Hysterisis Controller +

DC to DC converters

1 Introduction to Power Electronics Spring 2017

 Hysteresis Modulation

 This is a feedback current control method applied in many motor drives

which are supplied by voltage source inverters.

[3]

[1]

[1] N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland, W. P. Robbins, Power Electronics Converters, Applications and Design, 3rd Edition 2003, John Wiley & Sons.
[3] O. anaya-lara, N. Jenkins, J. Ekanayake, P. Cartwright, M. Hughes, Wind Energy Generation Modelling and Control, 2009, John Wiley & Sons.
2 Introduction to Power Electronics Spring 2017
 Hysteresis Modulation

 Controller generates a sinusoidal current of desired magnitude

and frequency.

 This is compared with the actual load current.

 If the current exceeds the upper limit of the hysteresis band,

turn off the upper switch and turn on the bottom switch.

 If the current is less than the lower limit of the hysteresis band,
turn on the upper switch and turn off the bottom switch.

3 Introduction to Power Electronics Spring 2017

 Hysteresis Modulation

[1]

 If the hysteresis band is narrow, the switches will be working at

a high frequency but the actual current will be obviously closer
to the desired current.
[1] N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland, W. P. Robbins, Power Electronics Converters, Applications and Design, 3rd Edition 2003, John Wiley & Sons.

4 Introduction to Power Electronics Spring 2017

 Principles of DC-DC Converter

switch

Vd
V0 Vd

v0 T

ton toff

t
Duty ratio  on
T • Normally the loads are inductive and hence to
protect the switch a diode has to be placed
Vt across the load to allow continuation of the
v0 (avg) = V0  d on  DVd load current when the switch is opened
T
• By varying D output voltage can be controlled
between 0 and Vd (ideally)
5 Introduction to Power Electronics Spring 2017
 Principles of DC-DC Converter

Vref (desired)
+ Switch control
verr signal
V0 (actual) comparator
- vg

Vst – saw tooth signal

vst
vT

Switch control on off on off on off on off on off

signal
DT DT DT DT

6 T Introduction to Power Electronics Spring 2017

 Principles of DC-DC Converter

 Sawtooth voltage can be represented as V  V T t

st
T
When V st  V err

VT
 V err  t
T
V err
t  T  DT
VT

V err
The is known as the modulation index
ratio VT
7 Introduction to Power Electronics Spring 2017
 Step Down (Buck) Converter

S
D Vo
C

This is a low pass filter

 For the purpose of analysis assume that the capacitor C is large enough to
hold the load voltage constant (i.e. constant Vc )
 Diode is required in order to allow current to continue when S is off
 Diode is reversed biased when S is on
 Assume output voltage (Vo) to be constant
 Assume inductor current to be continues between two states of S

8 Introduction to Power Electronics Spring 2017

 Step Down (Buck) Converter

 When switch is closed:

diL
Vd  vL  Vo  L  Vo
dt
diL Vd  Vo

dt L
vL  Vd  Vo

 Current increases linearly during switch on period

 For switch on period:

iL closed 
Vd  Vo 
DT
L
9 Introduction to Power Electronics Spring 2017
 Step Down (Buck) Converter

 When the switch is open:

 The current that has been established in the inductor will continue to flow
through the free wheeling diode
di L
0  v L  Vo  L  Vo
dt
di L  Vo

dt L
vL  Vo
 Current decreases linearly during switch off period

 During switch off period:

iL open Vo
  (1  D)T
L
10 Introduction to Power Electronics Spring 2017
 Step Down (Buck) Converter

 Steady-state requires that the average inductor voltage is zero

1
Vd  Vo DT   Vo (1  D)T   0
T
Vd D  Vo D  Vo  Vo D  0

Vo  DVd

 As V0 is constant, average capacitor current is zero.

 Average inductor current can be denoted as;

V0
I L ( avg )  I 0 
R
11 Introduction to Power Electronics Spring 2017
 Step Down (Buck) Converter

 Note that source (Is) and diode (Id) current waveforms are parts of the
inductor current (IL)

12 Introduction to Power Electronics Spring 2017

 Output Voltage Ripple

 The ripple voltage 30.100

Vd
Fig16

visible on the 30.075

30.050

output voltage can

30.025

Voltage (V)
30.000
29.975

be reduced by 29.950
29.925

using a larger
29.900
29.875
Gp

capacitor. 1.40
1.30
1.20
1.10
1.00
0.90
Gate Signal

0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
Vc
15.40
15.30
15.20
15.10
Voltage (V)

15.00
14.90
14.80
14.70
V
14.60
Time ... 0.0027 0.0030

13 Introduction to Power Electronics Spring 2017

 Output Voltage Ripple

 Assume that all the ripple component in iL flow through the capacitor and
average component flows through the load.

Q = CVo Q

Q = CV0 iL
Q
V0 =
C

 Considering the ripple in the inductor current:

1  T  iL  TiL TiL
Q      V0 
2  2  2  8 8C

14 Introduction to Power Electronics Spring 2017

 Continuous Conduction Mode

 Inductor current flow continuously

 Area A and B must be

equal;
( Vd  V0 )ton  V0 ( Ts  ton )
V0 ton
 D
Vd Ts

 Neglecting the losses

associated with the all
circuit elements
Pd  Po

15 Introduction to Power Electronics Spring 2017

 Buck Converter: Boundary Condition

 At the boundary between continuous and discontinuous conduction the

inductor current goes to zero at end of the ‘off ‘period

iL , pk  iL closed 
Vd  Vc  DT
L

 Note:
Vc  Vo

16 Introduction to Power Electronics Spring 2017

 Step Down (Buck) Converter - Example

Example:
A buck converter is supplied by a 50 V DC source and operate at a duty ratio
of 0.4. If the load is 20 Ω Calculate; (i) Minimum value of the inductance for
continuous conduction; (ii) Ripple component in inductor current; (iii) Ripple
component in output voltage. Assume C = 100 μF; L = 400 μH; f= 20 kHz.

17 Introduction to Power Electronics Spring 2017

 Step Up (Boost) Converter

IL Id Iload

D
R=0
0.0002

500.0

5.0
Vd Vc
40Vdc
source Gp

Is
• When the switch is closed the inductor current increases and when it is
turned off the current will circulate through the diode, capacitor, load and the
source
• It can be proved that:
Vd
Vc 
(1  D)

18 Introduction to Power Electronics Spring 2017

 Step Up (Boost) Converter

Fig17 Fig17
Gp
Vd Vc 1.50
160

Gate Signal
1.00
120
Voltage (V)

0.50
80 0.00
40 Is
250
0 200

Isource (A)
150
Gp 100
1.50 50
1.20 0
Gate Signal

0.90 IL
120
0.60

Iinductor (A)
90
0.30 60
0.00 30
0
0.0990 0.0992 0.0994 0.0996 0.0998 0.1000 Id
150
100

Idiode (A)
50
0
-50
0.0990 0.0992 0.0994 0.0996 0.0998 0.1000
• Note the load voltage which is greater
than the supply voltage
• Note that the diode (Id) and switch (Is)
current waveforms are parts of the
inductor (IL) current waveform V0

R
19 Introduction to Power Electronics Spring 2017
 Output Voltage ripple

Vo
Q  DT  C  Vo
R

Vo DT  Vo D
 Vo = ⇒ 
RC Vo RCf
20 Introduction to Power Electronics Spring 2017
 Ideal and Practical Behaviour of Step Up Converter

ideal

practical

1.0

0 1.0

The practical behaviour deviates away from the ideal behaviour due to inherent
losses in the inductor, diode and the switch

21 Introduction to Power Electronics Spring 2017

 Switch Mode Power Supplies – Essential Blocks

dc-dc conversion with isolation

regulated dc output
conducted rectifier dc-dc hf rectifier
emi filter converter transformer filter
filter

There are quite a few dc-dc

converter circuit configurations
which provide transformer
switch
isolation (eg. flyback, push-pull,
control error
half bridge, full-bridge)
amplifier
-
hf PWM
transformer control
+

desired dc output
22 Introduction to Power Electronics voltage Spring 2017