8

Mathematics
Quarter 1 - Module 2
Factoring Polynomials

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Mathematics – Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1- Module 2: FACTORING
First Edition

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ii
Mathematics
Quarter 1 - Module 2
Factoring

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This page is intentionally blank.

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 Table of Contents

Page
COVER PAGE i
COPYRIGHT PAGE ii
TITLE PAGE iii
BLANK PAGE iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
WHAT THIS MODULE IS ABOUT vii
WHAT I NEED TO KNOW vii
HOW TO LEARN FROM THIS MODULE vii
ICONS OF THIS MODULE viii
WHAT I KNOW ix

Lesson 1: Factoring: Perfect Square Trinomials 1

What’s In 1
What’s New 1
What Is It 2
What’s More: Perfect Hunt 4
What I Have Learned: Generalization 4
What I Can Do: Fill Me with Faith 5

Lesson 2: Factoring: General Trinomials 6

What’s In 6
What’s New 6
What Is It 7
What’s More: Factor Bingo Game 10
What I Have Learned: Generalization 11
What I Can Do: I Can Factor Too 11

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Lesson 3: Problems Involving Factors of Polynomials 12
What’s In 12
What’s New: Review of Factoring Technique 12
What Is It 13
What’s More 15
What I Have Learned: Generalization 16
What I Can Do: Word Problem is not a Problem 17

Summary 18
Assessment: Post Test 19
Key to Answers 21
References 22

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What This Module is About
This module is the continuation of the factoring techniques you had
learned from the previous module. In module 1, you encountered factoring by
a common monomial factor, difference of two squares and sum or difference
of two cubes.
In this module, you will learn how to factor perfect square trinomials
and general trinomials and how factoring allows you to solve real-life
problems.

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Factor completely different types of polynomials:
(a.) perfect square trinomial;
(b.) general trinomial; and
(M8AL- Ia-b-1);
2. Solves problems involving factors of polynomials (M8AL- Ia-b-2).

How to Learn from this Module

To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
1. Carefully read all the lessons.
2. Take your time on going through each lesson.
3. Answer the pretest honestly; the purpose of the pretest is for you to
determine your prior knowledge before going through the lessons and
activities.
4. If you have a hard time understanding the lessons and activities,
please do take a break. Having breaks between lessons and activities
will give you some space where you can absorb the lesson well.
5. You can use the internet if you need more information about the
lesson.

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Icons of this Module
What I Need to This part contains learning objectives
Know that are set for you to learn as you go
along the module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge

What’s In This part connects previous lesson with

that of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson

through various activities, before it will be
presented to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as

a way to deepen your discovery and
understanding of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are

intended for you to practice further in
order to master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to

showcase your skills and knowledge
gained, and applied into real-life
concerns and situations.

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 What I Know

Pre - Test

I. Multiple Choice:
Directions: Read and answer the questions below. Select the letter of
the correct answer from the given choices. (2 points each)

1. Which of the following statement is correct?

A. 6m2 + 5mn + n2 = (2m – n)(3m – n)
B. 16m2 – 40m – 25 = (4m – 5)(4m – 5)
C. 6m2 – 13m – 28 = (3m – 4)(2m + 7)
D. 4m2 + 20m + 25 = (2m + 5)2

2. Which of the following are the factors of p2 + 5p + 4?

A. (p + 1)(p + 4) C. (p + 5)(p – 1)
B. (p + 2)(p + 2) D. (p + 2)2

3. One of the factors of 2d2 + 5d – 12 is d + 4. Which of the following is

the other factor?
A. 2d – 3 C. 2d – 8
B. 2d + 3 D. 2d + 8

4. The area of a square is 4h2 + 12h + 9 square units. Which of the

following expression represents the length of the side?
A. (3h + 2) units C. (4h + 9) units
B. (2h + 3) units D. (4x + 3) units

5. Your classmate Pedro asked to square (4y – 6), he answered

16y2 – 36. Is his answer correct? Why?
A. Yes, because squaring a binomial always produces a binomial
product.
B. Yes, because the product rule is correctly applied
C. No, because squaring a binomial always produces a trinomial
product.
D. No, because the answer must be 16y2 + 36

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II. Fill Me In.

Direction: Fill in the blanks the correct answer. (1 point each)

1. I am the square of (x + 1). _________________

2. I am the root of 16y2. _________________

3. I am the product of 7 and -3m. _________________

4. I am the sum of (-15) and (-8). _________________

5. I am the product of (r – 1) and (r + 2) ________________

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Lesson
Factoring:
1
Lesson
Perfect Square Trinomials

What’s In

You have learned in the previous lesson factoring sum or difference of two
cubes. Note that learning the cube roots of the previous lesson played an important
aspect of determining the factors of the expression. Likewise, in our new topic, you
need again to master the roots of the expressions. Only that its square roots like the
second topic of this module which was factoring difference of two squares. For this
lesson, we will factor perfect square trinomials.

What’s New
Directions: Recall your table of squares and roots.

Square Squares Square Squa Square Squa Square Squares

Roots Roots res Roots res Roots
1 1 6 36 11 121 16 256
2 4 7 49 12 144 17 289
3 9 8 64 13 169 18 324
4 16 9 81 14 196 19 361
5 25 10 100 15 225 20 400
Square Squares Square Squar
Roots Roots es To square the exponent of the
N n 2
n 6
n 12 variable, just multiply the
exponent by 2. On the other
n2 n4 n7 n14 hand, to find the root of the
n3 n6 n8 n16 exponent of the variable, just
n4 n8 n9 n18 divide the exponent by 2.
n5 n10 n10 n20

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 What Is It

A perfect square trinomial is a polynomial with three terms that has squared
first and last terms. Its middle term is twice the product of the square root of the
first and last terms.

Formula:

a 2  2ab  b 2  (a  b)(a  b) or ( a  b) 2

a 2  2ab  b 2  (a  b)(a  b) or ( a  b) 2

Factor 16 x  16 x  4
2

Here are the steps in factoring perfect square trinomials.

Steps Solution
a. Given Problem  2
16x + 16x + 4
b. First term  16x2
Last term  4
c. Rewrite the 1st and last terms in
 16x2 = (4x)2; 4 = 22
squared form.
 The square root of (4x)2 is 4x while
d. Get the square roots of the 1st
and last terms √ is 2
Note: √ is read as the square root
of 22
e. Solve the middle term by finding  2(4x)(2) = 16x (the same in the
the product of twice the root of second term of the given
1st term and the last term trinomial)

f. List down the square roots  (4x+2) (4x+2) factoring by quadratic

- Copy the symbol of the 2nd trinomials
term of the trinomial to  (4x+2)² factoring by perfect
separate the terms of your square trinomial
factors.

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Let’s Practice:

1. Factor x  14 x  49
2

Both of the 1st and last terms are perfect squares and 2(x)(7)=14x, then
the given expression is a perfect square trinomial. Using the common
monomial factor is not necessary.

Squares Roots
st
1 term x 2 =x2 (x)(x)
rd
3 term 49= 72 (7)(7)
Middle term: 2(x)(7) = 14x

The polynomial is factored as (x+7)(x+7) or (x+7)²

2. 16 x  8 xy  y
2 2

Squares Roots
st
1 term 16x 2 = (4x)2 (4x)(4x)
2
3rd term y = y2 (y)(y)
Middle term: 2(4x)(y) = 8xy

The factored form of the expression is (4x-y)².

3. 100 a  40ab  4b
2 2

= √( ) ; √( ) Writing the of the 1st & last terms

( square root symbol)
= (10a  2b)(10a  2b) Factoring by quadratic trinomial
= (10 a  2b)
2
Factoring by perfect square trinomial

Take note of the factors. Notice that twice of the product of the 1st &
3rd terms is equal to the 2nd term of the perfect square trinomial.

Factor: (10a + 2b) ,

(10a) (2b) = 20ab
20ab multiply by 2 = 40ab

4. a  24ab  144b
2 2

= √( ) ; √( ) Writing the of the 1st & last terms

respectively

2(a)(12b) = 24ab middle term

= (a – 12b) Combining the square roots with the middle

term symbol.
= (a – 12b)(a – 12b) Factoring by quadratic trinomial
= (a – 12b)2 Factoring by perfect square trinomial

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 What’s More

Activity 1: Perfect Hunt

Directions: Look for the different perfect square trinomials found in the box.
Answers might be written diagonally, horizontally, or vertically.
The highlighted one is done for you.

25x² 10x 81 18x x² 4

15x 16x² -24x 9 10x 28x
4x² -16x 16 15x 25 49x²
16x² 49 8x 16 24x² 9
25 14x 8x 40x 30x 10x
7x x² 12x 25x² 40 12x²

What I have Learned

Activity 2: Generalization

Directions: Answer the following questions.

1. Describe the steps in factoring a perfect square trinomial.

2. How will you know that the expression is a perfect square trinomial?
3. What will you do if the expression is not a perfect square trinomial?
4. State the relationships of the 2nd term of the expression to the 1 st and
last term
5. Define perfect square trinomial.

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 What I can Do

Activity 3: Fill Me With Faith

Directions: Supply the missing term to make the statement true.

1. f 2  14 f  49 = ( f  ___)2

2. a  8a  16
2
= (a  ___)2

3. i 4  6i  9 = (i 2  ___)2

4. t 2  10t  25 = (t ___ 5) 2

5. h 2  12h  36 = (h  __)2

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Lesson
Factoring:
2 General Trinomials

What’s In

You have learned how to factor perfect square trinomials in the

previous lesson. You have determined factors for perfect square trinomials
and known that not all trinomials are perfect square. In this lesson, you will
factor trinomials that are not perfect squares. These polynomials are called
general trinomials.

What’s New

A trinomial which is not a perfect square trinomial may be a quadratic

trinomial in the form of ax 2  bx  c, where a, b, and c are constants and a≠0.

There are two types of quadratic trinomial in the form ax 2  bx  c .

1. ax 2  bx  c , a=1
2. ax 2  bx  c , a≠1

(Partible, et al., 2013)

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 Before we proceed to our examples let us first recall the rules of integers,
for you to easily find the factors of our trinomials.

Rules for Integers

ADDITION SUBTRACTION
(+) and (+) = (+)
(-) and (-) = (-) Change the sign of the
subtrahend then proceed to
addition rules.
subtract, then copy
(+) and (-) =the sign of the Ex: 5 - (-4)
(-) and (+) =bigger number Subtrahend is -4 , change it to +4

MULTIPLICATION and DIVISION

(+) and (+) = (+) (+) and (-) = (-)
(-) and (-) = (+) (-) and (+) = (-)

What Is It

Factoring trinomials ax 2  bx  c , where a= 1

We will study first how trinomials whose leading coefficient is 1 are

being factored.

1. Factor d 2  5d  6

Solution: a. List all the possible factors of 6

Factors of 6
6 1
3 2
-6 -1
-3 -2

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 b. From your list of possible factors, find a pair whose sum is 5 (which
is the middle term).

 6+ 1 =7 3 and 2 is the pair that we wanted to find

 3 +2 =5 whose sum is 5. Therefore, the factors of
 -6 + (-1) = -7 d2+ 5d + 6 = (d + 3)(d + 2)
 -3 + (-2) = -5

2. Factor k 2  3k  28

a. List all the possible factors of -28 (Note: the sign of the
number is negative (-), then use a (+) and (-) pair of numbers.)

Factors of -28
7 -4
-7 4
14 -2
-14 2
28 -1
-28 1

b. Find a pair whose sum is 3( the middle term of the trinomial).

(check the rules of integers table)
 7 + (-4) =3
 -7 + 4 =(-3) 7 and -4 is the pair that we wanted
 14 + (-2) = 12 to find whose sum is 3. Thus, the
 -14 + 2 =-12 factor of k2 + 3k – 28 = (k + 7)(k –
 28 + (-1) = 27 4) .
 -28 + 1 = -27

Factoring trinomials ax 2  bx  c , where a≠ 1

There are many ways of factoring these types of polynomials of this

form, one of which is by inspection. Trial and error method is utilized in
factoring this type of trinomials.

1. Factor 2q 3  6q 2  36q

Noticeable that there is a common monomial factor. Begin by

factoring out 2q first. Rewriting it, you have 2q(q 2  3q  18).

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 Now we can follow the steps we did earlier, when a=1.

a. Listing all the factors of the 3rd term (-18) and finding a pair
whose sum is equal to the 2nd term which is (-3).

Factors of -18
18 -1
-18 1
9 -2
-9 2
6 -3
-6 3

b. Since -6 and 3 are the factors of -18 whose sum is -3, then the
binomial factors of (q 2  3q  18) are (q  6)(q  3).
c. Therefore, the factors of 2q 3  6q 2  36q are 2q(q  6)(q  3).

2. Factor 2 x  3x  5
2

The factors of 2x 2 are 2 x and x ; and of the third term -5 are

(5)and (1) , (5)and(1) . Pair all possible binomial factors.

a. (2 x  5)( x  1) c. (2 x  1)( x  5)
b (2 x  5)( x  1) d. (2 x  1)( x  5)

To know which from the four pairs above are the factors of the given
trinomial, we must get the product of the pair of binomials that is equal to the
given expression.

Let’s Check:

Use the FOIL Method you had learned from your grade 7
Mathematics.

FOIL ( First, Outside, Inside, Last)

Arrange the products in the form of

(2 x  5)( x  1) ax2 + bx + c.
2x2 – 2x + 5x – 5
First Terms (2 x)( x)  2x 2

(combine like terms, -2x + 5x)

Outside Terms (2 x)(1)   2x
Inside Terms (5)( x)   2x Thus, the product of (2x + 5)(x – 1) is,
Last Terms (5)(1)  5x 2x2 + 3x – 5, then such pair of
binomials are the factors of the given
expression.

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 Remember:
To factor trinomials with 1 as the numerical coefficient of the leading term:
a. Factor the leading term of the trinomial and write these factors as the
leading terms of the factors;
b. List down all the factors of the last term;
c. Identify which factor pair sums up to the middle term; then
d. Write each factor in the pairs as the last term of the binomial factors.

Note: always perform factoring using common monomial factor

first before applying any type of factoring.

(Grade 8 Mathematics, Learner’s Module)

What’s More

Activity 1: Factor Bingo Game

Description:

Bingo game is an activity to practice your factoring skills with speed

and accuracy.

Instruction:
On a clean sheet of paper, draw a 3 by 3 square grid and mark the
center as FACTOR, as shown below. There will be mathematical
expressions for you to find the factors. Chose the correct factors from
the table below and write your answers on the grid under the
expressions. Write BINGO to all sides of your 3x3 grid after you
correctly answer all the given trinomials.

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 a 2  a  72 a 2  15a  50 a 2  a  42

a 2  10a  24 a 2  a  20
FACTOR

a 2  5a  6 a 2  11a  18 a 2  8a  48

Choose your factors from this table:

(a  6)(a  8) (a  7)(a  6) (a  10)(a  5)

(a  4)(a  5) (a  9)(a  2) (a  8)(a  4)
(a  6)(a  4) (a  3)(a  2) (a  12)(a  4)
(a  9)(a  8) (n  2)(n  16) (a  3)(a  8)

What I Have Learned

Activity 2: Generalization
Directions: Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your answer on
the space provided.
1. How did you factor the trinomials?
2. Why is it important to identify the leading coefficient of the expressions?
3. Differentiate the steps in factoring ax 2  bx  c , where a=0 and a≠0.
4. State the process in factoring general trinomials in your own words.
5. Did understanding the rules of integers help you? ___ How?

What I Can Do

Activity 3: I Can Factor Too!

Direction: Factor completely the following trinomials.

1. x 2  5 x  24
2. x 2  8 x  65
3. x 2  9 x  20

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Lesson Factoring:
Problems Involving Factors of
3 Polynomials

What’s In

There were five factoring techniques you learned from the previous
lessons. Namely, Common Monomial Factor, Difference of Two Squares,
Sum or Difference of Cubes, Perfect Square Trinomials and lastly the General
Trinomials. Learning these techniques of factoring will help us solve problems
involving factors of polynomials.

What’s New

Activity1: Review of Factoring Techniques

Description: In this part, you will be able to recall all the factoring techniques
discussed for you to easily find the solution to the problems.

Direction: Identify which factoring technique is illustrated. Write your

answer on the space provided.

1. 9 x 2  1 = (3x + 1)(3x – 1) ___________________

2. 6ab  8bc = 2b(3a + 4c) ___________________

3. 25 x 2  30 x  9 = (5x – 3)2 ___________________

4. x 2  4 x  45 = (x – 5)(x + 9) ___________________

5. 8b 3  c 6 = (2b + c2)(4b2 – 2bc2 + c4) ___________________

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 What Is It

Description: This activity will enable you to apply factoring to find the number
needed.
Direction: Solve for the number.

Problem: The product of one more than a number and 4 less than the
number is 36. Find the number.

Hint: In solving problems, you need to translate first the words used to
their mathematical values.

Solution:
 Product, (_) 4 , 4

 One , 1 less than , -

 More than, + number , x
 Number , x is , =

a. To translate the problem:

The product of one more than a number (x+1)

and 4 less than the number (x-4) We need to change
is 36. =36 this form into the
quadratic trinomial
form we learned from
the previous topic
which is .
b. ( x  1)( x  4)  36 Use the FOIL method to make this into a standard
form.
x 2  3x  4  36 Eliminate 36 from the other side. Subtract 36 to
both sides.

x 2  3x  4 = 36
 36 =  36
x  3x  40
2
0

x2 – 3x – 40 = 0

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 c. Factor x 2  3x  40
What Factoring Technique can we use here?
Is it factoring general trinomials? Then you are right!

Factors of -40
-40 1
40 -1
-20 2
20 -2
-10 4
10 -4
-8 5
8 -5

Thus, the factor of x 2  3x  40 is (x-8)(x+5). So (x – 8)(x + 5) = 0

But do not stop here because we still need to find the number. To do
that, we are going to get the value of x.

x – 8 = 0 to get the value of x ; x+5 = 0 to get the value of x

x–8+8=0+8 x+5 – 5 = 0 – 5
x=8 x = -5

Therefore, the numbers that we found is x= 8 or -5.

Checking:
x = -5
x 2  3x  4  36
(5) 2  3(5)  4  36
25  15  4  36

 36  36

x 2  3x  4  36 x=8
(8) 2  3(8)  4  36
64  24  4  36

 36  36

x = - 5 or 8 are both correct numbers.

14
 What’s More

Activity1 : Let’s Do Gardening!

Description: In this part, you will learn how to find the dimensions of your
vegetable garden. Find out if your backyard has enough space
to put this garden.

Directions: Find the dimensions of your garden.

Problem: A vegetable garden in rectangular shape has a total area of 84

square feet. The gardener wants to make the length 8 feet longer than the
width. Find the dimensions of this garden, its width and its length.

Let’s make an illustration of your garden.

Width = x

84 ft²
Total area

Length = x + 8

Remember that Area= (Length)(Width)

84 = (x+8) (x) Multiply x to (x+8)
84 = x²+8x Set the equation equal
to 0
-84 + 84 = x²+8x-84 Subtract 84 to both
sides
0 = x²+8x-84 equation 1

Now we can do our factoring:

15
 x²+8x-84
Factors of -84
-84 1
84 -1
-42 2
42 -2
-21 4
Is the pair whose
sum is equal to the 21 -4
middle term which
-14 6
is 8.
14 -6
-7 12
7 -12

Thus, the factor of x²+8x-84 is (x+14)(x-6). From equation 1,

(x + 14)(x – 6) = 0

x+14=0 x-6=0
x= -14 x=6

However, we are dealing with distance which is the length and width of the
vegetable garden, the negative solution -14 is not valid. So the value of our
x=6.

width = x length= x+8 Area = (length )(width)

x=6, 6+8 = ( 14) (6)
Width=6 length = 14 Area = 84 ft²

Therefore, the dimensions are 6 ft. for the width and 14 ft. for the length.

16
 What I Have Learned

Activity 2: Generalization

Direction: Answer the following question and write your answer on the
space provided.

1. Which factoring technique mostly utilized in solving problems involving

factors of polynomials?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________

2. Why is it important to learn factoring techniques in solving those

problems?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________

3. Express your idea in this lesson.

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

What I Can Do

Activity 3. Word Problem is not a Problem!

Direction: Solve for the value of x and y.

Problem:

1. The product of the two consecutive positive integers is 132. Find

the two integers.
2. The width of the rectangle is 1 less than the length. Its area is 72
square inches. Find length and width of the rectangle

17
Summary
You have completed this module; let’s summarize what you had just
learned. This module taught you to factor different products through the use of
different patterns and rules. Factoring techniques that you had learned are:

1. Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials; and

2. Factoring General Trinomials.

You have also learned that real-life problems can be solved using
factors of polynomials.

18
 Assessment:

Post-Test

I. Multiple Choice:
Directions: Read and answer the questions below. Select the letter of
the correct answer from the given choices. (2 points each)

1. Which of the following values of k will make y2 – 5y + k factorable?

A. -14 C. 5
B. -10 D. 12

2. Which of the following statement is correct?

A. 6w2 – 13w – 28 = (3w – 4)(2w + 7)
B. 4w2 + 20w + 25 = (2w + 5)2
C. 6w2 + 5wx + x2 = (2w – x)(3w – n)
D. 16w2 – 40w + 25 = (4w – 5)(4w – 5)

3. One of the factors of 2c2 + 5c – 12 is 2c – 3. Which of the following is

the other factor?
A. c – 4 C. c – 8
B. c + 4 D. c + 8

4. The area of a rectangular vegetable garden is (12u2 – 8u – 15)m2.

Which of the following are the expressions to determine the
dimensions?
A. L = (3u – 5)m ; W = (4u + 3)m
B. L = (6u + 5)m ; W = (2u – 3)m
C. L = (6u – 3)m ; W = (2u – 5)m
D. L = (12u – 15)m ; W = (u + 1)m

5. If the area of a square flower garden is (4x2 – 12x + 9) square units, is

it possible to solve its sides? Why?
A. Yes, using factoring difference of two squares.
B. No, one of the sides must be given.
C. Yes, the area is a perfect square trinomial.
D. No, the area is not factorable

II. Fill Me In.

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 Direction: Fill in the blanks the correct answer. (1 point each)

1. I am the square of (y – 1) ___________________

2. I am the factors of x2 – 6x + 9 ___________________

3. I am the factors of 2p2 + 11p + 14 ___________________

4. I am the sum of (-4abc) and 10abc ___________________

5. I am the product of (a – 4) and (2a + 3) ___________________

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 Key to Answers

Pre-Test
I. Multiple Choices II. Fill – in
1. D 1. x2 + 2x + 1
2. A 2. 4y
3. A 3. -21m
4. B 4. -23
5. C 5. r2 + r – 12

Lesson 1. Factoring Perfect Square Trinomial

Activity 1:
25x² 10x 81 18x x² 4
15x 16x² -24x 9 10x 28x
4x² -16x 16 15x 25 49x²
16x² 49 8x 16 24x² 9
25 14x 8x 40x 30x 10x
7x x² 12x 25x² 40 12x²

Activity 2: Generalization
- Answers may vary
Activity 3: Fill Me With Faith
1. 7 Lesson2: Factoring General Trinomial
2. 4
3. 3 Activity 1: Factor Bingo Game
4. +
5. 6
a 2  a  72 a 2  15a  50 a 2  a  42

.
(a  9)(a  8) (a  10)(a  5) (a  7)(a  6)

a 2  10a  24 a 2  a  20
FACTOR
(a  6)(a  4) (a  4)(a  5)

a 2  5a  6 a  11a  18
2
a 2  8a  48

(a  9)(a  2)
(a  3)(a  2) (a  6)(a  8)

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References

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Mathematics Learner’s Module, Grade 8
Fe G. Partible , Beda H. Esller , Milna K. Cabrera, Roland S. Zorilla, Violeta C.
Mendoza, 2013 Edition , College Algebra

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Division of Gingoog City
Brgy. 23, National Highway, Gingoog City
Telefax: 088 -328-0108/088328-0118
E-mail Address: [email protected]

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