160 Chapter 4 Section 4.2 Linearity Property 4.1 Caleulate the current iin the circuit of Fig. 4.69. ‘What value of input voltage is necessary to make i, equal 10 5 amps? sa 250 Ve sov@ 150 Figure 4.69 For Prob. 4. 42 Using Fig. 4.70, design a problem tobe other Dd studenss better understand ineariy fe Re @® % zy RB % Figure 4.70 For Prob. 42. 43. (a) Inthe circuit of Fig 4.71, calolate v, and i when vy =1V. (b) Find v, and j, when v, = 10, {c) What are v,and i, when each ofthe 1-0 resistors is replaced by « 10-0 resisor and v, = 10? 1a 0 128 + [he «@ 1a S10 Figure 4.71 For Prob. 4.3, 44 Use linearity to determine i i the circuit of Fig, 472, 3a 20 Figure 4.72 For Prob. 44 Gicue Teevens ae 45 For the circuit in Fig. 4.73, assume v, linearity to find the actual value of vy Vand use 20 30 y, 20 a O fe fe} Figure 4.73 For Prob. 45. 4.6 For the linear circuit shown in Fig, 4.74, use linearity to complete the following table Experiment VY, v. 1 Rv a 2 ev 3 1v 4 av tr Liner i @ creut % Figure 4.74 Foro 46 47 Use linearity andthe assumption that V, find the actual value of V, in Fig 4.75. 1Vt0 wa rave aon Figure 4.75 For Prob. 47. Section 4.3 Superposition 48 Using superposition, Sind V inthe crit of Fig. 476 J Check with PSpice or Mulsin aa y, 10 aa sa #)3v ov Figure 4.76 For Prob. 48Probleme 164 49 Giventhat = 6amps when V, = 160 vols and 413 Use superposition to find inthe cruit of Fig. 4.8 {= —l0amps nd = 3 amp when V, = 200 vols and 1,=0,use superposition snd linearity to detemine the a value off when V, = 120 ok and, = Samp. sa v ‘ us + Figure 4.77 Figure 4.81 For Prob. 49. For Prob 413, 4.10 Using Fig. 478, design a problem to help other @6DdL students better understand superposition. Note, the Jer kis again you can specify to make the problem ‘easier to solve but must not be 2220. A e v 1D w Lip Figure 4.78 For Prob. 10 41 Use the superposition principle to find i and yin AH vweciverit of Fig. 479. 6A 400 {> 40 ue 4412 serine yin the ecuit of Fig, 480 using the Superposition principle, 4.14 Apply the superposition principle w find v, inthe circuit of Fig. 482. aa 4a 20 nv oe % Figure 4.82 For Prob. 4.14 4,15. For the cireuitin Fig, 483, use superposition to find BJ i Caleuate the power delivered tothe 3-0 resistor. 19 2A vv@ 4a 20 ca wv Figure 4.83 For Probs. 4.15 and 4.56. 4.16. Given the circu BH vvsini. in Fig, 484, use superposition 1 2a 368 : leks va Orv wav © wa = 5a @ wa Figure 4.84 For Prob. 4.16162 Chapter 4 4.17 Use superposition to obtain yin the circuit of A Fis 485. Check your result using PSpice or ML Multisim. Creuit heerems 4.21 Using Fig. 4.89, design a problem to help other 4d. students better understand source transformation, 300 ©6100 200 em sov® so oa Fa Gav € mgr Or Figure 4.89 Figure 4.85 For Pro. 421 Porro. 17, 4422 Forte cic in Fig 490, use source 4.18. Use superposition to find V, in the circuit of Fig. 486, wa Figure 4.86 For Prob. 418, in the ciruit of 4.19 Use superposition to solve fa & Fess. He ‘ 20 Pwa-aaQ) sady <> a Figure 4.87 For Prob. 4.19. Section 4.4 Source Transformation 4.20, Use source transformation to reduce the circuit betwen terminals a and b shown in Fig. 488 toa single voltage source in series with a single resistor. 208 vv) °F waz AE oe 20v 30v Figure 4.88 For Prob, 420. twansformation to find i. sa 00 2a sa 340 @)nv Figure 4.90 For Prob. 422. 423. Referring to Fig. 4.91, use source transformation 0 {determine the current and power absorbed by the 8-Qresistor, sa 3a 3A) wa sa A) sv Figure 4.91 or Prob. 4.23 4.24. Use source transformation to find the voltage V, in the cireuit of Fig. 492. 3A ea wa + av wa 24, Figure 4.92 For Prob, 4.24F 1425. Obtain v inthe circuit of Fig. 4.93 using source transformation, Check your result using PSpice or Muli. 2A 90 a saz. Pea oe ey figure 4.93 For Prob. 425 426 Use source transformation to find i, in the eiruit of Fig. 494 sa 3A oa 20 20v Figure 4.94 For Prob. 426, 427 Apply source transformation to find v, inthe circuit of Fig. 495. wo 9 22» 200 ne sov® 40a an @av Figure 4.95 For Probs. 4.27 and 4.40, 428 Use source transformation to find I, in Fig. 4.96 ave aa Figure 4.96 For Prob. 428, Probiens 163 429. Use source transformation to find v, inthe circuit of 3 2ko a am ie rows 42 430. Use source transformation on the circuit shown in Fig 498 to find i, A ma wn nv@ sa $02 Som, Figure 4.98 For Prob. 430 431 Determine vin the circuit of Fig. 499 using source transformation, 30 6a ® 2. Figure 4.99 or Prob. 431 432. Use source transformation to find i in the circuit of Fig. 4.100. i wa oa 05), cov 50a oa Figure 4.100 For Prob. 4.32.168 Chapters Sections 4.5 and 4.6 Thevenin’s and Norton's Theorems 4.33 Determine the Thevenin equivalent circuit, shown in Fig, 4.101, as seen by the T-ohm resist “Then calculate the current flowing through the 7-ohm Ba soa 70 xa @a0v Figure 4.101 For Prob, 4.33 4.34. Using Fig. 4.102, design a problem that will help ©FDdL thor students better understand Thevenin equivalent Figure 4.102 For Probs. 4.4 and 4.49 4.35. Use Thevenin’s theorem to find v, in Prob. 4.12. 4.36. Solve for the current in the circuit of Fig. 4.103 ‘using Thevenin’s theorem. (Hint: Find the Thevenin, equivalent seen by the 12-0 resist) v wa ra wov@ ev Figure 4.103 For Prob, 436. 40a Grout Theorems 437. Find the Norton equivalent with respect to terminals ‘ab in the circuit shown in Fig. 4.108, sov 20 Ka sma 1040. ou Figure 4.104 For Prob, 4.37 438. Apply Thevenin’s theorem to find V, in the circuit of Fig. 4.105, aa 10 25a 16a won 3¥, Figure 4.105 For Prob, 438. 4.39 Obtain the Thevenin equivalent at tem the circuit shown in Fig. 4.106, 5A wa wea wa sa 20v) Lo Figure 4.106 For Prob, 439, 4.40. Find the Thevenin equivalent at terminals @-b ofthe circuit in Fig, 4.107, +¥_~ Ona, 20Ka rv > 0 Figure 4.107 For Prob. 4:0.F 441. Find the Thevenin and Norton equivalents st terminals a-b of the circuit shown in Fig. 4.108, uv uo 1a sa EYNG) sa © Figure 4.108 For Prob. 4.41 +442 For the circuit in Fig 4.109, find the Thevenin ‘equivalent between terminals a and b a av sa@) zea gue figure 4.109 teas as 443. Find the Thevenin equivalent looking into terminals ‘a+b ofthe circuit in Fig. 4.110 and solve fori wo 9 62 b 20v sa (2a Figure 4.110 For Prob. 483, 444 For the circuit in Fig. 4.111, obtain the Theveain ‘equivalent as seen from terminals: web wre 3a 10 uv@ 42 0b 20 saz @24 Figure 4.111 For Prob. 444 "An aserisk indicates a challenging problem Problems 165 445. Find the Thevenin equivalent ofthe circuit in Fig. 4.112 as seen by looking into terminal a and. 6a a i Figure 4.112 For Prob. 445, ob 4.46. Using Fig. 4.113, design a problem to help other fPdd sudents etter understand Norton equivalent circuits Ry et é fll i Figure 4.113 Faron tas 447. Obtain the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits of the circuit in Fig, 4.114 with espect o terminals and by 200 209 20, 4.48. Determine the Norton equivalent at terminals @-b for the circuit in Fig. 4.115. 10%, 20 sa@ Figure 4.115 For Prob, 448. 4.49 Find the Norton equivalent looking into terminals ‘a-bof the circuit in Fig. 4.102. Let V= 40, 1=3A, Ry = 100, R= 40.0, and Ry = 209.166 Chapter 4 4.50 Obiain the Norton equivalent ofthe circuit in Fig. 4.116 tthe left of terminals a-b, Use the esult tofind current Creuit Teerems 4.54 Find the Thevenin equivalent between terminals ofthe circuit in Fig. 4.120. 6a 1s. Te 104,» 2a 4a be mK "y.Z S00 L » Figure 4.120 ‘ For Prob. 4.54 Figure 4.116 For Prob. 4:50. 4.31 Given the circuit in Fig. 4117, obtain the Norton ‘equivalent as viewed from terminals: (an Wed ° > ea 9 49 nov 3a ea E20 6 Figure 4.117 For Prob. 451 4.52. For the transistor mode! in Fig. 4.118, obtain the ‘Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b. 3Ka . av > 20, F2u0 Figure 4.118 For Prob. 452. 4.53. Find the Nocton equivalent at terminals a-b ofthe circuit in Fig 4.119. Mon won 20a oA 2v. 0» Figure 4.119 For Prob. 453, “4.85 Obvain the Norton equivalent at terminals ab of the circuit in Fig, 4.121 Figure 4.121 For Prob. 455 4.56, Use Norton's theorem to find Vin the circuit of Fig. 4.122. mia 2K oa wov@ a= — roma 20d v, Figure 4.122 For Prob. 456. 4.57 Obiain the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits at terminals a-b for the circuit in Fig. 4.123 Figure 4.123 Por Probs. 3.57 and 4.79,‘The network in Fig 4124 models a bipolar transistor ‘eommnon-emitier amplifier connected 10 a load. Find the Thevenin resistance seen by the load 48 nk ure 4.126 Fig 458. 459 Determine the Thevenin and Norton equivalents at terminals a-b of the eitcuit in Fig, 4.125, wa 200 aa os bo son son Figure 4.125 For Probs. 4.59 and 4.80, 4.60. For the circuit in Fig. 4.126, find the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits at terminals a. Figure 4.126 For robs 4.60 and 4.81 *4.61 Obtain the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits at torminals ¢-b ofthe circuit in Fig. 4.127. ML 20 oa sa rv@ Orv 6a 20 2a pv > Figure 4.197 For Prob. 461 Problems 167 *4.62. Find the Thevenin equivalent of the circuit in Ho Fig. 4.128, ML ov, wage in wa 200 Lgl, 2 Figure 4.128 For Prob. 4.62. 4.63. Find the Norton equivalent for the circuit in Fig. 4.129, woo “93 200 os, igure 4.129 For Prob. 463. 4.64 Obtain the Thevenin equivalent seen at terminals a-b ofthe circuit in Fig, 4.130, eo 0, @> E20 Figure 4.130 For Prob. 4.64, 4.65. For the circuit shown in Fig. 4.131, determine the relationship between Vand J, 4a 2a av ne Ye Figure 4.131 For Prob, 4.65,168 chapter 4 Section 4.8 Maximum Power Transfer 4.66. Find the maximum power that can be delivered to ‘the resistor Rin tbe circuit of Fig, 4.132. 2a 30V 3a eov wea Figure 4.132 For Prob. 466. 4.67 The variable resistor Rin Fig. 4.133 i adjusted until itabsorbs the maximum power from the cieuit, (2) Calculate the value of R for maximum power, (b) Determine the maximum power absorbed by R. B01 "4.68 Consider the 30-9 resistor in Fig. 4.134, First compute the Thevenin equivalent circuit as seen by the 30-1 resistor. Compute the value of R that results in Thevenin ‘equivalent resistance equal tothe 30-9 resistance and then calculate per delivered tothe 30-0 resister. Now let R=09, 110 and co, calculate the powee \elivered tothe 30-0 resistor in each case. What can {Yu say about the value ofthat will result in the maxi: "mum power that can be delivered to the 30-0 resistor? o_22 30 ay 300 600. Figure 4.134 For Prob. 468, 4.69. Find the maximum power transferred o resistor R in the circuit of Fig. 4.135 woxo 22Ka oo "0 $4042 006», 30K SR Figure 4.135 For Prob 469, Greut Theerens 470. Determine the maximum poster delivered to the vat able resistor R shown in the circuit of Fig. 4.136. 2y, 0a wa 20a @ Figure 4.136 For Prob. 470, 4.71 For the circuit in Fig. 4.137, what resistor connected across terminals a-b will absorb maximum power from the circuit? What is that power? axa toxa Figure 4.137 For Prob. 471 472 (a) For the circuit in Fig. 4.138, obtain the Thevenin ‘equivalent at terminals ab, (b) Calculate the current in R= 13.0. (6) Find 8, for maximum power deliverable to Ry, (4) Determine that maximum power Figure 4.138 For Prob. 4.72,r 473 Determine the maximum power that can be delivered to the variable resistor inthe circuit of Fig. 4.139. wa 250 200 Sal Figure 4.139 For Prob. 4.73. cov 474 For the bridge circuit shown in Fig. 4.140, find the load &, for maximum power transfer and the maxi ‘mum power absorbed by the load, Figure 4.140 or Prob. 4.74 4.75. For the circuit in Fig. 4.141, determine the value of R such thatthe maximum power delivered to the Toad is 12 mW, e @ ‘ ° Ri w® @v@sv Figure 4.141 For Prob. 4.75. - 4.9 Verifying Circuit Theorems with PSpice 476 4.77 Use PSpice or MultiSim o solve Prob. 4.44 Use PSpice or MultiSim wo solve Prob. 4.52. 479 Obtain the Thevenin equivalent ofthe circu Fig. 4.123 using PSpice or MuliSim. Probiens 169 4.80 Use PSpice or MultiSim wo find the Thevenin equivalent circuit at terminals a-b ofthe cireuit in Fig. 4.125, 481 For the circuit in Fig. 4126, use PSpice or Multisim ‘o find the Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b Section 4.10 Apptications 482. An automobile battery has an open circuit voltage ‘of 14. 7.V which drops to 12 V when connected to ‘wo 65-W headlights. What isthe resistance of the Ineadlights and the value of the intemal resistance of the battery? 4.83 The following results wore obtained from measurements taken between the wo terminals of a resistive network. “Terminal Voltage 72 OV ‘Terminal Curent_0A__9A Find the Thevenin equivalent ofthe network. 4.84 When connected to a 4-0 resistor, a battery has a terminal voltage of 108 V but produces 12 V on an open circuit Determine the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the battery. 4.85. The Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b of the linear network shown in Fig. 4.142 isto be deter- rmined by measurement. When a 10-40 resistor is connected to terminals a-, the voltage Vygis mea- sured as 20 V, When a 30-K0 resistor is connected to the terminals, Va, is measured as 40 V. Determine: (a) the Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b, (6) Vag. when a 20-K2 resistor is connected to terminals a. Lear etre Figure 4.142 For Prob. 4.85. 486 A black box with a cireuit in itis connected to a vari- able resistor. An ideal ammeter (with zero resistance) and an ideal volumeter (with infinite resistance) are ‘used to meature current and voltage as shown in ig. 4.143. The results are shown inthe table on the next page 1 Black Figure 4.143 For Prob, 486,170 7 Craceer4 (@) Find é when R= 120. (b) Determine the maximum power from the box. RO) VV) tA) 2 6 3 8 16 2 4 2 Ls 487 A transducer is modeled with a current source [, and Fed parallel resistance R, The current atthe terminals, ‘of the source is measured to be 9.975 mA when an ‘ammeter with an internal resistance of 20 Qs used, (4) If adding a 2-k0 resistor across the source ls causes the ammeter reading to fall to 9.876 mA, calculate J, and R, (b) What will the ammeter reading be if the resistance between the source terminals is changed to 4 k92? 488 Consider the circuit in Fig, 4.144, An ammeter with intemal resistance R, is inserted between A and B to ‘measure /. Determine the reading of the ammeter if (@) R,= 500.0, ) R= 0.0. Hint: Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit st terminals a-b ) 2 22 » 510 C 30Ka. ma any ®)60v wou Figure 4.144 For Prob, 48, 4.89 Consider the cieuit in Fig. 4.145. (a) Replace the resistor Ry by a zero resistance ammeter and deter ‘mine the ammeter reading. (b) To verily the reiproe: ity theorem, interchange the ammeter and the 12-V source and determine the ammeter reading again. Figure 4.145 For Prob, 439, Creu Meerems 4.90. The Wheatstone bridge eircit shown in Fig. 4,146 is ©FOd. sed to measure the resistance ofa strain gauge, The adjustable resistor has linear taper with a maximum value of 100 02 Ifthe resistance of the strain gauge is found to be 42.6 2, what fraction ofthe ful slider travel isthe slider when the bridge is balanced’? Figure 4.146 For Prob. 490. 491. (a) Inthe Wheatstone bridge circuit of Fig. 4.147 select the values of and Ry such that the bridge can measure Rin the range of 0-25 9. (b) Repeat forthe range of 0-250.0, Figure 4.147 For Prob. 491 492. Consider the bridge circuit of Fig. 4.148. Is the Fd bridge balanced? If the 10-k9 resistor is replaced by an 18-40 resistor, what resistor connected between terminals «-b absorbs the maximum power? What is. this power? 2a 220v 2) 00 be ToKa Figure 4.148 For Prob. 4.92, j j 1 j