
often at a right angle, or square to the other board) and is fastened
using mechanical fasteners. This type of joint is often used in wall
framing on construction sites. Learn tips for using a butt joint, as well as
when to choose another wood joinery type.

Mitered Butt Joint

A mitered butt joint is nearly the same as a basic butt joint, except that
the two boards are joined at an angle (instead of square to one another).
The advantage is that the mitered butt joint will not show any end grain,

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and as such is a bit more aesthetically pleasing. However, the mitered butt joint isn't all that
strong.
Half-Lap Joint
The half-lap joint is where half of each of the two boards being
joined is removed so that the two boards join together flush with
one another. This type of wood joinery can obviously weaken
the strength of the two adjoining boards, but also is a stronger
joint than butt joints. There are a number of projects where this
type of wood joint is quite desirable, in spite of its drawbacks.

Tongue and Groove Joint

When joining two boards square to one another along a long
edge, one can simply butt the joint together and hold it with
fasteners. However, the tongue and groove joint is much
stronger and provides more adjoining surface areas, which is
particularly useful if you're going to glue the joint.
Mortise and Tenon Joint
The mortise and tenon is a classic wood joinery method. These
joints have been used since the early times of woodworking, and
are still among the strongest and most elegant methods for joining
wood. Learn methods for creating tight, beautiful mortise and tenon
joints.

Biscuit Joint
Another method for joining boards along the edges (like the tongue
and groove joint) is to cut slots and use beechwood wafers (known as
a biscuit) to hold the boards in place. This is a very useful modern
woodworking joint, particularly for creating table tops, relying
on glue and the swelling of the beechwood biscuit to hold the boards
in place. Learn how to cut consistent slots and get reliable results
from biscuit joinery.
Pocket Joint
The pocket joint is a type of wood joinery that involves cutting a slot
and pre-drilling a pilot hole at an angle between two boards before
connecting the two with a screw. This pre-drilling needs to be very
accurate, so it is typically accomplished by use of a commercial jig.
Pocket joints work great for cabinet face frames and other similar
applications where a lot of strength is not needed. Learn the steps to
creating pocket joints in your woodworking projects.
Dado
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A dado is nothing more than a square-grooved slot on one board where

another board will fit. Similar to tongue and groove joinery, this is a
commonly-used wood joint for connecting plywood, such as building
cabinetry. Learn how to properly cut a dado, and when to use one.
Rabbet
Another common wood joint used in cabinetry is the rabbet. A rabbet
is essentially a dado cut along the edge of a board. Rabbets are often
used at the back of cabinets and other similar assemblies for
attaching the back to the sides of the box, adding a considerable
amount of strength to the assembly. Learn how to cut clean rabbets
and when to use them.

Through Dovetail Joint

Of all wood joinery methods, the through dovetail may be the
most revered. A classic through dovetail is beautiful and very
strong and adds a touch of class to any piece. There are a few
methods for creating through dovetails, from hand cutting to
machining with a jig. Learn the keys to a quality through dovetail
joint and how to create them.

Half-Blind Dovetail Joint

There are situations where a dovetail joint is the connection of

choice, but both edges of the dovetails should not be visible. A
perfect example is a drawer front, where you don't want to see the
end of the through dovetail on the face of the drawer. For this type
of joint, the best choice is a half-blind dovetail. Learn how to build a
clean, strong and beautiful half-blind dovetail joint and when to use
this type of wood joinery

Sliding Dovetail

A sliding dovetail is a versatile joint with a lot of possible uses. A

good way to think of it is as a locking dado. Learn the keys to
building a clean sliding dovetail joint, and when to use one.

Box Joint
Dovetail joints are beautiful and strong, but not always practical. A box joint is a simpler
alternative to the dovetail joint. Learn how to build consistent and strong box joints in your
woodworking projects.
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Nail, in construction
and carpentry, a slender
metal shaft that is pointed at
one end and flattened at the
other end and is used for fastening one or more objects to each other. Nails are most
commonly used to fasten pieces of wood together, but they are also used with plastic,

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drywall, masonry, and concrete.

Kinds of Nails

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VII. Self -Evaluation:

CENTER TABLE COMPONENTS

Legs – 4 pcs. 45 mm x 45mm x500 mm wood (tanguile)
Rails – (short) 2 pieces 25 mmx70 mm x 600 mm
Rails – (long) 2 pieces 25 mm x 70mm x 800 mm
Top – 1pcs 25mmx600 x 800mm plywood/ plyboard

Assemblies Joints

 Mortise and tendon joint – for the rails and legs (see details on the attached working
drawing)
Dimensions and specification (See dimensions and specifications on the attached
working
drawing)

1. Legs must be tapered.

2. All joints must be filled with glue.
3. All wood used must be tanguile.
4. All dimensions must be in millimeters.

Directions: Answer the following questions about constructing a center table.

A. What are the different components of the center table based on the working
drawing?
1.
2.
3.
4.

B. What are the specified joints used in joining the legs and rails of the center table?
1.
2.

C. List down different specifications on the construction of the center table.

1.
2.
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3.
4.

VIII. Review of Concepts:

The purpose of this lesson is to have students analyze different signs that they see
in their everyday lives to gain an understanding of what they mean. Signs and symbols are
very common in real life, and it is important to understand the meaning behind them.

IX. References

https://www.thesprucecrafts.com/wood-joinery-types

LESSON 6

I. Title : INTERPRET DRAWINGS AND PLANS

II. Topics : LO3: Apply freehand sketching

III. Time Frame : 2 hrs.

IV. Introduction : Freehand drawing enables visualization of an idea in the form of

a sketch. It is also a universal language designers use to communicate with other
participants of a project. That is why freehand drawing ought to be an inherent element of
a design process, especially in the first conceptual phase.

V. Objectives: At the end of the topic the students are expected to:

a. Correct freehand sketching is produced in accordance with the job

requirements.

VI. Learning Activities:

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Freehand sketching is
one of the quickest
methods by which the
shape of an object can
be communicated to
others without using any
drawing instrument
except a pen or a
pencil.

STEPS IN SKETCHING
AN ISOMETRIC BOX

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STEPS IN SKETCHING ISOMETRIC DRAWING OF A GIVEN ORTHOGRAPHIC FIGURE

1. Study the object to be drawn (see orthographic drawing).

2. Draw the isometric drawing.

3. Lay out the front view.

4. Sketch the top view and side view.

5. Finalize the object to complete the drawing.

VII. Self -Evaluation:

I. Sketch an isometric box.

II. Do the Orthographic Drawing of the given Isometric Figure.

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III. Draw the Isometric of the given 3 main views.

VIII. Review of Concepts:

Freehand drawing enables visualization of an idea in the form of a sketch. It is also

a universal language designers use to communicate with other participants of a project.
That is why freehand drawing ought to be an inherent element of a design process,
especially in the first conceptual phase.

IX. References

https://classhall.com/lesson/freehand-sketching/

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