UN 5000 User’s manual

Chapter 7
Operation

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-1

Contents:
7 Operation .....................................................................................................................................................7-3

7.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................7-3

7.2 Automatic voltage- and reactive power regulation of the synchronous machine .....................................7-3
7.2.1 The excitation system in the chain of the energy production...................................................................................................7-3
7.2.2 The synchronous machine on the network..............................................................................................................................7-3
7.2.3 The stationary behaviour of the synchronous machine ...........................................................................................................7-4
7.2.4 The dynamic behaviour of the synchronous machine ...........................................................................................................7-14
7.2.5 The transient behaviour of generator and network ................................................................................................................7-18

7.3 Control and display elements ................................................................................................................ 7-20

7.3.1 General ..................................................................................................................................................................................7-20
7.3.2 Remote control (control room) ...............................................................................................................................................7-21
7.3.3 Analogue displays .................................................................................................................................................................7-32
7.3.4 Status and alarm messages ..................................................................................................................................................7-32

7.4 Local control........................................................................................................................................... 7-34

7.4.1 Analogue value display..........................................................................................................................................................7-34
7.4.2 Fault display...........................................................................................................................................................................7-35
7.4.3 Controlling the display ...........................................................................................................................................................7-36
7.4.4 Printer key..............................................................................................................................................................................7-36
7.4.5 Command keys......................................................................................................................................................................7-37
7.4.6 Service Panel.........................................................................................................................................................................7-37

7.5 Operation of the system......................................................................................................................... 7-38

7.5.1 Checks before switching on...................................................................................................................................................7-38
7.5.2 Switch-on sequence ..............................................................................................................................................................7-39
7.5.3 Checks during operation........................................................................................................................................................7-41
7.5.4 Shut-down sequence .............................................................................................................................................................7-41
7.5.5 Emergency-OFF ....................................................................................................................................................................7-41

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-2

7 Operation

7.1 Introduction
This part of the user manual describes how the excitation system has to be operated
and which points need to be observed for fault-free operation of the system. This
document mentions the necessary safety precautions and also contains a description
of the operating behaviour of the generator and the operation of the excitation system
in automatic and manual mode.

7.2 Automatic voltage- and reactive power regulation of the

synchronous machine

7.2.1 The excitation system in the chain of the energy production

Coal, gas, water, wind, sun etc. are primarily used to produce electrical energy. This
form of energy is usually converted first into mechanical and later in electrical energy
using turbines and generators. For the conversion into electrical energy synchronous
machines are mostly used, the output voltage of which is controlled by an excitation
system. The electrical energy is then distributed to the centres of consumers via
transmission lines.

Primary Mechanical Electrical Consumer

Energy Energy Energy

Turbine Generator

Field Generator
Current Voltage

Excitation
System

Fig. 7-1 Excitation System in the chain of energy production

7.2.2 The synchronous machine on the network

In order to explain the automatic regulation in the excitation circuit of a synchronous
machine, the behaviour of the synchronous machine itself under all possible operating
conditions will first be examined in the following.
A regulated synchronous machine coupled to the network can be represented in
simplified form in accordance with Fig. 7-2. The synchronous machine thereby
represents the regulated object. All other components together form the regulator or
excitation system. In parallel operation with the network, the network influences the
behaviour of the closed regulating circuit and in this sense acts as an external
interference variable.
Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-3

 Controlled Object Disturbance

I Ug
f Synchronous
Network
Maschine

Excitation
System

Fig. 7-2 Regulating circuit diagram

The characteristics of the synchronous machine and the network are largely
predetermined. The excitation system only allows a correction of the overall behaviour
in the sense of a technical optimisation. This is achieved during commissioning
through adjustment of the corresponding regulating parameters.
In examining the behaviour of the regulated synchronous machine, a distinction must
be made between the stationary and the dynamic behaviour of the synchronous
machine. The stationary behaviour will primarily be addressed in the following, since
this operating condition can be influenced by the operating personnel from the control
room. A number of simplifications will be made and only those points will be examined
which are relevant to the operating personnel.

7.2.3 The stationary behaviour of the synchronous machine

In examining the stationary behaviour of electrical machines, a distinction is made
between
• the electrical behaviour (currents, voltages) and
• the mechanical behaviour (rotation, torque).

7.2.3.1 Electrical behaviour:

In order to describe the electrical behaviour in stationary operation, the synchronous
machine can be described by means of the following simplified equivalent-circuit
diagram.

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-4

 Q-axis Xd

D-axis
Ep

Fig. 7-3 Equivalent-circuit diagram of the synchronous machine

The equivalent-circuit diagram is derived from the familiar representation of a
voltage source with its internal resistance. The index d identifies the difference
between the direct and transverse axis. The induced rotor voltage or EMK forms the
voltage source behind the so-called synchronous reactance and depends on the
rotational speed and the field current of the generator. Besides the synchronous
reactance, which is composed of the main reactance and the control reactance, the
ohmic resistance naturally also has an effect. For the purpose of examining the
voltage regulation of the excitation system, the ohmic resistance can be disregarded.
In the plane of the drawing, the direction of the fluxes in the stator and rotor is identical.
The torque is zero since no active power is being transmitted. This direction is
described as the direct axis (d-axis). The direction perpendicular to this is called the
transverse field axis (q-axis).
In addition, we must distinguish between two different types of rotor structure in
synchronous machines:
• salient-pole machines and
• smooth-core machines.
The salient-pole machines (example shown in Fig. 7-4) have a large rotor diameter
and are therefore used in slow-running drive assemblies such as water turbines with a
rotational speed range of 20 to1500 rpm.

Fig. 7-4 Salient-pole machine

Two-pole (and some four-pole) generators of smooth-core design are used for fast-
running drive assemblies such as steam and gas turbines with a rotational speed
range >1500rpm, (see Fig. 7-5).

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-5

Fig. 7-5 Solid pole machine

The way in which both types of machine function is essentially identical. However, if
one considers the simplified equivalent-circuit diagram in
Fig. 7-3, the following should be taken into account:
• For the Solid pole rotor design, the effective air gap in the d-axis and the q-axis is
approximately equal, thus producing the reactance's Xd ≈ Xq.

• In the case of salient-pole machines, the magnetic resistance's differ due to the
unequal air gaps, so that : Xd > Xq.
These different characteristics have a direct influence on the operating range of the
generator in network operation, as is illustrated in the following.

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-6

7.2.3.2 Operating modes of generators
Generators can be operated in the following operating modes:
• No-load operation where there is no load on the machine
• Machine under load in parallel operation with the network
• Machine under load in island operation

Basically, the same relationships apply to the operating conditions of the loaded
machines as to no-load operation . The sole difference is that the generator voltage is
the dominant regulating variable in island operation and the reactive power is the
dominant regulating variable in network operation.
The operating characteristics of the no-load machine and of the loaded machine in
network operation are examined in the following.

7.2.3.3 Operation of the unloaded machine (no-load operation)

In no-load operation, the terminal voltage of the generator is equal to the induced rotor
voltage. At constant rotational speed, this means that the terminal voltage depends
directly on the field current. In the range up to nominal generator voltage, a more or
less linear relationship exists between field current and generator voltage. When the
generator voltage exceeds the nominal value, a saturation effect takes place which is
essentially determined by the design of the stator iron. If one wishes to increase the
generator voltage further, above its nominal value, the field current must be increased
overproportionately.

Ug
Saturation

Ugn
Generator
rated
voltage

No load
Ifo If
field current

Fig. 7-6 No-load characteristic

7.2.3.4 The loaded machine in network operation

If the machine is under load, a current flows in the stator windings, which causes a
voltage drop through the synchronous reactance. If the excitation current remains
constant, the terminal voltage would therefore be reduced. Here, the excitation system
has the function of preventing this drop in voltage by altering the excitation current.
Starting out from the equivalent-circuit diagram (
Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-7

Fig. 7-3) we can now develop the vector diagram (Fig. 7-7).

∆U = Xd Ig ϕ

E Ug
p (E
MK
)

Fig. 7-7 Vector diagram of the synchronous machine

Assuming that the generator is loaded with a purely ohmic load, the generator current
IG is in phase with the generator voltage UG. As a result of the synchronous reactance
Xd, a voltage drop of ∆U = Xd IG is caused via the direct axis which is perpendicular
to the terminal voltage. This defines the size and phase position of the induced rotor
voltage EP. According to the law of induction, EP is proportional to the rotational
speed n and to the magnetic flux Φ in the air gap. The magnetic flux Φ is, in turn,
proportional to the field current, so that with a constant rotational speed, which is the
case in network operation, the induced rotor voltage is proportional to the field current
If .
We now change the nature of the load and assume a mixed ohmic-reactive load
impedance of Z', whereby IZ'I is equal to the previous load R. The amount of the
current remains the same, but it now lags behind the voltage by the phase angle ϕ. In
order to maintain the generator terminal voltage, a higher induced rotor voltage EP
(EMK) is necessary. The generator therefore requires a higher excitation current.
The angle δ between terminal voltage and induced rotor voltage has a geometrical and
a mechanical meaning. It describes the angle position of the magnet wheel relative to
the rotating stator field and is therefore referred to as the load angle. This leads us to
the second aspect of the synchronous machine, the stationary electromechanical
behaviour. In parallel operation with other generators, which are connected with an
active network, completely different and new groups of questions arise such as: Where
are the limits of synchronous energy transmission, identified by the term's
synchronicity and stability? For this purpose we take a symbolic section through a
two-pole machine in order to examine the torque characteristic

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-8

(
ω mech
ω mech
ω mech
ω el ω el ω el

δ =0o δ =45 o δ =90 o

"rubber band"

T95_0154.DRW

Fig. 7-8):

ω mech
ω mech
ω mech
ω el ω el ω el

δ =0o δ =45 o δ =90 o

"rubber band"

T95_0154.DRW

Fig. 7-8 Synchronising torque and load angle

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-9

Since the geometrical and electrical angles are the same in a two-pole machine, the
phase diagram can be compared directly with the cross-sectional drawing.
For the first case, we assume that the rotating stator field has the same direction as
the rotor field. At a rotor angle δ = 0, the transmitted torque is equal to zero. In the
second case, the stator field is at a load angle δ = 45°. The mechanically driven rotor
now "pulls" the stator field along by means of magnetic force. To illustrate the force
effect between rotor and stator, one can imagine a "rubber band". In stationary
operation, the mechanical drive moment is equal to the electrical torque. For the
smooth-core rotor, the maximum electrical torque is produced at δ = 90°. In reality, this
working point cannot be used, because it is no longer stable. The rotor begins to slip in
relation to the stator field. The generator falls out of step and becomes asynchronous.
The maximum torque is proportional to the induced rotor voltage EP (EMF,
Electromagnetic Force Voltage) and to the stator current IG. Since the stator field has a
sinusoid distribution, the torque formula for the solid pole machine can easily be
derived.
Ep ⋅ UG
Md = Ep ⋅ IG ⋅ sin δ = ⋅ sin δ
Xd

limit of stability
Md

Μd2 ~ If2

Md1 ~ If1
drive
torque

δ2 δ1 δ

Fig. 7-9 Torque characteristic

The entire range of possible stationary operating conditions is usually described by
means of the power diagram (Fig. 7-10). This diagram can easily be derived from the
vector diagram (Fig. 7-7). If one multiplies the voltage vectors by a vector Ug/Xd, the
previous voltage vectors become power vectors and one obtains the power diagram
shown below.

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-10

 P
Active power
1

Drive limit Rated power

Load angle Pf Field current
limit Generator limit

Sn

δ
-1 +1
-Q 1
xd Ifo + Q Reactive
Power
under over
excited Motor excited

Fig. 7-10 Power diagram of a synchronous machine

Usually, only the upper semicircle is represented for generator operation. The circle
around the co-ordinate centre point has a radius, which corresponds to the nominal
apparent power Sn. Sn is defined by the permissible temperature increase of the stator
winding. The permissible operating range of a generator is limited in the active power
axis by the drive limit of the turbine. Furthermore, the operating range in the reactive
power axis is limited, in the so-called overexcited range, by the thermal design of the
rotor winding and, in the underexcited range, by the stability limit.
The overexcited range limit is essentially determined by the nominal excitation current.
The sector formed by the field current with the centre 1/xd limits the overexcitement
range. The nominal working point of the machine is derived from the intersection of the
thermal limits of the stator and rotor.
In the underexcited range, the thermal loading capacity doesn’t play any role, but the
important thing is to maintain synchronicity. As can be seen from Fig. 7-10, a safety
zone must be maintained between actual and maximum torque. It follows from this that
the maximum load angle δ may not be greater than approx. 70° - 80°. The load angle δ
for any working point can be read from the diagram between the reactive power axis
and indicator for the excitation power Pf.
Usually, synchronous machines are operated within the slightly overexcited reactive
power range in order, on the one hand, to comply with the usual network conditions,
and also to guarantee an adequate torque reserve in the event of network faults.

7.2.3.5 Functions of the automatic voltage regulator in network operation :

The voltage regulating system ensures automatic adjustment of the field current to the
value which is necessary for the present operating condition. This means, on the one
hand, keeping the operationally necessary values constant in stationary operation, and
on the other hand carrying out a rapid adjustment if conditions change.
Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-11

The basic electrical relationships will be explained with reference to the following
structure of a power generating and distribution system.

2
1

Tie

Regional grid

Substation

Power station
T95_01 57.D RW

Fig. 7-11 Network structure

A typical network structure consists of regional networks, usually with a ring-formed
basic arrangement. These regions are linked together by transfer stations and form an
interconnected network. Each network has feed points (power stations) and load
points (substations). These substations usually feed a consumer network which laid
out in a star-formed arrangement. In order to examine the system behaviour at a
particular point, the actual network configuration is represented in greatly simplified
form.

XTr Xe
G

RL UNet

Fig. 7-12 Equivalent-circuit diagram of the network structure

The equivalent-circuit diagram shows the generator G, which can also stand for an
entire power station, with the reactance XTr (transformer reactance) between
generator terminals and high voltage busbar. The resulting load impedance ZL relates
to this feed point. The rest of the system is reduced to an external reactance Xe and a
voltage of the rigid networks. All power-generating units are united at this point. The
line resistance's in the immediate vicinity can usually be ignored, whereas the capacity
of longer transmission lines must be taken into account.
The basic requirements of the automatic voltage regulating systems, which must be
fulfilled in a typical network under stationary conditions, i.e. without faults, are:
Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-12

1. The voltage at the consumer connection should be kept within acceptable limits.
2. Stable reactive power distribution in the case of several parallel-operated
generators within the power station must be guaranteed.
3. The reactive power distribution within the network system should create minimal
line losses, with good stability, also during load changes.
4. The generator should always be operated within the safe operating limits.

In order to achieve the aims of automatic voltage regulation under stationary operating
conditions, it is necessary to partly correct the natural behaviour of machine and
network. For this purpose, the voltage regulator is influenced with a value dependent
on the current reactive current. The effect of this influence on the voltage regulation
becomes clear if one applies the analogy of the frequency and active power regulation
of the turbine.
Network Network

AVR

G Governor G R

Generator
R
T

Turbine

n,f U

P Q
T 9 5_ 01 5 8 .D R W

Fig. 7-13 Reactive power regulation

As long as the generator is in no-load or island operation, the turbine regulator and the
generator voltage maintain the rotational speed (frequency) by the voltage regulator. In
parallel operation with an active network, frequency and voltage are primarily
determined by the network and can only be altered to a small degree by the generator
group. The secondary control variables, the active power and reactive power, now
become the determining values in parallel operation.
However, an important difference exists between active power regulation and voltage
regulation. The frequency is the same throughout the entire network. This is not the
case with the voltage. Only the virtual "voltage of the rigid network" forms the value
analogous to the frequency.

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-13

 How would a generator coupled to the network behave if it attempted, with the aid of
its turbine regulator, to keep the frequency of an entire network exactly constant? At
the slightest underfrequency, the turbine would fully open or in the event of
underfrequency fully closed. Stable operation would be impossible. Only if we
introduce a falling characteristic such that the rotational speed reference value is
decreased with increasing power, it is possible to operate stably at any desired
operating point. The active power is derived from the intersection of the characteristic
with the system frequency. The rise in the characteristic is called frequency static and
is defined as the ratio fn/f between no-load and nominal load.
With rotational speed regulation, this static influence always acts with falling
characteristic. With voltage regulation, this static influence with negative characteristic
is also introduced if generators without step-up transformers are coupled to a common
busbar. In most cases, however, the generator is coupled to the network via a step-up
transformer, so that a natural static with negative characteristic is produced through
the transformer- and network reactance, see Fig. 7-13.
In such cases, the static influence is not falling, but is used to compensate the voltage
drop via the step-up transformer.
It must be emphasised that the expression 'static' only means the relationship between
the change in voltage and change in reactive power. This static must not be confused
with the residual error in proportional regulating circuits. The deviation in regulation,
equivalent to the setpoint-actual value difference, amounts to 0….0.5% in modern
voltage regulators. The effective reactive power static can be set by means of
parameters between –20% and +20%. Usual settings for the negative static are -4 to -
10%, i.e. at 1 pu. reactive power, the generator voltage is reduced by the set value
(e.g. 4%).
For positive values, the generator voltage is increased to compensate the current-
dependent voltage drop via the step-up transformer.

UG
pos. static
neg. static

-Q +Q

Fig. 7-14 Static influence on the voltage regulator

For the operating personnel, it is important to know that the generator voltage changes
through this static influence even if the setpoint is not changed from the control room.

7.2.4 The dynamic behaviour of the synchronous machine

The reactions of the synchronous machine to changes in the operating conditions are
very complex. For this reason, in the following the behaviour of the synchronous
machine in the event of changes will be considered in highly simplified form and in
purely phenomenological terms.

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-14

Firstly the question: What type of changes can be expected?
• on the network side: changes in voltage, frequency and load
• from the drive shaft: changes in torque (load)
• through faults: load dumping, short circuits, triggering of excitation
Usually, one only deals with the reaction of the machine to the change in a single
parameter, because the relationships then remain simpler and easy to understand.
A distinction can be made between two groups of physical variables, which we will
deal with separately, although they are not wholly independent of one another:
• The first group comprises the electrical variables such as voltage, reactive power
and excitation requirement (field current)
• The second group is represented by the mechanical variables such as rotational
speed or frequency, active power, torque and load angle.
We will start with the change in the electrical variables:
Let us assume that the network frequency and the torque of the drive shaft remain
constant. The field current is also kept constant and the internal resistance of the field
current source is disregarded .

What happens when a load is suddenly applied to the idling generator?

The effect varies greatly, depending on whether a change in active power or reactive
power is involved. We will consider the case of a pure reactive power change, for
example when an asynchronous motor is started up (Fig. 7-15):
Ug

If = konst. S
∆U = Ig *Xd

XE
Ug Ugo

t
t=0

Fig. 7-15 Reactive power surge for constant excitation current

For the unloaded generator, the terminal voltage Ug is equal to the induced rotor
voltage Ep. After the circuit breaker S is closed, a reactive current IQ begins to flow
immediately and causes a voltage drop through the generator reactance. The original
magnetic flux, which passes through stator and rotor, cannot change instantly. The
consequence of this is that a contrary current is induced in the rotor circuit via the air
gap in order to compensate the changes on the stator side and maintain the balance
of the circulation. For the simplified equivalent-circuit diagram shown in
Fig. 7-3 this means that the direct axis reactance Xd is replaced by the transient
reactance Xd', which is 5…10 times smaller than the synchronous reactance Xd.

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-15

7.2.4.1 The influence of the cage winding
Nowadays, almost all rotors of synchronous machines are equipped with a cage-like
short-circuit winding similar to that of an asynchronous motor. This short-circuit
winding, also called a damping winding, serves the purpose of electrodynamically
damping the rotor oscillations. In the salient-pole design, solid pole caps or pole grids
bring about a similar effect. The damping winding is coupled very closely to the air gap
flux and its time constant is short. During the first 10 milliseconds, the induced
compensation current practically only flows in this damping winding. The actual
reactance is thus reduced in turn and is called subtransient direct-axis reactance
Xd".
The time sequence of the dynamic processes is The time constant T, which can be
calculated from the relationship between the inductivity L and effective resistance R of
the circuit, determines the time sequence of the dynamic processes. The
subtransiente time constant Td" is very short and we see it practically as a voltage
jump without rise time. For the transient time constants, a distinction is made between
no-load, unsaturated and short-circuited, saturated conditions of the machine, since
the inductivity varies greatly with the degree of saturation.
The no-load time constant Tdo' is approximately three times greater than the short-
circuit time constant Td'. The effective time constant for a machine under load lies
between these.
In the case of the sudden loading with reactive power and constant excitation
described above (excitation in manual mode), the terminal voltage drops, first with Td"
and then with Td', to a value which is co-determined by the synchronous reactance.
If the generator voltage is regulated, i.e. the excitation operates in automatic mode,
then in the event of a voltage drop the field current is automatically increased and the
generator voltage brought back to its original value as illustrated in Fig. 7-16. How
quickly the generator voltage recovers after the drop essentially depends on the type
and design of the excitation system, i.e. whether this involves indirect excitation with
an excitation machine or a static excitation system. The static excitation system
displays a significantly faster reaction time than indirect excitation.
Ug
static excitation system
with rotating exciter

∆U = Ig *Xd

Ugo

t
t=0

Fig. 7-16 Reactive power surge with voltage regulation (automatic mode)

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-16

In the case illustrated above, only the reactive power is influenced. The load angle
therefore remains δ = 0. In Fig. 7-17, the same experiment is repeated with active
power. In an earlier section it was recognised that the load angle δ is dependent on the
active power. We will assume that the generator is already connected to a consumer
R0. In this stationary condition, ignoring losses, the mechanical drive power PA
developed by the turbine is equal to the electrical active power PE output to the
consumer.

I S

PA U R0 R1

PA = .M
A I . XD
E . sin δ
PE = U . I = U .
XD U
E
Torque Equation
δ
MA- M E = . dω
dt
Inertia
speed
Fig. 7-17 Active power surge
If, by closing the circuit breaker S, the generator is now loaded with an additional
active power R1, the electrical power of the generator is immediately increased.
However, the drive power of the turbine initially remains unchanged and the balance
between mechanical drive power PA and output electrical power PE no longer exists.
The increase in the electrical power PE is primarily produced by the kinetic energy of
all rotating masses, which are coupled with the shaft. This means that the rotational
speed decreases until the rotational speed regulator has increased the shaft torque by
adjusting the quantity of gas, steam or water passing through the turbine.
Whereas under stationary conditions the electrical torque is in balance with the drive
torque MA, the moment of inertia of the entire shaft arrangement Θdω/dt plays a role
during transient events. The following dynamic equation must be fulfilled at each
instant:

MA- M E = . dω
dt

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-17

7.2.5 The transient behaviour of generator and network
In the terminology of control engineering, all changes originating externally are
described as "faults". There is a wide range with increasing influence up to serious
interference with normal operation, which will be examined briefly in the following.

7.2.5.1 Types of faults affecting the generator

First, the difference between load change and load dumping should be mentioned: a
change in load can go down to zero, but the generator circuit breaker remains closed.
With load dumping, the generator circuit breaker is tripped, which means a change
from parallel operation to island operation.
The generator short circuit is characterised by the electrical distance between the
generator terminals and the location of the short circuit. A distance short circuit exists if
the short circuit occurs somewhere between the busbar and the rigid network. On both
the generator side and network side there are reactances which limit the short circuit
current. The most serious loading of the generator is caused by the terminal short
circuit. Short circuits near the power station lead to load dumping, which has to be
triggered by the protective equipment. In the event of a remote short circuit, the
network must be supported until tripping by the network protection relay eliminates the
short circuit.
Load dumping: Immediate reaction by the automatic voltage regulator is required in
the event of load dumping. The way in which the generator voltage changes in the
time following opening of the circuit breaker is an important quality characteristic of a
voltage regulator or excitation system.

Ug

Overvoltage relay
with constant field current
with AVR (static excitation system)

Uo
IQ x Xd "

t
t=0 1 Sec.

Fig. 7-18 Load dumping

The decrease of the reactive power current to zero causes a spontaneous and
unavoidable voltage rise ∆U = IQ . Xd". If, for example, the subtransient reactance is
0,2 p.u., the dumping of 0,5 p.u. reactive current produces an immediate rise by 10%,
which cannot be reduced by any regulating action. Without an automatic voltage
regulator, the voltage would then continue to rise until the maximum value is achieved,
which is determined by the synchronous reactance. The rise time is dependent on the
no-load time constant Tdo.

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-18

With a voltage regulator, this further rise is more or less completely prevented, and the
voltage is restored to its original value. How quickly this is achieved depends on the
type and design of the excitation system. Static excitation systems, which directly
influence the field current of the generator, display the shortest reaction times,
whereas indirect excitation systems have to overcome the additional time constant of
the excitation machine. If the excitation system is operated in manual mode, the field
current is regulated, which leads to an undesired rise in the generator voltage until the
overvoltage relay of the generator protection is tripped and finally the generator is
discharged. In order to prevent this, the setpoint value of the field current regulator is
reset to the value of the no-load excitation current when the generator circuit breaker
is opened.
A large drop in the generator‘s reactive power is also caused in the event of a
distance short circuit.

UG with voltage regulator

UO

with constant field current

t
t=0 1 sec

Fig. 7-19 Distance short circuit

Such a fault at a remote electrical distance causes overcurrent and undervoltage,
which can be permitted for a short period. The voltage regulator provides maximum
excitation in order to support the voltage. At the instant the fault is eliminated by the
selective protective equipment, the voltage rises again in accordance with the
reduction in load. This overvoltage must, in turn, be adjusted to its original value by the
voltage regulator.

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-19

7.3 Control and display elements

7.3.1 General
The UNITROL 5000 excitation system is an integral component of the power station
installation. It is normally operated by remote control from the control room. The local
control panel, directly on the front of the excitation system, is only used for
commissioning and test purposes or as an emergency control option. If the power
station installation features a higher-level control system, the commands to the
excitation system are given by this power station control system.
The operating personnel must be familiar with the layout of the control and display
elements and with the effects of the commands on the excitation system. Using these
control and display elements, the operating personnel are in a position to adapt the
generator, via the internal control and regulating circuits of the excitation system, to
the operating conditions of the power station and/or of the network.
The excitation system is controlled in two ways:
• REMOTE control from the control room with keyboard commands. The commands
are passed to the excitation system as binary signals.
• REMOTE control from the control room with monitor screen control. The
commands are passed to the excitation system as binary signals or via a field bus.
• LOCAL control using the local control elements integrated in the excitation system
(local control panel).

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-20

 The following table shows a summary of the commands available from REMOTE or
LOCAL control. The right-hand column (Feedback Indication) shows whether a
feedback indication is displayed in the control room.

Command Remote Local Feedback Indication

Exc. Circuit Breaker on Χ Χ Χ
Exc. Circuit Breaker off Χ Χ Χ
Excitation on Χ Χ Χ
Excitation off Χ Χ Χ
Control Channel 1 on Χ Χ Χ
Control Channel 2 on Χ Χ Χ
Operation Mode auto Χ Χ
Operation Mode manual Χ Χ
Setpoint Active Regulator raise Χ Χ max pos
Setpoint Active Regulator lower Χ Χ min pos
Reactive Power Regulator on Χ Χ Χ
Reactive Power Regulator off Χ Χ Χ
Power System Stabilizer on Χ Χ
Power System Stabilizer off Χ Χ
Control local Χ Χ
Control remote Χ
Lamp Test Χ
Release Χ
Start exciter breaker on Χ Χ
Start exciter breaker off Χ Χ

The shaded areas of the local commands mean that these only become effective if the
ENABLE key is pressed simultaneously on the local control unit.

In the following, the two forms of control REMOTE and LOCAL will be explained in
detail.

7.3.2 Remote control (control room)

A number of control commands and a number of feedback indications are available in
the control room for remote control of the excitation system. In addition, the most
important status values of the excitation system and of the generator are displayed as
analogue values. These command keys, signal lamps and display instruments in the
control room, which are required for control, are not part of the UNITROL 5000
system.
The operating personnel must be familiar with the layout of the control elements and
with the effects of the commands on the excitation system. Using these control
elements, they are able to operate the generator, on the exciter side, according to the
changing operating requirements, both in automatic mode (AUTO) and in MANUAL
mode.
The commands from the control room are effective if the excitation system is switched
to REMOTE. (see 7.3.4.2 page 7-32).

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-21

7.3.2.1 Commands and feedback indications
The commands and their effect on the excitation system and the generator are
described in detail in the following.

Excitation breaker ON / OFF

The ON command closes the excitation breaker, as long as no Trip signal is active.
Once the excitation breaker is closed the excitation can be switched on (see next
section "Excitation ON / OFF").
The OFF command switches off the excitation breaker together with the excitation
(see next section "Excitation ON / OFF"). The converter in the excitation system is
thereby switched to AC converter operation (feedback of the field energy) and the
discharge resistor is switched parallel to the rotor winding, so that the generator
discharges quickly via the converter and the discharge resistor.
The excitation breaker can only be switched off remotely if the generator circuit
breaker is already opened (generator is in no-load condition).

Excitation ON / OFF
The command EXCITATION ON is used to initiate the excitation of the generator. The
excitation feeds the generator rotor with field current so that the generator voltage
rapidly builds up to nominal voltage.
The On command remains without effect as long as a TRIP command is active. If the
excitation breaker is still open when the command EXCITATION ON is given, this will
be closed automatically. Only after the excitation breaker is closed is the excitation
enabled and the field current begins to flow. A typical Start/Stop sequence for
generators is shown in Fig. 7-20.
The following preconditions must be fulfilled for excitation to start successfully:
• The excitation breaker must already be in ON position.
• No Off command or Trip signal may be active.
• The rotational speed should be greater than 90% of the nominal rotational speed.
• If the converter transformer of the excitation system is supplied directly from the
generator terminals, the auxiliary voltage for build-up of excitation must be present.

The command EXCITATION OFF switches off the excitation of the generator
immediately. The converter in the excitation system is thereby switched to AC
converter operation (feedback of the field energy) and the discharge resistor is
switched parallel to the rotor winding, so that the generator discharges quickly via the
converter and the discharge resistor. Parallel with the command EXCITATION OFF,
the excitation breaker is also opened. After 60 s, the firing pulses to the converter are
blocked so that this is completely blocked and switched off.
The excitation can only be switched off remotely if the generator circuit breaker is
already opened (generator is in no-load condition).

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-22

 On / off cycle for generator application
(Standard application without additional application program, no fault or alarm present)

Fig. 7-20
r.p.m.

Remote Local Voltage

control control

Enable No fault ON

ABB Schweiz AG
excitation *) no alarm OFF

FCB On 1 9
ON
FCB Off OFF

2
Excitation Exc. 8

Document number
On
ON
ON / OFF
Exc. OFF
Off
4 7
Load operation (on network)
Machine
breaker

Sequence for excitation ON / OFF

ON
OFF
ON / OFF

Super- Q/cos ϕ
imposed On ON

3BHS114940 E80
Regulation
Q/cos ϕ OFF
Off
ON / OFF
Reference 3
value change
Reset to 100% Synchron. system By operating Reset to 100%

Lang.
personnel 5 6

en
Higher/lower

Rev. ind.
MANUAL
Perm. reset to 90% Ifo Compensation to AUTO-Regulator Perm. reset to 90% Ifo

Super-
imposed
By operating

Sheet
regulation personnel

7-23
*) Remote operation: Enable via external locking functions
 After the excitation is switched on, the generator voltage typically builds up as follows

UG

100%

rt
ta
fts
So
Field flashing

Softstart time (Ex. 5s) t

Fig. 7-21 Excitation process with soft start

7.3.2.2 Switchover between channel 1 ↔ channel 2

This excitation system features two completely independent regulating and control
channels (channel 1 and channel 2). The two channels are completely equivalent, so
that channel 1 or channel 2 can be freely selected as the active channel. The
remaining stand-by channel (inactive channel) is always automatically matched to the
active channel.

Channel I
COB / MUB

AVR AUTO

HAND
FCR

CH l

Channel Il CH lI
COB / MUB

AVR AUTO

HAND
FCR

Fig. 7-22 Dual channel system with voltage regulator and current regulator

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-24

 Basically, a channel change can be carried out at any time, except in the following
situations:
• If a fault is detected in the active channel, an emergency switchover to the second
channel takes place automatically. It is then not possible to switch back to the
defective channel until the fault in the now inactive channel has been rectified.
• A manual switchover from the active to the inactive channel is not possible if the
inactive channel is defective.
In the event of a channel fault, a dynamic disturbance in the generator voltage can
also occur simultaneously. However, the inactive channel (to which switchover takes
place automatically at this instant) should not follow this dynamic disturbance in the
generator voltage. In order to prevent this, the inactive channel follows the current
generator voltage with a delay, and relatively slowly.
This relatively slow follow-up behaviour of the inactive channel must be taken into
account in a manual switchover from the active to the inactive channel in that,
immediately following a change in the generator voltage, the switchover is delayed for
a short time. In this way, a surge-free switchover is achieved in every case.

7.3.2.3 Switchover between AUTO / MANUAL mode

The excitation system features an automatic regulator (AUTO mode) and a manual
regulator (MANUAL mode) in each channel. In AUTO mode, the generator voltage is
regulated so that as constant a voltage as possible is produced at the generator
terminals. In MANUAL mode, on the other hand, the generator excitation (field current)
is kept constant. With a fluctuating generator load, in MANUAL mode the generator
excitation (field current setpoint) must be adjusted manually so that the generator
voltage remains constant.
Basically, it is possible to switch between operating modes at any time, because the
inactive regulator always automatically follows the active regulator. Special note
should be made of the following:
• If a fault is detected in AUTO mode (→ emergency switchover to MANUAL mode),
it is not possible to switch back to AUTO mode until the fault has been rectified.
• The switchover from AUTO- to MANUAL mode is prevented if there is a fault in
MANUAL mode.
• The generator can operate in AUTO mode within extreme but permitted operating
ranges, which already lie outside of the permitted (and set) operating ranges for
MANUAL mode. In these cases, the MANUAL regulator can no longer follow the
AUTO regulator. The feedback indication AUTO/MANUAL READY allows the
follow-up by the MANUAL regulator to be checked.
In the event of an automatic switchover to MANUAL mode due to a fault, switchover to
the operating condition prior to the fault should take place. For this purpose, the follow-
up control of the manual regulator reacts with a delay and relatively slowly to changes
in the excitation current.
This relatively slow follow-up behaviour of the manual regulator must be taken into
account in a manual switchover from AUTO Æ MANUAL in that, immediately following
a change in the excitation current, the switchover is delayed for a short time (wait for
message: AUTO/MANUAL READY). In this way, a surge-free switchover is achieved
in every case.

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-25

 Note The MANUAL mode is designed as a special operation
regulator (back-up regulator) and only functions as a field
current regulator (no regulation of the generator voltage). In
manual mode it is necessary that the operating personnel
expertly monitor the excitation of the generator.

As long as the generator current and voltage transformer

signals are present, also in MANUAL mode an
underexcitation limiter prevents a dangerous underexcitation
of the machine which, in extreme cases, could lead to
slipping. In addition, in no-load operation with reduced
rotational speed, a V/Hz-limiter reduces the excitation and so
prevents oversaturation of the machine and the connected
transformers. The operating variables such as generator
voltage, generator current and reactive power must be
monitored by the operating personnel and if necessary
adjusted by changing the field current setpoint.

7.3.2.4 Switchover between AUTO / MANUAL mode

The excitation system features an automatic regulator (AUTO mode) and a manual
regulator (MANUAL mode). In AUTO mode, the generator voltage is regulated so that
as constant a voltage as possible is produced at the generator terminals. In MANUAL
mode, on the other hand, the generator excitation (field current) is kept constant. In
MANUAL mode, with a fluctuating generator load, the generator excitation (field
current setpoint) must be adjusted manually so that the generator voltage remains
constant.

COB / MUB

AVR AUTO

HAND
FCR

Fig. 7-23 Single-channel system with voltage and current regulator

Basically, it is possible to switch between operating modes at any time, because the
inactive regulator always automatically follows the active regulator. Special note
should be made of the following:
• If a fault is detected in AUTO mode (→ emergency switchover to MANUAL mode),
it is not possible to switch back to AUTO mode until the fault has been rectified.
• The switchover from AUTO- to MANUAL mode is prevented if there is a fault in
MANUAL mode.
• The generator can operate in AUTO mode within extreme but permitted operating
ranges, which already lie outside of the permitted (and set) operating ranges for
MANUAL mode. In these cases, the MANUAL regulator can no longer follow the
AUTO regulator. The feedback indication AUTO/MANUAL READY allows the
follow-up by the MANUAL regulator to be checked.

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-26

 In the event of an automatic switchover to MANUAL mode due to a fault, switchover to
the operating condition prior to the fault should take place. For this purpose, the follow-
up control of the manual regulator reacts with a delay and relatively slowly to changes
in the excitation current.
This relatively slow follow-up behaviour of the manual regulator must be taken into
account in a manual switchover from AUTO Æ MANUAL in that, immediately following
a change in the excitation current, the switchover is delayed for a short time (wait for
message: AUTO/MANUAL READY). In this way, a surge-free switchover is achieved
in every case.

Note The MANUAL mode is designed as a special operation regulator

(back-up regulator) and only functions as a field current regulator (no
regulation of the generator voltage). In manual mode it is necessary
that the excitation of the generator is expertly monitored by the
operating personnel.

As long as the generator current and voltage transformer signals are

present, in MANUAL mode too an underexcitation limiter prevents a
dangerous underexcitation of the machine which, in extreme cases,
could lead to slipping. In addition, in no-load operation with reduced
rotational speed, a V/Hz-limiter reduces the excitation and so prevents
oversaturation of the machine and the connected transformers. The
operating variables such as generator voltage, generator current and
reactive power must be monitored by the operating personnel and if
necessary adjusted by changing the field current setpoint.

7.3.2.5 Switchover to the emergency channel

In addition to the two main channels, the excitation system features two additional
autonomous emergency channels.
Channel I
COB / MUB

AVR AUTO

HAND
FCR

CH l
FCR
EGC Emergency
CH lI Channel Il Channel I
COB / MUB

AVR AUTO

HAND
FCR

FCR
EGC
Emergency
Channel II

Fig. 7-24 Main channel with emergency channel in a dual-channel system

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-27

 The emergency channel, like the manual mode of the main channel, is equipped with a
field current regulator. In addition to the field current regulator, the emergency channel
is equipped with overvoltage protection and a gate control, which is independent of the
main channel. The built-in overvoltage protection acts redundantly to the protective
function built into the main channel. The operative effect of the field current regulator is
identical to that of the field current regulator in the main channel, i.e. the emergency
channel only regulates the field current and not the generator voltage.
The field current regulator of the emergency channel automatically follows up the
leading main channel so that, in the event of a fault in the main channel, a jump-free
switchover can take place automatically.
Manual switchover from the main channel to the emergency channel is only to be
carried out by authorised specialist personnel. Switching back to the main channel can
take place following tuning of the two regulators.

7.3.2.6 Switchover to the emergency channel

In addition to the main channel, the excitation system features an autonomous
emergency channel.

Main channel
COB / MUB

AVR AUTO

MAN
FCR

FCR
EGC
Emergency Channel

Fig. 7-25 Main channel with emergency channel

The emergency channel, like the manual mode of the main channel, is equipped with a
field current regulator. In addition to the field current regulator, the emergency channel
is equipped with overvoltage protection and a gate control, which is independent of the
main channel. The built-in overvoltage protection acts redundantly to the protective
function built into the main channel. The operative effect of the field current regulator is
identical to that of the field current regulator in the main channel, i.e. the emergency
channel only regulates the field current and not the generator voltage.
The field current regulator of the emergency channel automatically follows up the
leading main channel so that, in the event of a fault in the main channel, a jump-free
switchover can take place automatically.
Manual switchover from the main channel to the emergency channel can only be
carried out using the service panel or PC tool and is only to be carried out by
authorised specialist personnel. Switching back to the main channel can take place
following tuning of the two regulators.

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-28

7.3.2.7 Reactive power regulator / power factor regulator ON / OFF
The reactive power regulator (Q) / power factor regulator (cosPhi) can be switched on
if the AUTO mode is selected and the generator is connected to the network. The
reactive power regulator / power factor regulator is superordinated to the voltage
regulator and reacts only slowly to changes in the operating condition. Short-term
network faults do not therefore influence this superordinated regulator and are
absorbed by the voltage regulator. All limiters of the AUTO mode are enabled as
before and if necessary dominate the voltage regulator including the superordinated
regulator.

Superimposed Regulator Voltage Regulator

raise
raise
Setpoint

Setpoint
Q/cosϕ
AVR
lower Regulator
lower

Fig. 7-26 Q-/CosPhi-regulator

The reactive power regulator / power factor regulator features its own setpoint setting
(setpoint integrator). When the superordinated regulator is switched off, this setpoint
setting always follows the actual value (current reactive power Q / current power factor
cosPhi). This means that the transition from voltage regulator to superordinated
regulator has no immediate effect on the operating point of the generator. Only when
the setpoint (setpoint setting of the superordinated regulator) is later adjusted by
means of the HIGHER-/LOWER commands (see 7.3.2.8), does the reactive power /
power factor also change.

7.3.2.8 Higher / Lower (↑/↓) commands with feedback indications MIN / MAX
The ↑/↓ commands from the control room control the setpoints of both the operating
modes AUTO and MANUAL / AUTO, MANUAL and the superordinated regulator. A
setpoint is only adjusted by these commands if its operating mode is activated.
a) In AUTO mode
In AUTO mode, the setpoint of the generator voltage is adjusted by means of the ↑/↓
commands. In no-load operation, changing this setpoint adjusts the generator voltage,
in operation under load this adjusts the reactive power. If the operating limits of rotor
and/or generator stator have been exhausted, corresponding limiting regulators
intervene and prevent the effect of the ↑/↓ commands in the direction of limitation.
If the setpoint for the generator voltage reaches its minimum or maximum setting value,
the message "Active regulator MIN-POS / MAX-POS" appears. If the ↑- and ↓
commands are given together, no adjustment of the setpoint takes place. When the
excitation is switched on, the setpoint for the generator voltage is automatically set to
its nominal value.

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-29

b) In MANUAL mode
In MANUAL mode, the setpoint of the field current is adjusted by means of the ↑/↓
commands. In no-load operation, this adjustment changes the generator voltage, in
operation under load this adjusts the reactive power. In manual mode, only an
underexcitation limiter (prevents slipping of the generator) and a V/Hz limiter (prevents
magnetic saturation) are available. The ↑/↓ commands are not always prevented by a
limiter as in AUTO mode. Care must therefore be taken to ensure that the operating
limits of rotor and generator (according to power diagram) are never exceeded.
If the field current setpoint reaches its minimum or maximum setting value, the
message "Active regulator MIN-POS / MAX-POS" appears. If the ↑- and ↓ commands
are given together, no adjustment of the setpoint takes place. When the excitation is
switched on and when the generator breaker opens, the setpoint of the field current is
automatically set to the no-load excitation current value (Ifo).

c) Reactive power regulator / power factor regulator

The slow reaction of this superordinated regulator (see 7.3.2.7) must be taken into
account in adjusting the setpoint, otherwise lagging to an unplanned operating point
could occur. In order to achieve better control over this setpoint adjustment, the
reactive power setpoint / power factor setpoint is displayed in the control room.
If the setpoint of the reactive power regulator / power factor regulator reaches its
minimum or maximum setting value, the message "Active regulator MIN-POS / MAX-
POS" appears.

c) Reactive power regulator / power factor regulator

The slow reaction of this superordinated regulator must be taken into account in
adjusting the setpoint, otherwise lagging to an unplanned operating point could occur.
In order to achieve better control over this setpoint adjustment, the setpoint integrator
of this regulator is therefore integrated in the control system in the control room. The
output of the setpoint integrator supplies the remote setpoint (e.g. 4...20 mA) directly to
the excitation system as setpoint for the reactive power regulator / power factor
regulator.
If the remote setpoint is outside of the limit range, it is limited. The message "Active
regulator MIN-POS / MAX-POS" is displayed if the external setpoint exceeds the
internal limit range.

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-30

 +Q/COS PHI REFERENCE VALUE
20 mA AIx HIGH VALUE
HL REF REMOTE REFERENCE VALUE
REFERENCE MAX ACTIVE

REMOTE REFERENCE VALUE

INTERNAL REFERENCE VALUE

t

REFERENCE VALUE MIN ACTIVE

4 mA
LL REF AIx LIVE ZERO
ALARM AIx FAIL
0 mA AIx LOW VALUE
-Q/COS PHI REFERENCE VALUE

Fig. 7-27 Q-/CosPhi-setpoin

7.3.2.9 Power system stabilisation ON / OFF (if featured)

Low-frequency oscillations of the generator magnet wheel and / or the network
frequency can be damped by means of the power system stabilisation (PSS).
Manual switching-on of the PSS is enabled as soon as the generator‘s active power
reaches a certain settable value and the generator voltage lies within a settable range
(e.g. 90-110% UGN). The power system stabilisation does not require any settings,
which have to be carried out by the operating personnel.
The PSS can be switched off manually at any time and is switched off automatically if
the generator is outside of the set values for active power and voltage or is no longer
connected in parallel with the network.

7.3.2.10 Switching off due to a fault (TRIP command)

In the event of a fault in the installation (e.g. in the generator protection), the excitation
is automatically switched off and the excitation breaker opened.
Further procedure:
After the excitation has been switched off through a fault, the alarms on the fault
display of the local control panel must be read off. The fault is to be rectified by
authorised personnel. Further advice on troubleshooting is contained in section 8
"Maintenance and Troubleshooting “. Once the fault has been rectified, the alarms can
be reset using the "Reset“ key. After the alarms have been successfully reset, the
excitation can be switched on again.

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-31

7.3.2.11 Reset
If the message "Excitation System Alarm" is displayed in the control room, the fault
text must be read from the local control panel and noted before resetting.
A fault, which is indicated, is reset using the remote reset. If the alarm message is not
cancelled after resetting, it must be assumed that the cause of the fault has not been
rectified. The reset key should not be pressed several times in succession, as each
key-press is entered in the fault logger of the UNITROL® F device. Pressing the key
too often fills up the fault logger and deletes the actual fault entries.

7.3.3 Analogue displays

Usually, only the excitation current signal is transmitted from the excitation cabinet to
the control room. The other displays necessary for the operation of the machine, such
as generator voltage, generator current, active and reactive power, are to be made
available from the system.

7.3.4 Status and alarm messages

In addition to the above feedback indications, the following status and alarm messages
are displayed in the control room:
EXCITATION BREAKER ON
EXCITATION BREAKER OFF
LOCAL CONTROL
OVEREXCITATION LIMITER ACTIVE
UNDEREXCITATION LIMITER ACTIVE
ALARM MESSAGE
READY FOR CHANNELTRANSFER

7.3.4.1 EXCITATION BREAKER ON / OFF

These messages show whether the excitation breaker is switched ON or OFF.

7.3.4.2 LOCAL CONTROL

This status message means: the system cannot be operated by REMOTE control.
Remedy:
Switch over to REMOTE on local control panel on the excitation cabinet.

7.3.4.3 UNDER/OVEREXCITATION LIMITER ACTIVE

An overexcitation limiter, which reduces the excitation current, or an underexcitation
limiter, which increases the excitation current, is now active. The generator voltage
regulator or the switched-on superordinated regulator is no longer effective. Operation
with continuous limitation is permissible, but generally impairs the dynamic behaviour
of the excitation system under changes in load.
Remedy:
If possible, deactivate limiter by adjusting the setpoint.

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-32

7.3.4.4 ALARM MESSAGE
The alarm message is a collective message for all faults in the excitation system.
Detailed fault displays can be viewed on the local control panel of the excitation
system.
If a fault occurs during operation, these fault messages must be noted and the service
personnel notified. The system can generally continue to be operated with a fault; in
the event of serious faults, automatic shutdown takes place. However, the system
should not be started up after a shutdown until all causes of faults have been rectified
and the alarm message has disappeared.

7.3.4.5 READY FOR CHANNEL SELECTION

A smooth switchover between channel 1 and channel 2 / AUTO- and MANUAL mode
is only guaranteed if the message READY FOR CHANNEL TRANSFER appears.

7.3.4.6 READY FOR CHANNEL SELECTION

A smooth switchover between AUTO- and MANUAL mode is only guaranteed if the
message READY FOR CHANNEL TRANSFER appears.

7.3.4.7 Field bus control

Any field bus control via a serial communications medium, which might be installed,is
dealt with in a separate manual.

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-33

7.4 Local control

8-lines display

Keys for panel

operation

Keys for local

operation of
excitation system

Fig. 7-28 Local control panel

The local control panel on the regulator cabinet contains 16 keys with LED's for the
system-specific displays and controls, 10 control keys for the operating mode and
internal functions and an LCD display with 8 lines, each with 40 characters.
The basic control of the excitation system can be carried out using the 16 keys with
the status messages. Alarm messages and analogue values can be displayed on the
LCD.

7.4.1 Analogue value display

A maximum of 64 pre-defined analogue values can be selected and displayed with the
control panel. At the same time, either 8 analogue values in numerical form or 4
analogue values in 0-120% bar form can be displayed.
Analogue signals can be displayed as follows on the LCD display on the control panel:
Numerical display
When the key is pressed, 8 analogue signals appear with channel number, name of the
signal, value and unit, and the yellow LED is lit. Further analogue signals can be
displayed using the Scroll key.

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-34

 Bar display
When the key is pressed, the first 4 analogue signals appear with channel number,
name of the signal, value and unit, and with the associated bar. At the same time, the
yellow LED is lit. Further analogue signals can be displayed using the Scroll key.
The 8 predefined analogue values, which are displayed after initialisation, are listed
below:
Channel no. Value Unit
Value 1 Generator voltage kV
Value 2 Generator current kA
Value 3 Active power MW
Value 4 Reactive power Mvar
Value 5 Field current A-dc
Value 6 Setpoint for AUTOMATIC kV
CHANNEL
Value 7 Setpoint for MANUAL CHANNEL A-dc
Value 8 Actual value for generator voltage %

7.4.2 Fault display

There are various alarm and trip signals, which describe faults or malfunctions within
the excitation system. These fault messages can be grouped into alarms, protective
switchover and tripping of excitation.
On the first fault message, the control panel automatically switches to fault message
with display of the corresponding fault. The first fault, which occurs (first fault), appears
in the first line, the subsequent faults in the following lines. In addition, the LED on the
RESET key flashes when the first fault is reported.
Fault messages
When the key is pressed, up to 8 fault messages appear, if faults are present (red LED is
lit). The 1st fault always appears on the first line and the subsequent faults appear below
this in ascending order of fault numbers. Further subsequent faults can be displayed
using the Scroll key.

The following possible means of cancelling the faults are available:

Cancelling the fault messages:
All alarms are stored in the control panel. In addition, special alarms are also stored in
the processor; these can only be reset by holding down the Reset key for a longer
period.

RESET pressed briefly:

This cancels the fault display of the alarms stored in the control panel. If no alarms are
active, the LED on the key goes out. If alarms stored in the processor are active, the
LED changes from flashing to being lit continuously when the reset key is pressed
briefly. If a new fault occurs, the alarm LED starts to flash again.

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-35

 RESET pressed for longer than 1 second:
This resets both the alarms stored in the control panel and the alarms stored in the
processor. If no alarms are active, the LED on the key goes out. If alarms are still
active, the LED changes from flashing to being lit continuously when the reset key is
pressed for longer than 1 second. If a new fault occurs, the alarm LED starts to flash
again.

Note All observations which could be of importance in connection with a fault

(operating status of the power station, first fault display, further fault
messages, LED´s on devices etc.) must be noted before the RESET key
is pressed or repair work can begin. Repair work may only be carried out
by specially trained personnel.

7.4.3 Controlling the display

Cursor key
By pressing the Cursor key, one of the line positions 1...8 or 1..4 on the display can be
# selected. The current line is highlighted with the channel number shown in reverse
contrast. When the last line is reached, it jumps back to the first line. The Cursor key is
only active in the (numerical or bar display) analogue signal display.

Scroll key
When the Scroll key is pressed in the (numerical or bar display) analogue signal
display, the channel number (in reverse contrast) and its analogue value
changes.
When pressed in the fault message, all fault messages in lines 2...8 move up or
down by one position. The first line showing the first fault always remains in
place.

Page key
When the Page key is pressed, the channel numbers change by 10 positions or
the fault numbers by 6 positions. Otherwise functions like the Scroll key.

7.4.4 Printer key

When the Printer key is pressed, the analogue values in lines 1...8 are sent via the RS-
232 serial interface to the printer (if connected). If fault messages are active, these are
also sent. The yellow LED is only lit if data are being sent and the printer is ready to
receive these. If the LED is flashing, the printer buffer is temporarily full.

In order to increase the service life of the LCD display, the display and background
illumination are switched off after 60 minutes have elapsed without a key being
pressed. The panel display is switched on again If one of the 10 function keys is
pressed or if a fault message occurs.

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-36

7.4.5 Command keys
The control panel is equipped with a keypad. These keys allow the excitation system
to be controlled locally in the same way as is possible remotely, from the control room.
The commands are listed in the following table:

Command Local Feedback indication

Field breaker ON Χ Χ
Field breaker OFF Χ Χ
Excitation ON Χ Χ
Excitation OFF Χ Χ
Channel 1 ON Χ Χ
Channel 2 ON Χ Χ
Mode auto Χ Χ
Mode manual Χ Χ
Setpoint of active regulator higher Χ max pos
Setpoint of active regulator lower Χ min pos
Reactive power regulator ON Χ Χ
Reactive power regulator OFF Χ Χ
Control local Χ Χ
Control remote Χ
Lamp test Χ
Enable Χ

The shaded areas of the local commands mean that these are only effective if the
ENABLE key on the local control unit is pressed simultaneously.

7.4.6 Service Panel

In addition to the local control panel, a local service panel is also available. However,
this is not used for local control of the excitation system. It simply assists the
authorised service personnel in rectifying faults. Further information on the use of the
service panel can be found in section 3.

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-37

7.5 Operation of the system
Prerequisites for safe operation:
The following prerequisites must be fulfilled for safe operation:
• First commissioning successfully completed.
• Periodical maintenance carried out in accordance with maintenance plan.
• Any faults which have occurred have been properly rectified.
• Any altered settings (parameters) have been checked and tested.

7.5.1 Checks before switching on

Before switching on, it must be ensured that all necessary supply voltages are present
and that safe start-up is possible. The following checks must be carried out:
• No maintenance work on the system is in progress.
• Control and power cabinets are ready for operation and properly locked.
• Generator output free, input and output cables to excitation transformer and to
excitation cabinet are free (temporary earthing removed).
• Battery supply for excitation breaker control and regulator supply present.
• No alarm or fault messages active.
• Excitation switched to REMOTE.
• Excitation switched to AUTO mode.
• Generator at nominal rotational speed (check rotational speed on display
instrument).

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-38

7.5.2 Switch-on sequence

Action Display Control

1 Field breaker ON ON lamp is lit Field breaker is switched on

2 Excitation ON ON lamp is lit Voltage builds up in 5 - 20

seconds

⇒ GENERATOR RUNS WITHOUT LOAD

3 The excitation system is ready Generator voltage is adjusted

for operation under load. to setpoint.
The generator voltage can be
adjusted to the network voltage
using the Raiser/Lower keys.

4 When network- and generator Generator‘s reactive power

voltage are synchronous, close remains close to zero.
generator circuit breaker.

⇒ GENERATOR IS OPERATING UNDER LOAD

5 Set desired reactive power Generator voltage is

within the operating limits of the regulated, the generator
generator using the produces reactive power.
Raiser/Lower keys.

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-39

 On / off cycle for generator application
(Standard application without additional application program, no fault or alarm present)

Fig. 7-29
r.p.m.

Remote Local Voltage

control control

Enable No fault ON
excitation *) no alarm OFF

ABB Schweiz AG
FCB On 1 9
ON
FCB Off OFF

2 8
Excitation Exc.
On

On/Off switching cycle

ON

Document number
ON / OFF
Exc. OFF
Off
4 7
Load operation (on network)
Machine
breaker ON
OFF
ON / OFF

Super- Q/cos ϕ
imposed On
ON
Regulation
Q/cos ϕ OFF
Off

3BHS114940 E80
ON / OFF
Reference 3
value change
Reset to 100% Synchron. system By operating Reset to 100%
personnel 5 6
Higher/lower

Lang.

en
MANUAL
Perm. reset to 90% Ifo Compensation to AUTO-Regulator Perm. reset to 90% Ifo

Super-

Rev. ind.
imposed
By operating
regulation personnel

*) Remote operation: Enable via external locking functions

Sheet

7-40
7.5.3 Checks during operation
The following periodical checks should be carried out during operation:
a) In the control room:
• No limiter active.
• Setpoints of the active regulator are not at limit setting.
• Channels are balanced, ready for switchover.
• Excitation current, generator voltage and reactive power are stable.
The correct function of the field current regulator for MANUAL mode is continually
checked by means of extensive monitoring devices. Nonetheless, it is recommended
that, periodically, e.g. following start-up, this regulator be switched briefly in order to
test that it is functioning correctly.
The correct function of the inactive channel is continually checked by means of
extensive monitoring devices. Nonetheless, it is recommended that, periodically, e.g.
following start-up, this regulator be switched briefly in order to test that it is functioning
correctly.

b) On the excitation cabinets:

• No active alarms.
• No unusual noises.

7.5.4 Shut-down sequence

Action Display Control

6 Isolate the generator from the
network by:
- reducing the reactive power
(through generator voltage
setpoint).
– reducing the active power
(via turbine regulator)
– Open generator circuit breaker
7 Excitation OFF and OFF lamp lights Generator voltage is reduced
Field breaker OFF up to 0 within a few seconds.
&

7.5.5 Emergency-OFF
Faults in a number of peripheral devices in certain cases can lead to a situation that
neither REMOTE nor LOCAL control of the excitation system is possible. However, it
must still be possible to switch off the excitation in an emergency. An emergency
shutdown can be carried out using the local Emergency-Off pushbutton on the
excitation cabinet // "External Trip" input on terminal X21 :1-51 / X22 :1-51 (see also
Hardware schematic, sheet 904).

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-41

An emergency shutdown switches off the generator and the excitation. However, the
supply voltages for the excitation system are not switched off.
The operator must know how to carry out the emergency shutdown.

Note With the generator circuit breaker closed, the excitation system cannot be
switched off (by remote control) (the generator circuit breaker must be
opened beforehand).
The Emergency-OFF switch should only be used if it is impossible to
switch off using the normal Off command.

Document number Lang. Rev. ind. Sheet

ABB Schweiz AG 3BHS114940 E80 en 7-42