Hydro Hydro Hydro: + Nonmetal+ Ic + Acid Nonmetal + Ic + Acid Nonmetal + + Acid
Hydro Hydro Hydro: + Nonmetal+ Ic + Acid Nonmetal + Ic + Acid Nonmetal + + Acid
Molecular Compounds that yield hydrogen ions (H + ) and an anion, when dissolved in water
H2O
HA H + (aq) + A- (aq) aq = aqueous (dissolved in water)
CLASSIFICATION OF ACIDS
I. BINARY ACIDS II. OXOACIDS
Contain (H + NONMETAL) (H + NONMETAL + O)
1. More O atoms 2. Fewer O atoms
Names Hydro + Nonmetal+ ic + acid nonmetal + ic + acid nonmetal + ous + acid
Examples HCl(aq) HClO3(aq) HClO2(aq)
hydrochloric acid chloric acid chlorous acid
H2S(aq) H2SO4(aq) H2SO3(aq)
hydrosulfuric acid sulfuric acid sulfurous acid
HNO3(aq) HNO2(aq)
nitric acid nitrous acid
H3PO4(aq) H3PO3(aq)
phosphoric acid phosphorous acid
H2CO3(aq)
carbonic acid
HC2H3O2(aq)
acetic acid
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Other important facts to remember about some common acids.
1. Common Binary Acids (H + Nonmetal) contain Group VIIA and VIA nonmetals:
Nonmetals Binary Acids
VIA VIIA VIA VIIA
F HF(aq) hydrofluoric acid
S Cl H2S(aq) hydrosulfuric acid HCl(aq) hydrochloric acid
Br HBr(aq) hydrobromic acid
I HI(aq) hydrobromic acid
2. Some nonmetals form more than two oxoacids with varying number of O atoms
hypochlorous acid hyperchloric acid
Summing up:
HClO1(aq) HClO2(aq) HClO3(aq) HClO4(aq)
hypochlorous acid chlorous acid chloric acid perchloric acid
fewer O atoms more O atoms
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TERNARY IONIC COMPOUNDS
contain at least 3 elements
contain at least one Polyatomic Ion
an ion consisting of 2 or more atoms bonded together and carrying
a common charge. Example: SO4 2- (sulfate ion)
ending depends on the name of the anion.
TERNARY IONIC COMPOUNDS
CATION(s) ANION(s)
OXOANIONS
are derived from oxoacids by partial or complete removal of hydrogen ions (H + )
Negative Charge of Oxoanion = Number of H + ions removed from oxoacids
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OXOANIONS
MORE O atoms FEWER O atoms
+
H (s) H + (s)
Oxoacids (“ic”) Oxoanions(“ate”) Oxoacids(“ous”) Oxoanions (“ite”)
-
HClO3(aq) ClO3 HClO2(aq) ClO2 -
chloric acid chlorate ion chlorous acid chlorite ion
-
H2SO4(aq) HSO4 H2SO3(aq) HSO3 -
sulfuric acid hydrogen sulfate ion sulfurous acid hydrogen sulfite ion
SO4 2- SO3 2-
sulfate ion sulfite ion
HNO3(aq) NO3 - HNO2(aq) NO2-
nitric acid nitrate ion nitrous acid nitrite ion
-
H3PO4(aq) H2PO4 H3PO3(aq) H2PO3 -
phosphoric acid dihydrogen phosphate phosphorous acid dihydrogen phosphite ion
HPO4 2- HPO3 2-
monohydrogen phosphate ion monohydrogen phosphite ion
PO4 3- PO3 3-
phosphate ion phosphite ion
-
H2CO3(aq) HCO3
carbonic acid hydrogen carbonate ion
CO3 2- carbonate ion
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NOTE:
H +
1. HC2H3O2(aq) C2H3O2- (aq)
acetic acid acetate ion
H +
2. HClO4(aq) ClO4-
perchloric acid perchlorate ion
H +
HClO3(aq) ClO3-
chloric acid chlorate ion
H +
HClO2(aq) ClO2-
chlorous acid chlorite ion
H +
HClO(aq) ClO-
hypochlorous acid hypochlorite ion
FORMULAS AND NAMES OF TERNARY IONIC COMPOUNDS
In writing the correct formulas, keep in mind that:
1. the formulas and the charges of the ions must be known,
2. the ionic charges must cancel (the compound as a whole is neutral)
Examples:
1. Write the formula of sodium sulfate: Na + SO4 2-
Na + SO4 2- Na2SO4
??????
2. Write the formula of calcium nitrate: Ca 2+ NO3-
Ca 2+ NO3- Ca(NO3)2
??????
3. Write the formula of ammonium (NH4 + ) hydroxide (OH- )
NH4OH
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4. What is the name of CuCO3 ?
Copper carbonate
??? Which copper carbonate ?
copper (I) carbonate (cuprous carbonate)
OR
copper (II) carbonate (cupric carbonate)
The ionic charge of the Copper ion in the compound must be known!
? 2 2+ 2
CuCO3 CuCO3
copper (II) carbonate
cupric carbonate
5. Write the formula of ammonium (NH4 + ) phosphate (PO4 3- )
(NH4)3PO4
6. Write the formula of ammonium (NH4 + ) hydroxide (OH- )
NH4OH
7. Write the formula of calcium (Ca 2+ ) hydrogen carbonate (HCO3- )
Ca(HCO3)2
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8. Write formulas of the following compounds:
sodium (Na + ) carbonate (CO3 2- ) : Na2CO3
sodium (Na + ) hydrogen carbonate (HCO3- ) : NaHCO3
ammonium (NH4 + ) acetate (C2H3O2- ) : NH4C2H3O2
barium (Ba 2+ ) hydroxide (OH- ) : Ba(OH)2
barium (Ba 2+ ) sulfate (SO4 2- ) : BaSO4
9. Give the correct name for the following compounds:
? 2 3+ 2
Fe2(SO4)3 Fe2(SO4)3 Fe2(SO4)3 iron(III) sulfate, or
ferric sulfate
? 2 2+ 2
CuSO4 CuSO4 CuSO4 copper(II)sulfate,or
cupric sulfate
CaCO3 calcium carbonate
(Ca ion can have one charge only: Ca 2+ )
Na2HPO4 sodium hydrogen phosphate
NH4Cl ammonium chloride
NH4NO2 ammonium nitrite
? 1 2+ 1
Ni(NO3)2 Ni(NO3)2 Ni(NO3)2 nickel (II) nitrate
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HYDRATES
are Ionic Compounds that contain water molecules chemically bound with the crystals of
the Ionic Compound
WATER OF HYDRATION
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The water of hydration can be easily removed by heating:
Heat
CuSO4 . 5H2O(s) CuSO4(s) + 5 H2O(g)
copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate copper (II) sulfate water of hydration
(hydrated salt) (anhydrous salt)
blue crystals white powder
NOTE:
The hydrated salts are crystalline, whereas the corresponding anhydrous salts are powders.
Heat
MgSO4 . 7H2O(s) MgSO4(s) + 7 H2O(g)
hydrated salt anhydrous salt water of hydration
White Crystals White Powder
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Balancing Chemical Equations
A Chemical Equation:
is a representation of a chemical reaction in terms of chemical formulas
Example:
1. Word Description of a Chemical Reaction
When methane gas (CH4) burns in the presence of oxygen gas, it produces carbon
dioxide gas and water vapor.
2. Word Equation
distinguishes between the starting substances (REACTANTS) and the substances that
result from the chemical reaction (PRODUCTS)
indicates the chemical change with an arrow, referred to a the “YIELD” sign ( )
YIELD
REACTANTS PRODUCTS
Yield
Methane gas + Oxygen Gas Carbon Dioxide gas + Water Vapor
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3. Unbalanced Chemical Equation
represents Reactants and Products with correct chemical formulas
indicates the physical state (phase designation) of all substances involved:
“s” for solid
‘l” for liquid
“g” for gas
“aq” for “dissolved in water (aqueous solution)
does not attempt to account for the number of atoms involved in the reaction.
yields
CH4(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(l)
(recall that oxygen
gas is made of
diatomic molecules)
NOTE:
CH4(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(l)
4 H atoms ¹ 2 H atoms
2 O atoms ¹ 3 O atoms
This equation is not in agreement with one of the postulates of Dalton’s Atomic Theory:
A Chemical Reaction consists of the REARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS present in the
reacting substances.
ATOMS ARE NEITHER CREATED, NOR DESTROYED IN A CHEMICAL
REACTION.
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4. Balanced Chemical Equation
the number of atoms of each element are equal on both sides of the arrow
uses “coefficients” to ensure that the “equation is balanced”
coefficients – are the smallest set of whole numbers placed in front
of the formulas in order to balance the equation.
H is now balanced (4 H atoms on both side of the equation)
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Third:
Balance all other atoms:
CH4(g) + ? O2(g) ? CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)
2 O atoms 2 O atoms
2 O atoms 4 O atoms
The equation is now balanced:
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Examples:
1. Propane gas (C3H8) burns in the presence of oxygen and produces carbon dioxide gas
and water vapor.
(A) Word Equation
propane gas + oxygen gas carbon dioxide gas + water vapor
(B) Unbalanced Chemical Equation (include State Designations)
C3H8(g) + O2(g) CO2(g)+ + H2O(g)
(C) Balanced Chemical Equation
C3H8(g) + O2(g) CO2(g)+ + H2O(g)
3 C 1 C
8 H 2 H
2 O 2 O 1 O
First: Balance C (occurs in only one substance):
C3H8(g) + O2(g) ? CO2(g)+ + H2O(g)
C3H8(g) + O2(g) 3 CO2(g)+ + H2O(g)
Second: Balance H (occurs in only one substance):
C3H8(g) + O2(g) 3 CO2(g)+ + ? H2O(g)
C3H8(g) + O2(g) 3 CO2(g)+ + 4 H2O(g)
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Third: Balance O (occurs in more than one substance on right hand side):
C3H8(g) + ? O2(g) 3 CO2(g)+ + 4 H2O(g)
6 O 4 O
2O 10 O
The Equation is now balanced:
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2. Ethane gas (C2H6) burns in the presence of oxygen and produces carbon dioxide gas
and water vapor.
(A) Word Equation
ethane gas + oxygen gas carbon dioxide gas + water vapor
(B) Unbalanced Chemical Equation (include State Designations)
C2H6(g) + O2(g) CO2(g)+ + H2O(g)
(C) Balanced Chemical Equation
C2H6(g) + O2(g) CO2(g)+ + H2O(g)
2 C 1 C
6 H 2 H
2 O 2 O 1 O
First: Balance C (occurs in only one substance):
C2H6(g) + O2(g) ? CO2(g)+ + H2O(g)
C2H6(g) + O2(g) 2 CO2(g)+ + H2O(g)
Second: Balance H (occurs in only one substance):
C2H6(g) + O2(g) 2 CO2(g)+ + ? H2O(g)
C2H6(g) + O2(g) 2 CO2(g)+ + 3 H2O(g)
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Third: Balance O (occurs in more than one substance on right hand side):
C2H6(g) + ? O2(g) 2 CO2(g)+ + 3 H2O(g)
4 O 3 O
2O 7 O
Balanced Chemical Equation:
(B) Unbalanced Chemical Equation
3+ 1 1+ 1 3+ 1 1+ 1
FeCl3(aq) + NaOH(aq) Fe(OH)3(s) + NaCl(aq)
NOTE: Make absolutely sure that all formulas are correctly written before you go
to the next step (consider the names given and the charges of ions)
(C) Balanced Chemical Equation
FeCl3(aq) + NaOH(aq) Fe(OH)3(s) + NaCl(aq)
3 Cl 1 Cl
1 Fe 1 Fe
1 Na 1 Na
1 OH 3 OH
-
(since the OH ion does not change, it may be balanced as a group)
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First: Balance Cl:
FeCl3(aq) + NaOH(aq) Fe(OH)3(s) + ? NaCl(aq)
FeCl3(aq) + NaOH(aq) Fe(OH)3(s) + 3 NaCl(aq)
Second: Balance Na:
FeCl3(aq) + ? NaOH(aq) Fe(OH)3(s) + 3 NaCl(aq)
FeCl3(aq) + 3 NaOH(aq) Fe(OH)3(s) + 3 NaCl(aq)
Third: Check all other atoms and groups:
FeCl3(aq) + 3 NaOH(aq) Fe(OH)3(s) + 3 NaCl(aq)
1 Fe = 1 Fe
3 Cl = 3 Cl
3 Na = 3 Na
3 OH = 3 OH
The equation is correctly balanced:
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