Water and Sanitation Corporation (WASAC) Ltd

CONSULTANT SERVICES FOR DETAILED DESIGN FOR

THE CONSTRUCTION OF MWANGE WATER SUPPLY
SYSTEM IN GICUMBI TOWN

FINAL INCEPTION REPORT

May 2020

SAJDI/CAVICON Consultants
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................................... i

Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................................... i
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................................................vi
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................................ vii
GLOSSARY............................................................................................................................................................. viii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................ x
1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background.................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Terms of Reference ....................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.1 Main Objective .................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.2 Specific Objectives ............................................................................................................. 2
1.2.3 Scope of Works ................................................................................................................... 3
1.2.4 Specific Tasks ...................................................................................................................... 3
1.2.5 Reports & Outputs ........................................................................................................... 10
2 QUALITY ASSURANCE ......................................................................................................................... 12
2.1 Quality Assurance Approach ....................................................................................................... 12
2.2 Quality Assurance Plan ................................................................................................................ 12
2.3 Routine Control ........................................................................................................................... 12
2.4 Project Organisation.................................................................................................................... 13
2.5 Inception Report Validation ........................................................................................................ 13
2.6 Workplan ..................................................................................................................................... 16
3 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF PROJECT AREA ............................................................................. 17
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 17
3.2 The Study Area ............................................................................................................................ 17
3.2.1 Location & Demographics ............................................................................................ 17
3.2.2 Topography ....................................................................................................................... 23
3.2.3 Hydrology & Climate ...................................................................................................... 28
3.3 Economic Activities of Gicumbi District ...................................................................................... 29
3.3.1 Agriculture ......................................................................................................................... 30
3.3.2 The Livestock and beekeeping production ............................................................ 31
3.3.3 The secondary sector ..................................................................................................... 31
3.3.4 Tourism ............................................................................................................................... 32
3.3.5 Fibre Optic Network ....................................................................................................... 32
3.3.6 Tertiary services institutions ...................................................................................... 32
3.4 Social Facilities............................................................................................................................. 32
3.4.1 Schools................................................................................................................................. 33
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 3.4.2 Health Facilities ............................................................................................................... 35
3.5 Physical Infrastructure ................................................................................................................ 35
3.5.1 Road network.................................................................................................................... 35
3.5.2 Electricity Infrastructure .............................................................................................. 38
3.5.3 Water Supply Infrastructure ....................................................................................... 38
3.6 Proposed Gicumbi Urban Development Plan ............................................................................. 41
3.6.1 Demand Projection ......................................................................................................... 41
3.6.2 The Proposed Zoning Development.......................................................................... 41
3.6.3 The Current Drinking Water Supply Situation in Gicumbi Town ................... 44
3.6.4 The proposed Transportation Infrastructure ....................................................... 45
3.6.5 The Proposed Water Supply Infrastructure .......................................................... 46
3.6.6 Proposed Resettlement Plan for Gicumbi Town .................................................. 53
3.7 Approach and methodology........................................................................................................ 56
3.7.1 Sampling of the study area ........................................................................................... 56
3.7.2 Research tools .................................................................................................................. 56
3.7.3 Observations ..................................................................................................................... 57
3.7.4 Secondary data collection............................................................................................. 57
3.7.5 Data Analysis and processing...................................................................................... 57
4 ENGINEERING DESIGN CRITERIA .................................................................................................. 58
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 58
4.2 Water Demand Projection .......................................................................................................... 58
4.2.1 Feasibility Study............................................................................................................... 58
4.2.2 Approach and Methodology ......................................................................................... 58
4.3 Water Supply Sources ................................................................................................................. 59
4.3.1 Feasibility Study............................................................................................................... 59
4.3.2 Approach and Methodology ......................................................................................... 61
4.4 Water Quality Analysis ................................................................................................................ 61
4.4.1 Feasibility Study............................................................................................................... 61
4.4.2 Preliminary Findings ..................................................................................................... 62
4.4.3 Approach and Methodology ......................................................................................... 63
4.5 Raw Water intake and Rising System .......................................................................................... 63
4.5.1 Feasibility Study............................................................................................................... 63
4.5.2 Preliminary Findings ..................................................................................................... 64
4.5.3 Approach and Methodology ......................................................................................... 65
4.6 Water Treatment Plant ............................................................................................................... 66
4.6.1 Feasibility Study............................................................................................................... 66
4.6.2 Preliminary Findings ..................................................................................................... 67
4.6.3 Approach and Methodology ......................................................................................... 68
4.7 Treated Water Storage Facilities ................................................................................................. 80
4.7.1 Feasibility Study............................................................................................................... 81
4.7.2 Preliminary Findings ..................................................................................................... 81
4.7.3 Approach and Methodology ......................................................................................... 81
4.8 Treated Water Rising Main ......................................................................................................... 82
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 4.8.1 Feasibility Study............................................................................................................... 82
4.8.2 Preliminary Findings ..................................................................................................... 83
4.8.3 Approach and Methodology ......................................................................................... 83
Sludge Treatment Processes ....................................................................................... 84
4.9 Administration Offices ................................................................................................................ 85
4.9.1 Feasibility Study............................................................................................................... 85
4.9.2 Preliminary Findings ..................................................................................................... 85
4.9.3 Approach and Methodology ......................................................................................... 85
4.10 Electro-mechanical Facilities ....................................................................................................... 86
4.10.1 Feasibility Study............................................................................................................... 86
4.10.2 Preliminary Findings ..................................................................................................... 86
4.10.3 Approach and Methodology ......................................................................................... 86
4.11 Automation Design...................................................................................................................... 88
4.11.1 Feasibility Study............................................................................................................... 88
4.11.2 Approach and Methodology ......................................................................................... 88
4.12 Water Distribution System and Hydraulic designs ...................................................................... 89
4.12.1 Feasibility Study............................................................................................................... 89
4.12.2 Approach and Methodology ......................................................................................... 91
4.13 Water Reticulation Network ....................................................................................................... 96
4.13.1 Feasibility Study............................................................................................................... 96
Since the feasibility study designed up to the reservoirs, it does not mention any
information about the network distribution and reticulation ....................................... 96
4.13.2 Preliminary Findings ..................................................................................................... 96
4.13.3 Approach and methodology......................................................................................... 96
5 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) .............................................. 98
5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 98
5.2 4.2. Liability for Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) ....................................... 98
5.3 Methodology for ESIA ................................................................................................................. 99
5.3.1 4.3.1. Request for authorization................................................................................. 99
5.3.2 Desk review .................................................................................................................... 100
5.3.3 Data collection ............................................................................................................... 101
5.3.4 Data analysis .................................................................................................................. 105
5.4 Environment Management Plans (EMPs) ................................................................................. 108
5.4.1 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the execution of the
project 108
5.4.2 4.4.2. Environmental and Social Inspection Plan (ESIP) for the Supervision
Mission 109
5.4.3 Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan (ESMP) for operation phase 109
5.5 4.5. Population involvement ..................................................................................................... 110
5.5.1 Identification and preparation phase (before the execution activities of the
project)............................................................................................................................................. 110
5.5.2 Implementation phase (in the course of the project execution) ................. 110

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 5.5.3 Management and operational phase (After the reception of the project
works) 111
5.6 Environment and Social Impact Assessment Report structure ................................................. 111
6 RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN ................................................................................................... 113
6.1 Activity 1: Review and analysis of the secondary data ............................................................. 113
6.2 Activity 2: Reconnaissance ........................................................................................................ 114
6.3 Activity 3: Stakeholder Consultations/engagements ................................................................ 114
6.4 Activity 4: The Socioeconomic study ......................................................................................... 115
6.5 Activity 5: Census and Asset Inventory Survey and Valuation .................................................. 116
6.5.1 Land Survey .................................................................................................................... 116
6.5.2 Valuation Survey Procedure ...................................................................................... 117
6.6 Other activities to follow ........................................................................................................... 118
6.6.1 Activity 7: Disclosure .................................................................................................. 118
6.6.2 Contestation of the Value ........................................................................................... 118
6.6.3 Activity 8: Financial literacy ..................................................................................... 118
7 TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOTECHINAL SURVEYS ...................................................................... 120
7.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 120
7.2 Topographical surveys............................................................................................................... 120
7.2.1 Approach and methodology...................................................................................... 120
7.3 Geotechnical Investigations ...................................................................................................... 122
7.3.1 Methodology for Soil Investigations ...................................................................... 122
7.3.2 Method of Investigation ............................................................................................. 123
7.3.3 Computation of bearing pressure based on SPT values ................................. 123
7.3.4 Soil Investigation Final Reports .............................................................................. 125
8 HYDROLOGICAL STUDY ................................................................................................................... 126
8.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 126
8.2 Preliminary findings................................................................................................................... 126
8.3 Approach and methodology...................................................................................................... 127
8.3.1 River Mwange Flow Modelling & Water Balance Analysis ............................. 127
8.3.2 River Flow Missing Data Analysis ........................................................................... 127
8.3.3 River Flow Missing Data Analysis Methods ......................................................... 128
8.3.4 River Flow Modelling .................................................................................................. 128
8.3.5 HEC-RAS River Flow Modelling Software ............................................................. 129
8.3.6 River Mwange Intake Siting & Design ................................................................... 130
9 ARCHITECTURAL AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN....................................................................... 138
9.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 138
9.1.1 Main objectives.............................................................................................................. 138
9.1.2 Hypotheses & Assumptions for the Structural Design .................................... 138
9.1.3 Methods & Tools for Structural Design ................................................................. 139
9.1.4 Design Philosophy ........................................................................................................ 139
10 SPECIFICATIONS AND COSTING .................................................................................................. 141

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 10.1 Technical specifications............................................................................................................. 141
10.2 Bill of Quantities of Construction Works ................................................................................... 141
10.2.1 Bill of quantities ............................................................................................................ 141
10.2.2 Engineer’s Estimates ................................................................................................... 142
10.3 Construction Tender Documentation ....................................................................................... 142
10.3.1 Tender format................................................................................................................ 142
10.3.2 Conditions of Contract ................................................................................................ 143
11 ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL ANALYSIS .......................................................................................... 144
11.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 144
11.2 Approach and Methodology ..................................................................................................... 144
11.2.1 Operational Costs ......................................................................................................... 149
11.2.2 Revenue ........................................................................................................................... 149
12 WATER SUPPLY OPERATION & MAINTENANCE ................................................................... 151
12.1 Operations ................................................................................................................................. 151
12.2 Maintenance ............................................................................................................................. 151
12.3 Water Safety Plans .................................................................................................................... 152
12.4 Standard Operating Procedures ................................................................................................ 152
12.4.1 Strategy ............................................................................................................................ 153
12.5 Preparation of O&M Plans ........................................................................................................ 153
12.5.1 Development of Individual Plan for O&M ............................................................ 153
12.5.2 Capacity building plans for O&M personnel ....................................................... 154
12.5.3 Plan for providing spares and tools ....................................................................... 154
12.5.4 Plan for water audit and leakage control ............................................................ 154
12.5.5 Plan for efficient use of power ................................................................................. 154
12.5.6 Plan for sound financial management system ..................................................... 155
12.5.7 Plan for Information Education Communication (IEC) ................................... 155
12.5.8 Role of Voluntary /Non-Government organization (NGOs)........................... 155
12.5.9 Reports and Record Keeping .................................................................................... 155
12.5.10 Life Cycle Cost & Delivery Approach ...................................................................... 156
12.6 Operation & Maintenance Cost Components ........................................................................... 156
12.6.1 Service Delivery Approach ........................................................................................ 157
12.6.2 Importance of Service Delivery Approach ........................................................... 157
13 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 171
14 APPENDICES......................................................................................................................................... 173
APPENDIX A: COPY OF THE TERMS OF REFERENCES ............................................................................. 173
APPENDIX B: SURVEY EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS ............................................................................ 174
APPENDIX B: TERMS OF REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 175
APPENDIX C: PROJECT WORKPLAN ....................................................................................................... 176
APPENDIX D: QUESTIONNAIRE AND INTERVIEW GUIDES ..................................................................... 177
APPENDIX E: PROJECT EIA TERMS OF REFERENCE ................................................................................ 178

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 APPENDIX F: MINUTES OF THE INCEPTION REPORT VALIDATION MEETING ........................................ 179
APPENDIX G: INCEPTION REPORT VALIDATION MEETING COMMENTS INCORPORATION .................. 180

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2-1 ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF MANAGEMENT PROJECT TEAM....................................... 15

Table 2-2: Summary of Deliverable schedules ............................................................................................ 16
Table 3-1: NURSERY SCHOOLS IN GICUMBI DISTRICT .......................................................................... 34
Table 3-2: PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN GICUMBI DISTRICT .......................................................................... 34
Table 3-3: SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN GICUMBI DISTRICT ..................................................................... 34
Table 3-4: UNIVERSITIES IN GICUMBI DISTRICT ................................................................................... 34
Table 3-5: Health facilities in Byumba Town .......................................................................................... 35
Table 3-6: Road per Sector as per EICV3 ................................................................................................. 36
Table 3-7: Characteristics of the electro-mechanical equipment and grid lines .................................. 38
Table 3-8: PROPOSED GICUMBI LUDP LAND USE AREASAS PER EICV 3 ............................................. 42
Table 3-9: Proposed reservoir distribution............................................................................................. 47
Table 4-1: Project future demand ............................................................................................................ 58
Table 4-2: WATER QUALITY ANALYSES FROM RIVER MWANGE......................................................... 61
Table 4-3: Proposed water sources.......................................................................................................... 63
Table 4-4: FS distribution storage volumes as per table 8 ..................................................................... 81
Table 4-5: Pump characteristics as per the FS ........................................................................................ 83
Table 4-6Proposed pipeline network ...................................................................................................... 91
Table 5-1 Record matrix of Environmental impact .............................................................................. 103
Table 5-2 Grid determining the importance of environmental impacts ............................................. 104
Table 5-3 Grid for identification and mitigation measures for Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment (ESIA)................................................................................................................................... 106
Table 5-4 Template for Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) execution phase ...... 108
Table 5-5 Template of Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan (ESMP) for operation period ... 109
Table 9-1: MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS ............................................................................................ 138
Table 10-1: proposed items to be included in the BoQ ........................................................................ 141
Table 11-1: current water tariff ............................................................................................................. 149

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2-1: Project Organisation .............................................................................................................. 14

Figure 3-1: Location map for Gicumbi District ........................................................................................ 18
Figure 3-2 ADMINISTRATIVE MAP OF GICUMBI DISTRICT .................................................................. 19
Figure 3-3 ELEVATION MAP OF GICUMBI DISTRICT ............................................................................. 24
Figure 3-4: SLOPE MAP OF GICUMBI DISTRICT ..................................................................................... 25
Figure 3-5 LAND USE MAP OF GICUMBI DISTRICT ................................................................................ 27
Figure 3-6: HYDROLOGICAL MAP OF GICUMBI DISTRICT ..................................................................... 29
Figure 3-7: SOCIAL FACILITIES IN GICUMBI DISTRICT ........................................................................ 33
Figure 3-8: ROAD NETWORK OF GICUMBI DISTRICT ........................................................................... 37
Figure 3-9: WATER RESERVOIR AT BYUMBA TOWN ............................................................................ 39
Figure 3-10: WATER SUPPLY NETWORK IN GICUMBI DISTRICT by 2012 .......................................... 40
Figure 3-11: PROPOSED LAND USE MAP OF GICUMBI DISTRICT AS PER EICV 3 ............................... 43
Figure 3-12: Proposed Transportation Network Of Gicumbi District...................................................... 46
Figure 3-13: PROPOSED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM BY THE FEASIBILITY STUDY ............................... 49
Figure 3-14: Proposed Water Supply Network Of Gicumbi District As Per EICV 3 ................................. 50
Figure 3-15: Aerial Photograph of Proposed Urban Restructuring Plan of Gicumbi Town.................... 52
Figure 3-16: Restructuring Plan For Gacurabwenge, Ruyaga & Nyirabadugu Priority Areas............... 53
Figure 3-17: Aerial Photograph of Gicumbi Town Priority Resettlement Area ...................................... 54
Figure 3-18: Gicumbi Town Resettlement Plan ........................................................................................ 55
Figure 4-1: LEVEL 1 RWANDA WATER CATCHMENT DIVISIONS......................................................... 59
Figure 4-2: Location Map of Mwange Intake ........................................................................................... 61
Figure 4-3FS proposed intake Location ................................................................................................... 64
Figure 4-4: Penstock for the Hydropower station .................................................................................. 65
Figure 4-5: typical proposed intake structure ........................................................................................ 66
Figure 4-6: Proposed water treatment system ....................................................................................... 67
Figure 4-1: FLOW DIAGRAM OF TYPICAL CONVENTIONAL DRINKING WATER TREAMENT PLANT
..................................................................................................................................................................... 69
Figure 4-7Typical cascade aeration system ............................................................................................ 70
Figure 4-8: Typical chemical mixing system ........................................................................................... 71
Figure 4-9: typical system for pH correction if Alum is to be used ....................................................... 71
Figure 4-10Typical model of rapid and slow mixing chambers ............................................................ 73
Figure 4-11: FIGURE OF TYPICAL SEDIMENTATION/CLARIFICATION TANK .................................... 75
Figure 4-12: typical lamella assembly in the sedimentation tank ......................................................... 75
Figure 4-13: FIGURE OF TYPICAL PLAN OF RAPID SAND FILTER ........................................................ 77
Figure 4-14 FIGURE OF TYPICAL SECTION OF RAPID SAND FILTER ................................................... 78
Figure 4-15: Typical drawings of pressure filter groups........................................................................ 79
Figure 4-16: FIGURE OF TYPICAL CLEAR WATER TANK....................................................................... 82
Figure 4-17: Typical assembly of pumping station installed with multistage pumps ......................... 84
Figure 4-18: Photo of model sludge bed .................................................................................................. 85
Figure 4-19: Typical SCADA display......................................................................................................... 89
Figure 7-1: Computation of bearing pressure based on SPT values.................................................... 123
Figure 8-1: Types of Data necessary for Hydrological Analysis........................................................... 129
Figure 8-2: FIGURE OF TYPICAL RIVER INTAKE STRUCTURE ............................................................ 131
Figure 11-1: Graph of Breakeven Point ........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

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 GLOSSARY

ACRONYM DESCRIPTION
WASAC Water & Sanitation Corporation
ESIA Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
RAP Resettlement Action Plan
ERR Economic Rate of Return
IRR Internal Rate of Return
NPV Net Present Value
FRR Financial Rate of Return
EMP Environmental Management Plan
ITB Instructions to Bidders
BDS Bid Data Sheet
SEP Stakeholder Engagement Plan
PAP People Affected by Project
GRM Grievances Redress Mechanism
NAR Net Attendance Rate
EICV3 Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey
LUDP Local Urban Development Plan
RWMP Rwanda Water Master Plan
GPS Geographical Positioning System
TOR Terms of Reference
RDB Rwanda Development Board
MINIRENA Ministry of Natural Resources
MININFRA Ministry of Infrastructure
REMA Rwanda Environmental Management Authority
ESMP Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan
RTDA Rwanda Transport and Development Agency

WTP Water Treatment Plant

IRPV Institute of Real Property Valuers in Rwanda
SPT Standard Penetration Test
CPT Cone Penetration Test
RNRA Rwanda Natural Resources Authority
HEC-RAS Hydrologic Engineering Centers for River Analysis System
USACE US Army Corps of Engineering
CAD Computer Aided Design
BS British Standard
BOQ Bill of Quantities
NGO Non Governmental Organization
LCA Life Cycle Analysis
LCC Life Cycle Cost
PLC Programmable Logic Controller
HMI Human Machine Interface

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MCC Motor Control Centre
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In 2012, the MININFRA and EWSA appointed the consortium COMETE International /
African Business Consulting-Rwanda the execution of technical and economic feasibility
study of Drinking Water Supply project of 7 secondary cities of Rwanda.

The consultants developed alternatives of drinking water supply by integrating the

identified water resources whereby specifying the facilities and necessary infrastructure for
the implementation of alternatives and their associated costs. For Gicumbi town, an
emergency action and two alternatives were presented as follows: i) Emergency action:
improve the quality of existing treatment plant and implement the catchment of three water
springs of Miliku and Binyenyeri, ii) 1st Alternative: Abstraction of a deficit of 500 m3 / h
from a water intake on the River Kagogo, and iii) 2nd Alternative: Abstraction of the deficit
of 500 m3 / h from a water intake on the River Mwange.

On 3rd April 2020, WASAC signed a contract with SAJDI/CAVICON JV Consultants to

conduct the Detailed Design, Review of the existing Feasibility Study, Environmental and
Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) report, Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) report and Tender
Document for construction of Mwange Water Treatment Plant, Water Supply System
infrastructure and other auxiliary infrastructure in order to increase the access to portable
water supply in Gicumbi town as envisaged in the feasibility study report conducted in 2012.

The main objective of the project, “Consultant Services for Detailed Design for Construction of
Mwange Water Supply System in Gicumbi Town” is to “provide the Detailed Design,
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Report, Resettlement Action Plan
(RAP) report and Tender Document for construction of Mwange Water Supply system
infrastructure”.

As per the Contract terms of reference, the Consultant shall submit an inception report
within 1 month of the Contract signing. The inception report will be based on desk study and
literature review of the feasibility study report and other related available reports and
documents. In preparation of the inception report, a reconnaissance site visit was conducted
on the 7th May 2020 and some of the preliminary finding shave been mentioned per section.

This report present the inception report as per the Contract terms of reference and will be
submitted to WASAC for review and validation during a presentation to be conducted by the
Consultant at a date to be determined by WASAC.

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

In 2012, the MININFRA and EWSA (former RWASCO : Rwanda Water and Sanitation
Corporation) appointed the consortium COMETE International / African Business
Consulting-Rwanda (ABC-R) the execution of technical and economic feasibility study of
Drinking Water Supply project of 7 secondary cities of Rwanda. This project was financed by
the Arab Bank for Economic Development (BADEA).
The project was initiated by the Rwandan authorities to find out solutions to the problems
of drinking water supply sector in seven cities: Muhanga, Ngoma, Rusizi, Gicumbi, Karongi,
Rubavu and Nyanza. According to its terms of reference, this study was divided into two
phases:
• Phase I "Diagnostic of the current situation and identification as well as study of
alternatives" and Phase II "Feasibility Study".
During the first phase the consortium firms conducted the diagnostic of various components
of the drinking water supply, the calculation of the drinking water demand of the project
area, identification of potential water resources and the proposal of two alternatives of DWS
to meet the drinking water demand of each city, till the end of the project (year 2030).
The consortium consultants then developed two alternatives of drinking water supply by
integrating the identified water resources whereby specifying the facilities and necessary
infrastructure for the implementation of these two alternatives and their associated costs.
In the case of the city of Gicumbi, an emergency action (very short term action) and two
alternatives were presented as follows:
• Emergency action: this action was to conduct emergency operations to improve the
quality of treatment plant and implement the catchment of three (3) water springs of Miliku
and Binyenyeri. The minimum measured flows is 28 m3 / h and 4 m3 / h respectively.
• 1st Alternative: Abstraction of a deficit of 500 m3 / h from a water intake on the
River Kagogo, located about 3 km east of the city of Gicumbi.
• 2nd Alternative: Abstraction of the deficit of 500 m3 / h from a water intake on the
River Mwange. The intake structure will be planned at about 1km upstream Mwange center
just before the brickyard. The village of Mwange Centre is located approximately 7 km south
- west (straight way) from the city of Gicumbi.
The proposed alternatives were discussed during the workshop for approval of the first
phase held at EWSA-Remera (Kigali) on Wednesday, November 29, 2011. After a beneficial
and enriching discussion the participants in the workshop adopted the second alternative
with the emergency action, as they were proposed.

In line with the national target to accelerate water and sanitation coverage from very low
levels in 2005 of 41% and 48% respectively to 100% coverage by 2018. The importance of
adequate water supply and sanitation services as drives for socio-economic development,
poverty reduction and public health is fully acknowledge in Rwanda’s flagship policy
documents and political goals.

Although most of the people in Rwanda have access to improved water sources, the shortage
is still noticed around the country specifically in Gicumbi town, as produced water is not
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sufficient considering the population in the project area which increases on a daily basis.
However, there is an urgent need to cover this shortage by supplying enough water to the
population.

It is under this background that the Government of Rwanda through WASAC Ltd appointed
SAJDI/CAVICON JV Consultants to conduct the Detailed Design, Review of the existing
Feasibility Study, Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) report, Resettlement
Action Plan (RAP) report and Tender Document for construction of Mwange Water
Treatment Plant, Water Supply System infrastructure and other auxiliary infrastructure in
order to increase the access to portable water supply in Gicumbi town. The resulinng report
will be the reference document for the implementation of the project

The Contract between WASAC Ltd (“the Client”) and SAJDI/CAVICON JV Consultants (“the
Consultant”) was signed on the 3rd April 2020 and a copy of the Contract is attached in
appendix A.

In accordance with the Contract terms of reference, the Consultant is to conduct a desk study
and make a preliminary fieldwork, prepare and submit an Inception Report. This Inception
report includes but not limited to an updated Workplan, data collection tools and
methodology, project interview guide for discussion groups, site investigations, detailed
schedule for data collection and analysis. This report is the Inception Report in compliance
with the Contract terms of Reference.

1.2 Terms of Reference

1.2.1 Main Objective

The main objective of this consultancy services is to provide the Detailed Design,
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Report, Resettlement Action Plan
(RAP) report and Tender Document for construction of Mwange Water Supply system
infrastructure. The project consists of developing the most cost-effective detailed studies in
concept to achievement 100% of access to clean water in these areas and developing final
designs with drawings, construction details, cross-sections, final quantities, costs, technical
specifications, tender document, operating manuals as well as health and safety plans. The
design will be carried out in accordance with government design guidance typically used for
waterworks and other public infrastructure facilities, as well as other necessary design
criteria.

1.2.2 Specific Objectives

➢ To provide detailed Design for construction of Mwange Water Supply System and
auxiliary infrastructures.
➢ To provide the technical and financial management framework for construction of
Mwange Water Supply System and auxiliary infrastructures.
➢ Conduct Topographic Survey, Hydrological Study, Geological Study and
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA), and the Environmental and Social
Management Plan (ESMP).
➢ Conduct the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) study related to this assignment.
➢ Conduct Geotechnical Investigations, Laboratory Tests & Reporting.
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➢ Prepare the Tender Document for construction of Water Supply System and auxiliary
infrastructures.

1.2.3 Scope of Works

The consultancy service will be conducted in six (8) months after the signing of the contract.
The scope of the assignment is to review the existing feasibility studies and detailed
engineering design for construction of Mwange water supply system and auxiliary
infrastructures. The consultant will also conduct the ESIA and RAP studies related to this
assignment and provide the tender document for construction works.

1.2.4 Specific Tasks

1.2.4.1 Field investigation

Desk study and field investigations will be conducted:

➢ To avail data on the current and future population for an horizon of 30 years,
➢ To evaluate the factors that effects the demographic evolution,
➢ To investigate the existing and planned development projects in the study area,
➢ To evaluate the social-economic situation of the population giving the details on the
habitat, gender issues, access to basic infrastructures (water, electricity; sanitation, etc.);
family income situation, income generating activities and the will of the population to pay
the expenses for the maintenance of drinking water supply system);
➢ To show the current management system for the infrastructure of drinking water
treatment plant and forwarding networks; existing or future structure management as well
as their effectiveness; constraints and do the proposals for improvement of that water supply
management system;
➢ To evaluate the possibilities of beneficiaries’ participation (men and women) to the
planning, the investment, the execution of the works and to the operation of the drinking
water systems.
1.2.4.2 Water demand
Based on the field investigation report, the consultant will:
• Identify and classify the different categories of drinking water consumers in Gicumbi
town;
• Estimate the demands in safe water considering the different types of consumers
(domestic, public, economic, firefighting, industrial, etc.);
• On the basis of these demands, the consultant will estimate the demand growth for a
horizon of 30 years;
• Identify possible raw water intake sites and do the appropriate analysis for chemical,
physio-chemical, heavy metal and bacteriological, organoleptic quality by an accepted
laboratory in Rwanda and propose water treatment process accordingly;
• To evaluate several options to be developed in order to supply water in certain
particular areas.

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1.2.4.3 Topographical, hydrological and geological surveys
The consultant will:
• Collect hydrological data and conduct water balance analysis of Mwange river (use at
least 20 years of data) to determine necessary water storage capacity. In case existing
hydrological data is insufficient for the purpose of this analysis, develop hydrological model
to reproduce past data using rainfall data. Water balance analysis should take into
consideration the evaporation from the open surface and seepage losses;
• Using results of climate model and projections, assess likely impacts of climate change
on water resources and propose practical adaptation measures to ensure sustainability of
the infrastructure;
• Explore the possible site and carry out preliminary assessment of the suitability of
the site with regard to various types of raw water intake structures, topography and geology,
availability of construction materials;
• Undertake analysis of physio-chemical and biological quality of Mwange river water
by an accepted laboratory in Rwanda and propose treatment process accordingly;
• Collect, compile, analyze and process data for the design of Raw Water Intake;
• Collect geo-spatial data (tri-dimensional geographic coordinates) and field
measurement related to the proposed water supply system infrastructures;
• Process data and produce maps and mapping figures by using ArcGIS for water supply
systems layouts;
• Produce plans and topographic profiles in AutoCAD;
• Prepare plans and maps on an appropriate scale so that provided information is
accurate and clear;
• Topographic data of the layouts drawn for the major water pipelines and the
distribution mains and showing among others, obstacles met in the corridors of passage of
these pipelines;
• Collection of data in the field concerning the sites of the works as well as the location
of tanks, inspection covers. etc.;
• General layout map for the whole project (with and without ortho-photo);
• Layout map for each water supply system (with and without ortho-photo);
• Topographic map for each water supply system and the topographic map for the
whole project.

1.2.4.4 Review of Feasibility study

The consultant should undertake the following tasks but not limited:
➢ Analysis the environmental, social, economic, technical, financial and other aspects of
the project.
➢ Review the existing Policy and Regulatory framework related to environmental
management in Rwanda.
➢ Assessing the financial and economic viability of the project. Under this task, focus
shall be done following but not limited to the market value, economic and financial aspects.
➢ Undertake the Economic and Financial benefit-cost analysis of each proposed option,
which implies:
i) Identification and quantification of project benefits, namely the improved availability
of water supply service;
ii) Calculation of the project’s Economic Rate of Return (ERR);
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iii) Identification and quantification of the project (i.e. incremental) financial flows; and,
iv) Calculation of the project’s and the promoter’s Financial Rate of Return (FRR)
analysis involving also estimating the financial internal rate of return (FIRR). All the above
will be determined based on construction of economic and financial model for each option.
v) Based on the estimated costs for each of option, the consulting firm will construct a
financial model for financial benefit-cost;
vi) Calculation of the necessary tariff levels that, within the affordability limits of the
population, will ensure the recovery of operation and maintenance cost. Should a gap exist,
clearly identify and mark the necessary level of government subsidies;
vii) Propose the best option for development in the next step of detailed designs.
➢ Provide the reviewed Feasibility Study with different technological alternatives and
highlight the best option.

The consultant shall present the report to the stakeholder for selection of the best options to
be developed into the detailed design.

1.2.4.5 Environmental Impact assessment

Assess the environmental impact of the proposed water supply systems on the bio-physical
environment, including the access roads on the site and surrounding environment. Include
assessment of traffic, noise, dust, etc. Include assessment of the creation of jobs or the
payment of a host fee on the economy of the area. Include aesthetic, historical, and cultural
impacts, as appropriate.
The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and its related Environmental
Management Plan (EMP) shall be conducted in parallel with the detailed engineering design,
in an iterative and interactive manner so that the design eventually incorporates mitigated
measures and results in the most cost-effective Water Supply System.
The ESIA will be prepared following the Rwanda's Operational Directive as stipulated in the
Environmental published in the Official Gazette on August 13, 2018, especially in its Chapter
IV, Article 30 to 46. The ESIA will be prepared with consideration of the general ESIA
approach from the National Authority dealing with environmental protection. The Authority
will review the TOR prior to contract signing.
The assessment will include, but not be limited to, the following activities:
▪ Soil and geological survey;
▪ Hydrogeological survey;
▪ Socio-economic survey;
▪ Assessment of the environmental impacts;
▪ Development of mitigation measures and related ESIA recommendations for
inclusion in the final design of the construction and the operation of Water Supply System
infrastructures.

1.2.4.6 Detailed Designs for Hydraulic and sizing of civil Works Infrastructures
Based on results from field investigation, water demand analysis, topographic, hydrology
and geology surveys report, the Consultant shall design and the carry out dimensioning of
raw water intake structure and water supply system infrastructure based on the findings of

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the feasibility study. This dimensioning shall take into account both economic, operational
and management aspects.
The Consultant shall therefore estimate the detailed bill of quantities for each adopted water
supply system infrastructure and shall show the distribution of these costs between foreign
currencies and local currency. He shall justify the cost estimates with indication of the
sources of prices per unit, the estimate of the unforeseen physical and financial
contingencies.
Estimates of the simplified clean water supply system infrastructure as well as the financial
and economic cost-benefit or profitability analysis of each project shall be established.

In addition, the Consultant shall make recommendations related to the education and public
awareness campaign on hygiene for future beneficiaries. These recommendations shall take
into consideration the prevailing institutional evolution in this area recorded by the Water
Management Unit.
The consultant shall establish an approximate provisional period or calendar for the
implementation of each component of the Project, by adopting for the circumstance the
assumption of their independence.
To achieve the above, the Consultant will execute the following tasks:

a. Hydraulic design, calculations and sizing of civil infrastructures

This will be Similar to the feasibility studies but going into details of the work. The consultant
will also by using data from field investigation; water demand analysis; topographic,
hydrology and geology surveys report to determine the followings:
• Raw Water Intake structure detailed designs taking into account economic aspects;
• Detailed designs for water supply system including WTP capacity of at least 5000
m3/day and taking into account economic aspects;
• Hydraulic calculation for identified water supply systems, taking into account
economic aspects;
• Detailed sizing of civil works for identified water supply systems, taking into account
economic aspects;
• The operational site of the possible pumping systems;
• Detailed designs for electric power supply to run electric equipment and the electric
step-up or step-down transformation posts if necessary;
• The sterilization system and possible treatment;
• Determination of optimal leakage of the pipe work to minimize the costs of the
earthworks and the protection works (air valve and wash out chamber);
• Mode of crossing obstacles (roads, tracks, rivers, valleys etc.);
• Protection of the pipe work against corrosion and thrust;
• Location of water stations supplying villages along the water supply connections;
• Proposal, if necessary, of dividing the supplies and works into lots;
• Encoding and digitization of the infrastructure of existing as well as new drinking
water networks.
b. Architectural Design, Basic maps, & Design Drawings
The consultant shall design the facilities to be functionally effective, enable economic
operations, and require minimum maintenance and operation cost. He will develop
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digitalized maps and basic plans for the facilities. For data collection, the Consultant will have
to use appropriate modern equipment with high precision accuracy like differential GPS,
ArcGIS, Earth Google pro, Google map… to show the exact location of all components of the
system such as raw water intake, raw water delivery pipe, Water Treatment Plants, clean
water reservoir, clean water pumping stations, the trunk main, storage reservoirs etc.
The detailed design drawings shall be done by using AutoCAD software and shall be shape
files that can be opened in ArcGIS. Overall site plan with identification of works to build (civil
and hydraulic engineering).
The drawings will have the following specifications:
• Plan of general location with identification of the existing and new water supply
system infrastructure to be carried out (civil works and hydraulic infrastructure) with
appropriate scale.
• Plans for the civil works and water networks implementation on site with
appropriate scale.
• Plan view, elevation, technical cross-sections of the civil works with appropriate
scale.
• Execution details with appropriate scale.
• Longitudinal profile of natural terrain, installation of civil works and pipe works,
piezometric line of the network with appropriate scale;
• Model Plans for the civil works such as tanks, water stand tap, valve chamber and
inspection hole etc. with appropriate scale.;
• List of hydraulic nodes with details for each node;
• Design, calculations, detailed plans and lists of equipment for possible pumping
stations.
C. Bill of Quantity and Cost Estimates
Prepare the bill of quantities for all works and cost estimates of pay items for each
component of the design. All construction quantities and costs evaluation shall estimate to
an accuracy of plus or minus 10 percent. Define the methods of payment per item (lump
sum, unit cost) which would be most appropriate to enable and facilitate cost and quality
control. Separately note taxes anticipated for each pay item, such as, value added taxes and
customs duties.

d. Specifications for Equipment and materials

Prepare a list of all equipment and materials required to perform works. Include any special
equipment. Develop technical specifications for listed equipment and materials. Be
attentive to Standardization of major components and coordinate with local workshop
supervisors for technical advice.
e. Sustainability of the infrastructure
To ensure the sustainability of the infrastructure, the consultant shall perform the following
tasks:
- Propose a mode of management adapted and pertinent to each installation,
including the monitoring of consumption and debt recovery, depreciation, maintenance,
repairs and stakeholders engagement;

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- Technical design of water points, taking into account the management aspect
(protected meter, i.e. accessible by the controller only and not the collector to avoid possible
fraud);
- Strategy for the mobilization, sensitization and training of the local communities to
ensure appropriate utilization of water, hygiene education and the utilization of clean
drinking water, responsibility and accountability in management of water supply
installations;
- To establish or to strengthen a maintenance system capable of guaranteeing the
sustainability of the works and measures related to the new management and maintenance
system that involves the private sector in financing the area of water supply;
- To propose actions that would enable the participation of the beneficiary
population in the movement of water supply units and to promote the willingness to pay for
water supply services;
- To propose a method for regular monitoring of consumption, utilization of collected
funds, quality of water and inspection of various water supply works.
1.2.4.7 Elaboration of the Tender Documents
The Consultant shall elaborate the tender documents (TD) for the project execution works.
The TD must be clear and coherent to avoid any ambiguous interpretation. The Consultant
shall work out a framework of a contract to be negotiated.
The TD shall include and not limited to the following documents:
• The invitation to tender;
• Instructions to Bidders (ITB);
• Bid Data Sheet (BDS)
• Evaluation and Qualification Criteria;
• Bidding Forms;
• Eligible Countries;
• Employer’s Requirements;
• General Conditions (GC);
• Particular Conditions (PC);
• General technical specifications;
• Specific technical specifications;
• Bidding forms
• Bills of quantities
• The schedule of prices per unit;
• Drawings;

1.2.4.8 Carry out Resettlement Action Plan (RAP)

The investments foreseen by the project are likely to cause negative social effects in terms
of expropriation, loss of land or other socio-economic assets. Therefore, the objective of the
assignment is to undertake a detailed Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) to determine the
extent of land acquisition impacts associated with the execution of the project. The RAP will
identify the full range of people affected by the project and justify their resettlement options
after considering the alternatives that would minimize or avoid displacement. The RAP will
outline eligibility criteria for affected parties, establish rates of compensation for lost assets,
and describe levels of assistance for relocation and reconstruction of affected households.

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However, any proposed changes must be in accordance with the Resettlement Policy
Framework (RPF), which is the reference framework for the preparation of RAP.
Specific objectives of the RAP are to:
• Minimize, as far as possible, involuntary resettlement, by studying all viable alternatives
and still remaining in the design of the project already approved;
• Ensure that affected persons are effectively consulted in a transparent manner and be
given the opportunity to participate in all key stages of the process of developing and
implementing involuntary resettlement and compensation activities;
• Ensure that compensation, if any, is determined in a participatory manner with the
persons in relation to the impacts suffered, and in accordance to Rwanda expropriation law,
in order to ensure that no person affected by the project is disproportionately
disadvantaged;
• Ensuring that affected persons, including vulnerable groups, are assisted in their efforts
to improve their livelihoods and their level and living environment so that they are not left
worse off than before the project.
The mission of the Consultant is to develop a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for the Project
which should take into account and refer to the studies already carried out and plans already
endorsed.
The purpose of the mission will be to develop a full RAP to (i) identify the persons affected
by the project (PAP), (ii) identify the nature, extent and value of losses (iii) propose fair and
equitable compensation measures and, if necessary, additional conditions for improving the
quality of life of the PAPs.
Following the guidelines and the National expropriation law and the other recognized
guidelines governing the involuntary resettlement the consultant will undertake following
works:
• Establish a meeting with WASAC Ltd and Gicumbi District to review works undertaken
to date and further define the role of the RAP consultants and the works required;
• Propose and agree a working schedule for RAP preparation and related actions with
relevant institutions;
• Review the legal and institutional framework, review and update gap between national
law, and Policies in relation to involuntary resettlement;
• Review existing data and update the Social Economic Baseline Information in the
Stakeholder Engagement Plan(SEP) by detailing the project affected people, their losses and
vulnerability level;
• Review existing data and analyze the potential project social impacts and resettlement
implications through identification of People Affected by Project (PAPs), their number, the
number of household and evaluating the extent of the impacts of the project on them;
• Review existing consultation activities carry out and document public consultation with
PAPs and relevant institutions involved in involuntary resettlement. The participatory
approach should be in line with the provisions in the Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP), in
particular in terms of tools and methods;
• Carry out a census and detailed inventory of PAPs properties and submit inventory
report including the names of the owners, the characteristics of the houses and if possible
photos and GPS coordinates;

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• Review and where necessary revise eligibility and entitlement criteria for compensation;
prepare standards for compensation and restoration of the social and economic base of the
PAPs to replace all types of loss, as appropriate. Establish options for culturally acceptable
compensation packages, including housing, livelihoods and cultural activities (as
applicable);
• Suggest an institutional framework that designates responsibilities, provides
compensation, undertakes relocation work if needed, takes responsibility for income
restoration, manages and monitors the implementation of land acquisition and resettlement,
as appropriate. Recommend formation and training of a resettlement unit within the
executing agency, if required;
• Prepare a time frame and implementation schedule for land acquisition and resettlement
in conjunction with the agreed implementation schedule for project components;
• Set up accessible Grievances Redress Mechanism (GRM) that ensures affordable and
accessible procedures for settlement of disputes arising from the project. The consultant will
ensure consistency between the proposed GRM in the SEP and the RAP;
• Provide the Costs and Budget including costs for compensation, for RAP implementation
and monitoring and livelihood restoration activities (if any) and monitoring activities. It will
include also an indicative, detailed budget with land acquisition and resettlement costs;
• Prepare a monitoring and evaluation plan, identifying the responsibilities, time frame
and key indicators in line with the RPF. This will include ongoing monitoring by key agencies
supplemented by an independent evaluation. Specify the time frame for monitoring and
reporting;
• Recommend any other relevant issues arising from the RAP preparation process that the
consultant deems will enhance the RAP quality and outcome.
• Provide the final RAP report.

1.2.5 Reports & Outputs

The consultant will report to the Water and Sanitation Corporation (WASAC Ltd) who will
be responsible for approving the outputs. The Consultant will submit the following reports:
the deliverables shall be made as per the updated work plan
1. An Inception report written in English (both in 4 hard copies and soft copy) for the
construction of Mwange water supply system infrastructure, 1 month after the signing of
the contract. The inception report should include but not limited Consultant’s work plan,
data collection tools and methodology, project interview guide for discussion groups, site
investigation, detailed schedule for data collection and analysis. The Inception report will be
subjected to stakeholders’ validation meeting for comments and inputs.
2. Interim report (both in 4 hard copies and soft copy) for the construction of Mwange
water supply system infrastructure, two months after signing the contract. The interim
report will be subjected to stakeholders’ validation meeting for comments and inputs. The
interim report will include but not limited to design criteria and considerations with design
calculations in appendix.
3. Draft reviewed feasibility study and the Draft ESIA and draft RAP reports with
its Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), (Both in 4 hard copies and soft
copy), 4 months after signing the contract. This ESIA report will be subjected to

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stakeholder’s validation meeting for comments and inputs and will be submitted to RDB for
approval.
4. Final review of Feasibility study and Draft detailed design study (Both in 4 hard
copies and soft copy), five (5) months after signing of the contract. This draft detailed design
study will be subjected to stakeholders’ validation meeting for comments and inputs;

5. Final detailed Design Study & drawing album, final RAP, final ESIA reports and the
Tender document (Both in 4 hard copies and soft copy) shall be submitted six (8) months
after signing of the contract. The client (WASAC Ltd) shall approve all final reports after
incorporating all comments from the stakeholders.
➢ All reports and communication materials developed by the consultant during this
assignment shall revert to Project Coordination Team. In addition, soft copies (GIS data
format, MS Word, PDF, Auto-card, Ms Excel, etc., compatible to the client's software’s format
of the reports will be submitted on CDs when submitting the draft and final reports of this
assignment. Note that the engineering drawings should be drawn using the WaterCAD
software. All the reports shall be in English language, neatly bound, with an attractive outlay
and shall contain the main text and annexure, with figures/frameworks, illustrations and/or
logical flow diagrams.
➢ The complete set of the report shall consist of:
(i) Volume I – Main Report
(ii) Volume II – Drawings/Maps
(iii) Volume III – Calculations and type designs
(iv)Volume IV– Bill of quantities and cost estimation
➢ Concerning the RAP report, the final report will include the signed minutes of meeting
between the consultant, district authorities and PAPs. The final report should also be signed
by the consultant and approved by Concerned stakeholders (District, Executive secretary of
cell and Sector and Consultant)

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2 QUALITY ASSURANCE

2.1 Quality Assurance Approach

JV SAJDI and CAVICON’S prime objective is to implement a project to the satisfaction of the
Client in a manner, which conforms to good professional standards, including contractual
and regulatory requirements. Achieving good quality is dependent on all aspects of
operation such as requirements for high quality staff and for establishment of sound project
administration and procedures. The QA philosophy underlying this approach is that QA, as
much as possible, be a normalization and documentation of normal good professional
practices developed over the past years by the Consultant.

2.2 Quality Assurance Plan

The plan aims at satisfying among others, the following primary goals:
1. Client satisfaction consistent with professional standards and ethics;
2. Continuous improvement of the services;
3. Giving consideration to the requirements of the society; and
4. Efficiency and integrity in the provision of services.

Based on the elements of quality provision, the management guidance for the project is laid
down in a Quality Plan defining:
1. The quality objectives to be attained;
2. The specific allocation of responsibilities and authority depending on the project nature;
3. The specific procedures, method and work instructions to be applied;
4. Suitable inspection, examination and auditing programmes at appropriate stages;
5. Incorporation of contracting authority’s requirements;
6. Methods for changing the quality plan, if required; and
7. Any other measures to meet the objective.

The implementation of the quality assurance procedures will be checked and monitored by
a Quality Assurance Specialist to ensure that excellence is achieved in the provision of our
services to the Client. This is with regard to the following:
1. Team composition and responsibilities;
2. Management of non-conformances, corrective and preventative action;
3. Progress management; and
4. Control of data and quality records

2.3 Routine Control

This is carried out by the Consultant’s Team of personnel directly involved in the
implementation of the project. It involves checks on all project elements, such as co-
ordination and control of objectives and assumptions, control of methodologies applied,
control and co-ordination of work-plans, control of texts, calculation and measurements,
control of interface with other parts of the project or other projects, control of observance of
codes, standards, and authority regulations.

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2.4 Project Organisation

This section details the project Organisation, roles and responsibilities of the key project
team members.
Figure below present the Project organogram and table below present the roles and
responsibilities of the key project members.

2.5 Inception Report Validation

The Consultant submitted the draft Inception report to the Client and on the 17th May 2020,
the Consultant conducted a presentation of the Inception Report to the Client and relevant
stakeholders. The minutes of the validation meeting is presented in appendix F. The
appendix G present the incorporation of the validation meeting comments into the final
Inception report.

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 PROJECT
DIRECTOR

TEAM LEADER &

COORDINAOR OF SAJDI
STAFF

ELECTRICAL,
WATER SUPPLY
CIVL MECHAMICAL
ENGINEER& COORD
ENGINEER & SCADA
OF CAVICON STAFF
ENGINEERS

WATER ELECTRO- SOCIAL

GEOTECHNICA HYDROLOGICA ENVIRONMEN RAP/VALUATI QUANTITY
TREATMENT SURVEYOR MECHANICAL ECONOMIC
L ENGINEER L ENGINEER TALIST ON EXPERT SURVEYOR
ENGINEER ENGINEER ESPERT

Figure 2-1: Project Organisation

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Table 2-1 ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF MANAGEMENT PROJECT TEAM

NAME POSITION RESPONSIBILITIES

IZZAT SAJDI Project • Overall responsibility on the backstopping, home office
Director support and mgt. services including performance & quality
control.
• Liaison between Client & Consultant
• Lead the quality assurance activities
• Arranging for financial resources & other project
logistics
Yousef Moqbel Team Leader • Leading the Consultant team & overall Project Mgt.
• Coordination of all Project activities
• Evaluation of best engineering methods
• Participate in study &* design activities
• Performance measurement
• Project progress monitoring
Ahed Awwad Civil Engineer • Civil engineering study, design & fieldwork
• Integrity of pipelining project & corrosion control
• Assist team leader
Alfred Okuku Water Supply • Hydraulic design of project systems
Engineer • Water resources data collection
• Cost Estimation
• Preparation of tender documents
Uzamugura Electro- • Electro-mechanical design review
JMV mechanical • Design & specification of pumping stations & related
Engineer equipments
• Electro-mechanical quality control
Runyinya Environmental • Environmental study review
Barabwiliza Expert • Preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment study
• Prepare Environmental Mgt. Plan
Minani Faustin Socio- • Conduct socio-economic assessment
economist • Conduct stakeholder consultations
• Collect socio-economic data
• Conduct socio-economic analyses and write required
reports
Senimiro Quantity • Cost estimation of project components
Asaph Surveyor • Perform risk, value management & cost control
• Advise on contractual claims
Ndekezi Hydrologist • Conduct hydrological data collection
Francois • Conduct hydrological analyses and modelling

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 • Preparation of hydrological reports
Hitayezu Geotechnical • Conduct soil & geotechnical investigations
Dominique • Preparation of geotechnical reports
Nkuruzinza Topo Surveyor • Conduct topographical surveys
David • Conduct GIS surveys
• Prepare topographical & GIS mappings

2.6 Workplan
The preliminary project Work Plan which will be validated during the Inception Report
presentation is attached in Appendix C.
The workplan has been drawn in Microsoft Project software and represents the logical flow
of the activities and how information will be used by the subsequent staff.
It also indicates mile stones which will have to be achieved as per deliverables. All the
personnel for the project have been assigned and are well informed to which dates their
respective deliverables should be submitted.
The project is proposed is to start on 4th April 2020 and will end by 18th December 2020
The team leader and the Water supply Engineer will ensure that the program is strictly
followed.
The key deliverables have been mentioned in the table below;
Table 2-2: Summary of Deliverable schedules

No Deliverable Delivery date

1. Inception Report 25th May 2020
2. Updated feasibility 23rd July 2020
report
3 Draft Final Design 30th November 2020
Report
4 Final Design Report 11th December 2020
and Tender
Document

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3 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF PROJECT AREA

3.1 Introduction
In this chapter, the findings from the desk study and the preliminary fieldwork will be
presented. The key gaps with respect to the terms of reference and available literature, data,
maps will be identified, new studies, data collection and surveys to be included will be noted
and their impact on the project delivery spelt out. Based on the results of these preliminary
findings, the updated project work plan will be submitted for validation.
Foe every aspect of the Project, the reporting in the feasibility study will be reviewed, and
the preliminary findings reported. The proposed scope of works to meet the requirements
of the Project terms of reference is then proposed.

3.2 The Study Area

3.2.1 Location & Demographics

Gicumbi District is one of 5 districts composing the Northern Province of Rwanda. It is

located in the East of the province and spreads over 867 km2. With 397,871 inhabitants, i.e.
418 persons per square kilometre. Gicumbi District is composed of 21 sectors, 109 cells and
630 villages; the population is more rural than urban. It is bordered by Burera district in the
north, Nyagatare Rwamagana and Gatsibo in the east, Rwamagana and Gasabo in the south
and in the west it borders with Gasabo Burera and Rulindo Districts.
Figure 2.1 present the location map and figure 2.2.2 the administrative map of Gicumbi
District.

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Figure 3-1: Location map for Gicumbi District

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Figure 3-2 ADMINISTRATIVE MAP OF GICUMBI DISTRICT

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The perimeter of the area covered by Gicumbi town spreads within 4 sectors of Gicumbi
District, which are Byumba, Kageyo, Rukomo and Nyamiyaga as illustrated by Figure 3-3
below. The town of Gicumbi is the Headquarter office of the District. It is located to the North
extremity of the District and it includes nine cells of the sector of Byumba, five cells of the
sector of Kageyo, six cells of Rukomo sector and five sectors of Nyamiyaga sector. The cells
that compose the urban area of Gicumbi town from Byumba sector are Murama, Gisuna,
Nyakabungo, Nyamabuye, Gacurabwenge, Nyarutarama, Kibali, Ngondore and Kivugiza. For
the sector of Kageyo, all its cells: Gihembe, Nyamiyaga, Muhondo, Horezo and KabugaI are
included in the urban area. For the sector of Rukomo, only two cells out of five that compose
that sector, Kinyami and Cyuru are included in the urban area. The peri urban area is
composed by 4 cells of Rukomo sector which are Cyeya, Gisiza, Mabare and Munyinya; and
five cells from Nyamiyaga sector which are Gahumuliza, Kabeza, Kabuga, Kiziba and Mataba.
According to Ubudehe data from statistical services of Gicumbi district, the population in
these two areas is organized in different categories as follow in Table 1 and 2 below.

Table 1: Number of households in Gicumbi town in March 2020

No Sector Cell Female Headed HHs Male Headed HHs Total
1 BYUMBA Gacurabwenge 520 1262 1782
Gisuna 333 956 1289
Kibali 150 441 591
Kivugiza 233 517 750
Murama 218 535 753
Ngondore 189 493 682
Nyakabungo 196 423 619
Nyamabuye 305 750 1055
Nyarutarama 492 1271 1763
2 KAGEYO Gihembe 324 785 1109
Horezo 210 568 778
Kabuga 206 540 746
Muhondo 225 498 723
Nyamiyaga 385 828 1213
3 RUKOMO Cyeya 228 751 979
Cyuru 304 699 1003
Gisiza 226 662 888
Kinyami 337 903 1240
Mabare 285 849 1134
Munyinya 254 748 1002
4 NYAMIYAGA Gahumuliza 144 357 501
Kabeza 229 579 808
Kabuga 136 420 556

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 Kiziba 178 515 693
Mataba 187 453 640
TOTAL 6 494 16 803 23 297

Number of persons by category of Ubudehe in each cell of Gicumbi Town in March 2020
UBUDEHE DATA FOR GICUMBI DISTRICT
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 TOTAL
No Sector Cell No. No. No. No. No.
Popn. Popn. Popn. Popn. Popn.
HHDs HHDs HHDs HHDs HHDs
Gacurabwenge 216 806 435 1,723 1,110 5,111 21 105 1,782 7,745
Gisuna 221 863 637 2,617 419 1,777 12 64 1,289 5,321
Kibali 195 840 327 1,628 69 356 0 0 591 2,824
Kivugiza 331 1,290 393 1,870 26 134 0 0 750 3,294
1 BYUMBA Murama 185 800 276 1,291 292 1,459 0 0 753 3,550
Ngondore 244 935 296 1,367 142 731 0 0 682 3,033
Nyakabungo 214 711 285 1,246 120 610 0 0 619 2,567
Nyamabuye 197 851 328 1,445 526 2,552 4 19 1,055 4,867
Nyarutarama 529 2,268 924 4,326 305 1,483 5 26 1,763 8,103
BYUMBA SECTOR SUBTOTALS 2,332 9,364 3,901 17,513 3,009 14,213 42 214 9,284 41,304
Gihembe 291 1,239 309 1,263 509 2,571 0 0 1,109 5,073
Horezo 186 828 493 2,430 99 507 0 0 778 3,765
2 KAGEYO Kabuga 233 1,010 395 1,728 118 499 0 0 746 3,237
Muhondo 186 688 479 2,120 58 273 0 0 723 3,081
Nyamiyaga 388 1,868 477 2,237 347 1,606 1 6 1,213 5,717
KAGEYO SECTOR SUBTOTALS 1,284 5,633 2,153 9,778 1,131 5,456 1 6 4,569 20,873
Cyeya 241 938 244 1,059 494 2,381 0 0 979 4,378
Cyuru 270 1,053 423 1,960 310 1,535 0 0 1,003 4,548
Gisiza 216 806 109 388 563 2,673 0 0 888 3,867
3 RUKOMO
Kinyami 247 1,134 746 3,450 247 1,129 0 0 1,240 5,713
Mabare 209 814 364 1,626 561 2,820 0 0 1,134 5,260
Munyinya 259 1,100 307 1,530 436 2,121 0 0 1,002 4,751
RUKOMO SECTOR SUBTOTALS 1,442 5,845 2,193 10,013 2,611 12,659 0 0 6,246 28,517
Gahumuliza 135 520 228 941 138 710 0 0 501 2,171
Kabeza 169 725 292 1,175 347 1,808 0 0 808 3,708
4 NYAMIYAGA Kabuga 191 907 235 1,137 130 698 0 0 556 2,742
Kiziba 212 981 257 1,061 224 1,175 0 0 693 3,217
Mataba 227 1,024 303 1,334 110 522 0 0 640 2,880
NYAMIYAGA SECTOR SUBTOTALS 934 4,157 1,315 5,648 949 4,913 0 0 3,198 14,718
TOTAL 5,992 24,999 9,562 42,952 7,700 37,241 43 220 23,297 105,412

The project scope is presented in the following figure 3-3. During the inception report
validation meeting and further to stakeholder consultations at the District level, it was
reported that the project scope does NOT include the two cells of Karambo and Jamba.

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Figure 3-3: PROJECT SCOPE

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3.2.2 Topography

Gicumbi is characterized by a relief with steep slopes and a mountainous topography

character. The plateau is surrounded by steep ravines with small valleys segmented by
multiple swamps. It is a succession of steep hills giving rise to a multitude of watersheds all
converging towards the Great Basin of the Nile. The geographical coordinates are 1 ° 10 'and
10 ° 47' East latitude and 29 ° and 54 ° 30 35 ' in South Longitude.

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Figure 3-3 ELEVATION MAP OF GICUMBI DISTRICT

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Figure 3-4: SLOPE MAP OF GICUMBI DISTRICT

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Figure 3-5 LAND USE MAP OF GICUMBI DISTRICT

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3.2.3 Hydrology & Climate

Gicumbi District is characterized by a very rugged mountain, with steep slopes rising to
2500m, valleys are deep and narrow. The Province itself is located in the highlands area of
Buberuka with a succession of steep hills and sometimes separated by deep valleys and high
altitude varying from 1800 to 2500m; with a variable rainfall ranging from 1200mm to
1500mm.
An average annual temperature of 15o to 16o Celsius degree, and degraded soil by erosion,
the climate of the District alternates between the dry season and rain season.
In general rainfall is abundant but irregular; soils are Kaolisol dominated schist and quartz.
In general, soils are acidic.
Gicumbi town is practically located on a rugged mountain with peaks culminating at 2300m
and often with very steep valley slaying between 1500 and 1600m. This region has four
seasonal climates: two rainy seasons and two dry seasons. The minor rainy season extends
from September to December, and the short dry season extends from January to February,
while the long rainy season extends from March to May and the long dry season from June
to August.

As regards to climatic zones the District of Gicumbi has four seasonal climates: 2 rainy
seasons and 2 dry seasons. Ordinary the minor rainy season begins in September to
December and the short dry season extends from January to February while the long rainy
season extends from March to May when the long dry season begins June to August. But
nowadays, the climate is changing catastrophically and seasons have become irregular.
Nevertheless, Gicumbi District has a tropical climate with a rainfall ranging in 1200mm to
1500mm; therefore agriculture is favoured by the presence of the humid soils.

A part from rainfall water and rivers, water is present in the whole District. The main rivers
supplying the town consist of shallow rivers, surrounded by little wide swamps. Remarkable
efforts are made by various stakeholders, and real political will is very important for these
swamps to be exploited and improved.

The hydrographic network consists of very many rivers which most torrential character,
sometimes cut by Rapids or falls likely to produce electrical energy. These rivers or streams
lie in the plains of floods swamp namely Mwange, Mulindi, Mutulirwa, Walufu, Muyanza and
Gaseke. Some of them have a permanent flow that would allow irrigation once wetlands
developed and mastered the flow.
Hydrography of the District is also characterized by the wetlands of Rugezi and Lake Muhazi
whose water are respectively shared with the Burera District in the North and Rwamagana
region East and Gasabo District of city of Kigali.

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Figure 3-6: HYDROLOGICAL MAP OF GICUMBI DISTRICT

3.3 Economic Activities of Gicumbi District

The economy of Gicumbi is based on formal and informal economic activities. Its economy is
relatively low compared to other districts in the country this is due in large part because of

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its land locks area, far from the road RN2 but also of its relief presenting steep slopes thus
requiring significant investment to build. The formal sector of the economy consists of
organized activities, structured and complies with the current regulations. In turn, the
informal sector is full of many activities that the administration cannot control.

3.3.1 Agriculture

Gicumbi town and the surrounding, agriculture is the main source of income for farmers,
although there are other activities such as livestock, and to some extent trade and crafts. The
practice of farming in Gicumbi is not the responsibility of the town center, with the exception
of a few plots around and in the valleys surrounding the town.
This is due to the density of buildings that does not leave enough space for this activity.
Agricultural activities are much more experienced in the periphery districts and transition
areas less densely populated. The urban agriculture in the town of Gicumbi is based on:
The feasibility study does not cover much about this sector as such the team will carry out
through research to how prospective consumers will impact on the sustainability of the
project
(i) The cash crops production
The main cash crops are: wheat and tea. The objective here is to move from subsistence
farming to cash crops that can generate an economic surplus for the purchase of equipment,
fertilizers or pesticides that can be used to improve labor productivity and yields.
(ii) Food crops
The food crops fields are subsistence to different families. They consist of vast banana
plantations mixed with avocado, sweet potatoes, cassava, beans, potatoes, etc. These fields
are located near the town. They are threatened by the expansion of the urban planning
because their sites are in favour to urbanization: slopes, proximity, etc.
(iii) Vegetable crops
Besides food crops, vegetable crops are experienced, such as tomatoes, peppers, onions,
beans and especially vegetable leaves grown in the swamps. Swamps play an exceptional
role in the development of agriculture of vegetables. Possibility for intensification exists on
these lands with improved agriculture. Up to date this remains archaic techniques, which
makes the work of farmers very hard, because everything is handmade with rudimentary
tools. For example, the processing of cereals and cassava is much mortar. The mills are quite
rare. We observe an increase in the use of improved seeds by farmers when they are
available.
Moreover, the work takes place either individually or informal or informal solidarity group.
Working time seems to oscillate between six and eight hours per day. Using an informal
casual labor providing employment opportunities for part of the population already installed
in town.

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3.3.2 The Livestock and beekeeping production

Livestock
The urban livestock production in Gicumbi is characterized by the raising of poultry in the
concessions and the raising of the ruminants (cow, goats, pork and sheep), inside and to the
periphery of the town. The raising occupies an important place in the household economy.
The small ruminants are generally locked in the enclosures of the concessions.
The study will identify how the prospective consumers are able to set aside some savings
from this business and assess their capabilities in paying for the water bills thus sustaining
the project

3.3.3 The secondary sector

Industries
Table of the feasibility studies indicates that by 2010 there were 13 industries and the
projected number by 2020 and 2030 was to have attained 30 and 80 factories respectively.
The study will investigate the current situation from the department responsible for
industrial development in the district. The team will assess their current and project
expansion of the existing ones as well as projection of the new ones that will have been
established by the year 2050.
This information will be useful to determine the water consumption thus resulting in the
desired water demand.
Handicraft
MINICOM defines the handicraft as all activity of production, transformation, repairs or
services provided on the basis of professional or manual training, or mechanized
experienced as a main or partial activity. One can distinguish the handicraft of production,
the handicraft of service and the handicraft of art.
i) The handicraft of production
The handicraft of production is represented in Gicumbi by the presence of the sewing, the
forge, the joinery, etc.
ii) The handicraft of service
This handicraft develops itself according to the modernization of the facilities constituted by
all professions of; installation, repair and maintenance of household equipment, industrial,
commercial, etc. In Gicumbi, it is mostly found: the restoration, the hairdressing, the repair
of the motorcycles, of the watches, etc.
iii) The handicraft of art
The handicraft of production is represented in Gicumbi by the presence of several shops of
sewing, embroidery, and joinery, etc. while the handicraft of services is constituted by all
professions of installation, of repair and maintenance of equipment domestic, industrial,
commercial, of offices, etc.

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The study through their organisations or Cooperatives and other established bodies will
acquire information of their existence and assess their current and the project water
demand in the aspect of doing their businesses

3.3.4 Tourism

The feasibility study is silent on the impact tourism can impart on water demand. This study
will investigate the number of tourist sites as well as the current and projected population
within Gicumbi town and the Peri-urban sites so that their water demand can be ascertained.

More emphasis will be put on the hotels and small motels of Inns will be assessed to project
their water needs. The feasibility studies proposed a number of hotels to be 7 and 19 by
2020 and 2030 respectively.

3.3.5 Fibre Optic Network

Today, the spreading of the optic fibre constitutes, in Gicumbi, a commercial, technological
and competitive stake without precedent. Indeed, the optic fibre allows a multiplication by
several millions the transmission cap town of the telephone lines and the continuous
improvement of the transmission protocol allows an almost unlimited growth of the debit.
It also allows, thanks to the immense gains of productivity in the transportation, the creation
of Internet from the new installed capacities.

The study will consult the network providers to provide all maps representing the networks
for the optical fibres so that no damage will be encountered during the implementation of
the project.

3.3.6 Tertiary services institutions

Other economic facilities such as; markets, restaurants, the banks, the insurance, fuel
stations, taxi parks and alike will also investigated and their water demand assessed as well
as their capacity to pay for the water bills.

3.4 Social Facilities

In this section we the study shall investigate the existing social facilities such as schools,
hospital the figure below shows the existing social facilities as per the EICV3 for the whole
of Gicumbi district. However as per the scope we shall restrict ourselves to those within
Gicumbi town and its Peri-Urban area
Figure below present the map of the social facilities in Gicumbi District.

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Figure 3-7: SOCIAL FACILITIES IN GICUMBI DISTRICT

3.4.1 Schools

According to the EICV3, the net attendance rates (NAR) in primary schools for Gicumbi
district is 97.9%, above the national average of 91.7%, the urban (93.3%) and rural (91.5%)
area averages and the average for Kigali City (94.1%). Gicumbi district has the highest NAR
in Northern Province. The NAR in secondary school for Gicumbi district is25.8%, which is

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above the national average (21%) and above the rural area average (18.2%) but less than
the urban area average (37.4%).
Table 3-1: NURSERY SCHOOLS IN GICUMBI DISTRICT

SCHOOLS BOYS GIRLS TOTAL TEACHERS

G.S Byumba Inyange 37 30 67 2
G.S Byumba Catholic 22 29 51 2
Academic School of LA 26 36 62 2

Table 3-2: PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN GICUMBI DISTRICT

SCHOOLS BOYS GIRLS TOTAL TEACHERS
G.S Byumba Inyange 359 376 735 14
G.S Byumba Catholic 864 763 1627 27
P.S Nyande 328 316 644 10
P.S Byumba EAR 627 639 1266 23
P.S Kibali 1155 1205 2360 37
P.S Gacurabwenge 425 400 825 11
4 Primary Schools (Kageyo 1743 40
Sector)
P.S Meshero 1202 17
G.S Cyuru 496 22

Table 3-3: SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN GICUMBI DISTRICT

SCHOOLS BOYS GIRLS TOTAL TEACHERS

G.S Byumba Inyange 189 245 434 17
G.S Byumba Catholic 219 343 562 28
G.S Lasalle 479 409 888 21
G.S NDBC - 746 746 39
G.S APAPEB 322 414 736 25

Table 3-4: UNIVERSITIES IN GICUMBI DISTRICT

SCHOOLS BOYS GIRLS TOTAL TEACHERS

High Institute of Polytechnic 790 981 1,871 73
High Institute of Health 112 79 191 22

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3.4.2 Health Facilities

As per EICV3, the town of Gicumbi has a hospital, Byumba Hospital, 4 Health Centres and 5
Pharmacies. The analysis of the performances of the sector health is essentially related to
the infrastructures of health, the staff of health, the financing of the health care. The hospital
and the health centres in the urban area require the rehabilitations and extensions. The
Byumba hospital not only has an area of influence of the whole district of Gicumbi, but also
of other districts neighbouring of Gicumbi.
Table 3-5: Health facilities in Byumba Town

SECTOR HOSPITAL HEALTH CENTRE STAFF No.

Byumba Hospital Ruhenda 164
Kageyo Muhondo 16
Camp Gihembe
Rukomo Munyinya 17

According information from Gicumbi DDP, high prevalence of poor hygiene borne diseases
illustrates that 7 out of 10 top causes of morbidity in health centers have a direct link to poor
hygiene.
The study will update this information as it shall be obtained from the relevant authorities
and assess how water is being used thus arriving at the required demand

3.5 Physical Infrastructure

3.5.1 Road network

The purpose of finding out the road network is to use them for the designed routes.
Assessing the roads by their widths and the availability of the provisions for the utilities of
which water is among will be done. Another critical assessment is whether provisions were
made for service ducts where pipelines shall be made to cross from one side of the road to
the other.

Another impact aspect is that just like all other towns, Gicumbi town also has a materplan.
This will be the basis of route design of the pipelines. Our team shall acquire all the required
information to enable us make a design with will be coherent with the physical plan needs.
All paved and unpaved roads will be displayed as per the current situation as well as the
project which shall be displayed by the masterplan.

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Another purpose for identification of the roads is the ease with which the different facilities
of the water supply systems such as the intake, the treatment plant, the reservoirs and the
offices will be accessed.
The table2-6 the table below shows the number of roads per sector, their nature and the
lengths as per the EICV3 and figure 2-8 shows the respective toad network
Table 3-6: Road per Sector as per EICV3

SECTOR PAVED ROADS UNPAVED TOTAL (km)

(km) ROADS (km)
Byumba 18 79 97
Kageyo 8 75.1 83.1
Rukomo 14.5 79 93.5
Nyamiyaga 4.5 87.5 92
TOTAL 45 320.9 365.6

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Figure 3-8: ROAD NETWORK OF GICUMBI DISTRICT

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3.5.2 Electricity Infrastructure

In Gicumbi town, electricity infrastructure consists of the transmission lines supplying

medium voltage, and feeder lines supplying low voltage to the equipment and population.
REG Company covers to date 4 sectors, out of the 21 sectors of the Gicumbi district; of which
the sector of Byumba, Kageyo, Rukomo and Kaniga.
As per the feasibility studies under table 7, the following table shows the characteristics of
the electromechanical equipment’s corresponding
to the proposed stations.

Table 3-7: Characteristics of the electro-mechanical equipment and grid lines

The study will investigate whether to date there are more close power lines to the planned
pumping stations and all other components of the project.
A current electricity grid map shall be acquired from REG from which tapping points for
extensions to the project facilities are located.
Grid electricity for reservoirs shall be for only cases where it is economically viable
otherwise other forma of power supply such as solar energy may be opted for.

3.5.3 Water Supply Infrastructure

As per the feasibility study as well as the EICV 3, WASAC operates a water treatment plant in
Byumba Sector from a spring catchment groundwater with a daily production between
850m3 and 900m3 depending on the season. The town and Rukomo business center only
consume 87%. The urban population needs is estimated at about 1500 m3 per day. The water
supply network comprises water reservoirs consisting of 10 elevated masonry or concrete
constructed tanks of capacities; 800m3 (Byumba sector), 200 m3 (Kageyo sector) and 10x
80m3(Kibali sector).
The feasibility study proposes a pipe network up to the distribution reservoirs as indicated
in the map below

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Figure 3-9: WATER RESERVOIR AT BYUMBA TOWN

3.5.3.1 Situation of existing Water treatment plant

The water treatment plant is located in Byumba Sector. After treatment, water is collected
by gravity into tanks equipped with pumps to raise water in a large reinforced concrete tank
of 800m3 capacity, cylindrical in shape from where water is distributed by gravity to the
various subscribers of WASAC.
The water treatment plant is comprised of the following units;
• A dispatcher;

• A decanter;

• A pre-filtration basin;

• A filtration basin;

• A chlorination and pumping room;

• Three high-lift pumps (90 m3/h each), with a possible extension to a fourth pump;

• A treated water rising main of 315 mm in diameter for pumping water to the distribution
tank located at a distance of 3900m;

• A reservoir and distribution tanks.

while the map below indicates the water distribution network as per EICV3, the current
network will be obtained from WASAC branch offices.
It will also be compared with the proposed water distribution network as per EICV 3 as well
as the current Masterplan

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Figure 3-10: WATER SUPPLY NETWORK IN GICUMBI DISTRICT by 2012

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3.6 Proposed Gicumbi Urban Development Plan

3.6.1 Demand Projection

According to the feasibility study the proposed population for Gicumbi Town was projected
to be is estimated at 70 992 inhabitants in 2007 (Statistics of District - 2007) and the
indicators of 2020 Vision, the rate of demographic change in Rwanda is estimated at 2.9%
from 2000 to 2010 and 2.2% from 2010 to 2020.
To keep the same pattern of demographic change and in order to estimate the future
population of the town of Gicumbi, the population growth rate selected for further study is:
• 2.9% for 2007-2010,
• 2.2% for the period 2011 to 2020,
• 2.1% for the period 2021-2030.
As such the population at the term of 2030 would be 118 365 inhabitants.

Further projections shall be obtained from the responsible body for statistics for the year
2030, 2040 and 2050.

3.6.2 The Proposed Zoning Development

As per the EICV3, the zoning development plan in Gicumbi Town consists of specific land
allocation for sustainable urban development. The zoning schemes is clarifies more about
the Residential Zones, Commercial Zones, Industrial Zones, Protected areas, Activity zones
(repairing, garages, handicrafts), social facilities (like Hospitals, Universities), Public Places
(gardens, green places, or recreation park), Cultural zones (Churches, Conferences Halls,
Sport and Leisure), Touristic zones, and Urban Agricultural Zones.
The retained densities are of 10 plots per hectare for the low density, of 15 plots per hectare
for the medium density and 30 plots per hectare for the high density. It is therefore that three
sizes of parcels are proposed: 750m², 500m2 and 300m².
Furthermore provisions for major facilities or equipment include the Markets, Taxi parks,
Universities, Hospitals, Landfill, Cemetery, Sports and leisure area shall be made as detailed
on the table 2-9 below;
This study shall investigate if this is the plan which is being implemented under the Gicumbi
Town physical development. The most updated settlement maps shall be acquired so that
the water supply designs respond to the prevailing and future projected needs

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Table 3-8: PROPOSED GICUMBI LUDP LAND USE AREASAS PER EICV 3
No LAND USE DESIGNATION AREA (ha)
1 Residential 3,603.13
2 Tourism 190.93
3 Industrial 127.74
4 Socials (Hospitals, Universities, etc.) 238.88
5 Restructuring 75.88
6 Resettlement 31.23
7 Military Camp 83.71
8 Landfill 4.18
9 Cemetery 40.38
10 Greenspace 681.50
11 Protected Areas 2,127.33
12 Other activities (workshops, garages, etc.) 105.90
13 Woodland 1,741.59
TOTAL 9,052.40

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Figure 3-11: PROPOSED LAND USE MAP OF GICUMBI DISTRICT AS PER EICV 3

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3.6.3 The Current Drinking Water Supply Situation in Gicumbi Town

Table 2: NUMBER OF CUSTOMERS AND WATER BILLING BETWEEN 2015 & 2019
Customer category At the end December 2015 At the end December 2019
No. of Customers Amount billed in No. of Amount billed in
December Customers December
Households 2,821 - 3,718 -
connection
Public Connection 79 - 105 -
(BF)
Non-residential 277 - 293 -
Total number 3,177 10,834,339 4,116 16,477,322
FRW/19,901m3 FRW/24,864m3

Table 3: Water Tariff from 2015 to 2019

Customer category Block of Applied Tariff in Applied Tariff in
consumption per FRW in 2015 (VAT FRW in 2019 (VAT
month exclusive) exclusive)
Public Tap Flat rate per m3 323 323
Residential 0-5 m3 323 340
6-20 m3 331 720
21-50 m3 413 845
Above 50 m3 736 877
Non-residential 0-50 m3 - 877
Flat rate per m3 874 895
Industries Flat rate per m3 736 736

(Source : WASAC Gicumbi branch)

In the peri urban zone of Gicumbi, drinking water supply situation is supported by the
district of Gicumbi with its different partners in putting in place different connections.
The management of water in that area is organized by two private companies:
AYATEKE STAR Ltd with 44 water supply systems which use 334 borne fountains and
298 household connections and PAAKKAM Ltd with 25 water supply systems which
use 299 borne fountains and 332 household connections. These commercial
companies use different tariffs from RURA in selling water as follow:

Table 4: Distribution water system in Gicumbi rural area

Water system Tariff VAT exclusive Tariff VAT exclusive
Tariff Tariff Tariff Tariff
(RWF/m3)

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 (RWF/m3) (RWF/ Jerrican) (RWF/ Jerrican)
Gravity 287 7 338 8
Electricity pumping 731 17 863 20
Diesel pumping 921 21 1 087 25
Turbo 689 16 814 19
Complex System 597 14 704 16

(Source: WASAC Gicumbi branch)

3.6.4 The proposed Transportation Infrastructure

In the Gicumbi LUDP many important projects for the development and the improvement of
the town’s infrastructures are currently planned to be implemented in Gicumbi Town.
The roads network is of two types: the central road crossing the city, with 2 ways and 4 lanes,
and the structuring roads or secondary roads. Therefore, they are characterized by their size,
whose measurements are as follow:
• The main road: 22 m of total width and paved with asphalt
• The structuring or secondary roads: 16m of total width and paved with asphalt
The lengths of these roads are the follows:
• The main road; from Rukomo trade center, crossing Gicumbi Town, to Gatuna Road
with a length of 18.42 km,
• Structuring or secondary roads which link the different areas of the new land use
plan of Gicumbi town, with a length of 59.41 km.
The total length of these roads is 77.83 km.

The respect of this design during the physical development makes the design simpler since
the provision for utilities has already been put in consideration.

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Figure 3-12: Proposed Transportation Network Of Gicumbi District

3.6.5 The Proposed Water Supply Infrastructure

According to the proposal by the EILV3, the design of the water supply network is to be
considered for this new Gicumbi LUDP destined to feed the upcoming residential areas,
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equipments areas, the activities, recreational areas, tourist areas, new commercial areas
(CBD).
The city of Gicumbi was already connected to the water supply network of WASAC. WASAC
oversees the extension of its water network also to answer the needs that will be generated
by the extension and the spatial expansion of Gicumbi town. WASAC was to ensure that the
resources in drinking water are sufficient, and that the installation of new infrastructures is
also planned for the short and long term. The designed water supply network for the Gicumbi
LUDP will be fed by the main conducts of WASAC. Some water tanks will be installed for the
water supply network coming from the catchments.

From the feasibility study, a total volume of 3 743m3 of the reservoir will be required and
shall be position as per the map below and distributed as per the table below
Table 3-9: Proposed reservoir distribution

The study will investigate to confirm the location of these reservoirs and also ascertain their
level of satisfaction in relation to the storage requirements for the future population.

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48 | P a g e
Figure 3-13: PROPOSED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM BY THE FEASIBILITY STUDY

According to the EICV 3, the recommended distribution pipeline network will be of grid type;
in order to allow some repairs on the network without interrupting the supply of water in
case of cut off on the supply.

The total length of the water supply network is of: 77.83km for the distribution pipeline. This
is similar to the length of the proposed road network. However the design of the Feasibility
study has made a provision of only 20.25km which was intended for connections from the
intake, water treatment plant to the reservoirs
As such the study will ensure that all current and projected demand areas are properly
designed for possible connections.

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Figure 3-14: Proposed Water Supply Network Of Gicumbi District As Per EICV 3

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Figure 3-15: Aerial Photograph of Proposed Urban Restructuring Plan of Gicumbi Town

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Figure 3-16: Restructuring Plan For Gacurabwenge, Ruyaga & Nyirabadugu Priority Areas

3.6.6 Proposed Resettlement Plan for Gicumbi Town

As per the EICV 3, the site of Rwasama was selected for new urban settlement in Gicumbi
town. It is located in the Byumba sector; in Gacurabwenge cell. The new settlement site will
serve also for the resettlement sites to respond to the relocated people from the
restructuring sites of Gacurabwenge, Ruyaga and Nyirabadugu.
The selected site for resettlements and new settlements are located in Byumba sector, more
specifically in Rwasama site of Gacurabwenge Cell. The total area to be covered by the
resettlement site is estimated at 31.23 ha. The Restructuring plan has developed the
following 2 categories of habitat within the designed plan;
- Medium density category with average size plot of 20*25m = 500m2
- High density category with average size plot of 15*20m = 300m2

The surface areas covered by these 2 categories of habitat are respectively:

- Medium density category: 10.44ha
- High density category: 13.52ha
- Equipments: 3.74Ha
- Green spaces: 4.53ha
This will give an indication of what the future water demand will be in this proposed area

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Figure 3-17: Aerial Photograph of Gicumbi Town Priority Resettlement Area

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Figure 3-18: Gicumbi Town Resettlement Plan
Provisions shall be made during the design so that access to water for this area is also catered
for.

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3.7 Approach and methodology

The process of the social economic study will be carried out in both qualitative and
quantitative approach. The researcher will use questionnaires for the individual
respondents and the PAPs who will be identified after the design.

3.7.1 Sampling of the study area

Due to the number of the size of the population, it us understandable that not all the
households will be interviewed, as such known sampling models shall be adopted.

The consultant will use the formula of Yamane (1967) to calculate the sample to use in the
study. In determining the sample size, the respondents from the project area will be
randomly selected from the whole population. The following is the formula of Yamane will
be used:

N
n=
1 + N (e) 2

Where:
n: is the total sample size
N: is the total population
e: stands for the standard error
The consultant will use the purposive sampling technique where the consultant will take
household heads form the targeted population (Project study areas) while conducting the
study.
In addition to that, the consultant will use stratified sampling technique to select the
household respondents in identified cells of Gicumbi town.

3.7.2 Research tools

The consultant will use a combination of both qualitative and quantitative methods. Data will
be collected using various tools namely: Questionnaire, Participatory urban Appraisal,
Interviews, Observation and Document Review. Samples of the tools are given in the
appendix.
This questionnaire will be used whereby the consultant will formulate questions based on
social economic situation of the population in the study area. The questions will be both open
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and closed ended. This tool will facilitate the consultant to gather the important data for the
study. The questionnaire will be addressed to the selected heads of households in each cell
within the study area which is the number of household that will be taken as respondent. The
questionnaire will be given to each head of household pre-identified. Heads of household will
be assisted by the enumerator to ease the response.
Key informant interviews will be reserved to the District staff and others at the sector level
who have social economic in their attributions. In this technique, the consultant will hold
face to face interview with those who have social economic in their tasks. Also during this
conversation, the consultant will ask the questions related to the information needed for the
study. Interview guides have also attached to the appendix

3.7.3 Observations

Observations will be used where the consultant will be in direct contact with the
respondents. It is more significant that we will observe reality of the results by the use of this
technique. The consultant will observe the situation of the population about social economic
situation from the study area both the urban and the Peri-urban setting.

3.7.4 Secondary data collection

Document review will involve the Gucimbi Town Master Plan, More EICV documents, District
Development Plans, and other relevant documents. This review will be crucial to find
literature to enrich the study with a variety of related findings by other consultants.

3.7.5 Data Analysis and processing

The primary data collected shall be analysed using SPSS program as well as MS Excel.
The findings will be presented in form of tables, graphs and pi charts as the analyst shall see
it appropriate.

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4 ENGINEERING DESIGN CRITERIA

4.1 Introduction
This chapter illustrates the various options which the team is intending to utilise for the
concise design of the water treatment and supply system.
It explores the information which was provided in the feasibility study of 2012 on each
element of the water supply system and relates it with the preliminary findings based on the
currently existing situation and then develops the proposed scope of the design.
Preferred design criteria shall be based on appropriate standards which will mostly be
Rwandan standards, British standards Euro code and alike, credible design models as well
as various experiences based on operational experiences.

4.2 Water Demand Projection

4.2.1 Feasibility Study

The feasibility study projected a water future water demand of 554 m3/h yet production
them was just 40m3/h which portrayed a huge demand deficient of 514m3/h.
The demand was generated in the table below;
Table 4-1: Project future demand

The study shall investigate the current demand and the deficit for Gicumbi town and the peri-
urban for the 30year horizon.

4.2.2 Approach and Methodology

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The scope shall include determination of the population as provided by the social economic
study. All the facilities that consume water such as the hotels, industries, schools, public
institutions, business facilities,, assessing the overall peak demand which is the basis of the
treatment and network designs. Demand shall also be assessed for population that have
livestock since Rwanda is promoting a lot of zero grazing.

4.3 Water Supply Sources

4.3.1 Feasibility Study

According to the Rwanda Water Master Plan (RWMP), the rivers and spring fall under
consideration as potential water sources fall under the catchment area designated as NMUV,
as shown in figure below.

Mwange
River

Figure 4-1: LEVEL 1 RWANDA WATER CATCHMENT DIVISIONS

In the feasibility study, 5 water sources were recommended for further assessments, namely;
• Miliku Spring: These are three springs with a total yield of 28m3/h as follows
o i) Miliku 1(main Spring):
This is the main spring with a low flow of 10m3/h, a high flow of 30m3/h and an average
flow of 20m3/h. The GPS location of Miliku 1 is (X: 503 143, Y: 9 829 563, Z: 1878m)
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o ii) Miliku 2:
This spring has an estimated average flow of 4m3/h, and the GPS location is (X: 503 302, Y:
9 829 344, Z: 1908m)
o iii) Miliku 3:
This spring has an estimated average flow of 4m3/h, and the GPS location is (X: 502 449, Y:
9 829 086, Z: 2000m).
• Binyenyeri Spring:
This spring has an estimated average flow of 4m3/h, and the GPS location is (X: 504 294, Y:
9 827 201, Z: 1911m).
• Mwange River:
The average abstraction from River Mwange is estimated at 500m3/h. There is a river
gauging station called GISENYI No. 37184305.
It is proposed to locate the intake structure on the River Mwange at the GPS location (X: 504
410, Y: 9 819 383, Z: 1790m).
The total abstraction from the Miliku springs (28m3/h) plus Binyenyeri spring (4m3/h) plus
the River Mwange (500m3/h) is 532m3/h.

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Figure 4-2: Location Map of Mwange Intake

The study will confirm if the proposed intake site is still appropriate and if there is need to
change, then advantages will be given out.

4.3.2 Approach and Methodology

The scope of work will be the hydrological measurement of the spring flow from the 4
springs and a hydrological analysis of the River Mwange flow from the river gauging station
GISENYI No. 37184305 flow data. The data will be requested from the Ministry of
environment and Natural resources.

4.4 Water Quality Analysis

4.4.1 Feasibility Study

In the feasibility study, water quality analysis was conducted from the River Mwange were
collected on 21st July 2010 and the results were as presented in table below.
Table 4-2: WATER QUALITY ANALYSES FROM RIVER MWANGE

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The tests indicate that the water quality is fair and it is easier to treat for eliminate the
turbidly and the Manganese to acceptable levels. As such a conventional water treatment
plant was recommended to be adopted.
The tests will be carried out again to see the consistence with the previous ones.

4.4.2 Preliminary Findings

The water sources will be visited again and samples taken again for further water analysis
to access the consistence of its properties

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Similar standards of EAS 12 2014 for potable water shall be adopted as those used during
the feasibility studies.
Tests shall again be carried out by the University of Rwanda laboratory based in Butare

4.4.3 Approach and Methodology

Water quality analyses will be conducted for the following water sources depending on the
project discharge.
Table 4-3: Proposed water sources

WATER SOURCE TYPE OF WATER NUMBER OF

ANALYSES
MILIKU Spring 1 Raw Water 1
MILIKU Spring 1 Raw Water 1
MILIKU Spring 1 Raw Water 1

BINYENYERI Spring Raw Water 1

River MWANGE Raw Water 1

TREATMENT PLANT Treated Water 1

TOTAL 6

4.5 Raw Water intake and Rising System

4.5.1 Feasibility Study

The feasibility study suggests that structure will have mainly the following elements:

• A water intake tank fitted in its base of a grid and used as sand remover. Water enters
in the tank through a mobile adjustable spillway from a footbridge by a gate valve.
The intake tank is constructed below the low coast.
• A (buried) pipe for the supply of raw water from the water intake to the raw water
wells following an upward slope such as the inlet coast is below the low water level.
• Raw water well composed of two compartments. The first compartment is equipped
with a sand trap and the second one contains the submerged pump.
• Two gate valves constructed on both sides of water intake tank (one upstream
another downstream). The first is used as mobile spillway for the entry of water and

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 the second for the emptying in case of the intake station maintenance. A ladder
installed inside allows the access in the intake tank.
• A footbridge installed above the highest water level links the housed pumping station
to the intake tank.
• A house where are installed the control tools and pumps protective equipment (anti-
water hammer balloons, indicator of water level in the well, electric control box, etc.)

4.5.2 Preliminary Findings

The visit of the location which had been proposed for the intake site discovered that below
it in a distance of about 1km there is already an intake for a hydro power station being
constructed.
This means that the hydrological studies will have to give recommendation based from the
outcome of the base flow analysis to be able to find the post feasible location of the intake
that will not affect other users.

Figure 4-3FS proposed intake Location

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Figure 4-4: Penstock for the Hydropower station

The actual location for the intake system to be established for each site and the coordinates
recorded. They shall be related to those of the feasibility studies and photos of the existing
situation also taken.
Preliminary description of the sit shall also be done upon site visit.
The physical nature of the water at the time of the visit shall also be reported.

Access to the location more especially during constriction as well during operation shall all
be analysed. Location of medium tension electricity lines shall all be assessed

4.5.3 Approach and Methodology

Based on the hydrological information to be acquired during the study and the water quality
as shall be analysed from the tests, an appropriate intake system shall be designed. It is
important to note that in addition to the proposed components of the feasibility study,
operation costs are reduced as much as possible by using non-energy consuming
mechanisms such as increasing retention time thus settling all tangible objects which include
sand and silt.
Our preference is that all particles about 200micrometer diameter should be eliminated at
the intake. This will therefore require a primary settlement basin and Stockes law below will
be adopted to ensure that this is adhered to design an appropriate basin.

Where,

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Figure 4-5: typical proposed intake structure

4.6 Water Treatment Plant

4.6.1 Feasibility Study

The feasibility study proposed to have a on conventional water treatment plant which
includes an
• Preoxidation
• Coagulation
• Flocculation
• Decantation
• Filtration
• final disinfection
The general layout indicates that the system will have two modules with s bypass where
water can pass directly into the filters in case raw water turbidity levels are below 10NTU.
The figure below was proposed to treat a total volume of 540m3 per day.
In detail the following were proposed to be a composition of the treatment plant
• treated water pumping station.

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 • A headed structure of raw water. This structure provides the distribution of water
between the three modules and the by - pass of the decanters to the filters in the event
that the turbidity of the raw water is so Low that only require a simple filtration.
• Structures of coagulation and flocculation by module.
• A decanter by module.
• Two filters per module.
• A structure of treated water collection.
• A reserve of water for washing the filters
• A house for preparation and dosing of chemicals...
• Administrative premises, technical, laboratory...
• A backup generator

Figure 4-6: Proposed water treatment system

4.6.2 Preliminary Findings

The preliminary information will include the physical area were the treatment plant is to be
located. The coordinates and the plot area shall be established.

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Likely constraints such as constraints, soil formation and terrain and land acquisition shall
also be mentioned when field visits are allowed.

Access to the treatment plant and the proposed resource inputs shall also be highlighted

4.6.3 Approach and Methodology

4.6.3.1 Objectives of Water Treatment
There are three basic purpose of Water Treatment Plant are as follows:
• To produce water that is safe for human consumption.
• To produce water that is appealing to the consumer.
• To produce water using facilities which can be constructed and operated at a reasonable
cost.
Production of biologically and chemically safe water is the primary goal in the design of
water treatment plants; anything less is unacceptable.
The second basic objective of water treatment is the production of water that is appealing to
the consumer. Ideally, appealing water is one that is clear and colourless, pleasant to the
taste, odourless, and cool. It is none staining, neither corrosive nor scale forming, and
reasonably soft.
The third basic objective of water treatment is that water treatment may be accomplished
using facilities with reasonable capital and operating costs. Various alternatives in plant
design should be evaluated for production of cost effective quality water.
The proposed scope shall start from the area where the treatment plant shall be constructed.
Levels shall be well managed so that most of the entire treatment plant shall be by gravity
thus reducing energy costs.

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Figure 4-7: FLOW DIAGRAM OF TYPICAL CONVENTIONAL DRINKING WATER TREAMENT
PLANT

4.6.3.2 Aeration system/pre-oxidation

The proposed aeration system shall be the cascade type where water from the intake will
enter the system from topmost chamber and flows downwards to the coagulation chamber.
The slope and the width shall be determined based on the discharge from the demand
calculations.

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Figure 4-8Typical cascade aeration system

The system may also use fountain aeration system should it be found desirable.
4.6.3.3 Pre-treatment chlorine dosing system
This system is a provision to be used in case aeration is not enough to eliminate manganese
and ferrous iron (Fe2+). Due to the fact that laboratory tests are carried out just once, it may
be prudent that this system is designed for to be used in case.
4.6.3.4 Dosing with Lime (water or Milk lime)
This additional system will be designed for purposes of controlling the pH of raw water. Since
WASAC prefers using SUDFLOCK polymer for coagulation, it is very sensitive to pH as such
it performs best with values close to clean water.
In this case milk lime will be designed to be dosed since the precipitates will he held during
the sedimentation process and filtration systems
This system will be a simple mixing tank designed which will dose by gravity to the water
being aerated; the purpose for this is to avoid clogging which is likely to happen when it is
being pumped through small tubes.

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Figure 4-9: Typical chemical mixing system

Should WASAC prefer to use ALUM then them we shall design for a water lime system which is dosed
at the end of the filtration process. This will be for correction of the pH before distribution of the
water to the consumers. This system will be dosing hydrated lime (clear solution)

Figure 4-10: typical system for pH correction if Alum is to be used

4.6.3.5 Coagulation

This process will have to be designed and the chemical will be dosed immediately after
aeration process.

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A chemical mixing room shall have to be constructed. It shall be installed with a chemical
(coagulant) mixing tank and dosing pumps. They system shall have duty and standby dosing
systems. They shall be operated alternation for same aging. The system shall be similar to
that of figure 2-24 and the principle shall be the Camp formular (Camp& Stein , 1943)

Where,

4.6.3.6 Flocculation
This is a system which includes the rapid mixing chamber and the slow mixing chamber for
flocculation.
The system will be followed by the rapid mixing chamber installed with a variable motorised
mixer of range from 0 to 100 revolutions per minute. This further shall be followed by a slow
mixing chamber which allows for flocs to form as the transit to the sedimentation tank. It
shall also be installed with a variable mixing chamber ranging from 0 to 20 revolutions per
minute.
In both chambers, an appropriate retention time shall be observed by ensuring that sizes of
chambers contain the desired volumes respectively.
From the flocculation the particles will convey to the sedimentation tank through a baffles
wall.

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Figure 4-11Typical model of rapid and slow mixing chambers

4.6.3.7 Sedimentation system

Sedimentation is defined as a physical treatment process that utilizes gravity to separate

suspended solids from water. This process is widely used as the first stage in surface water
treatment to remove turbidity causing particles after coagulation and flocculation.
Conventional clarifiers (or sedimentation tanks) may be classified on the basis of flow
direction (horizontal, radial, or up flow), the presence or absence of a sludge blanket, and
shape (circular, rectangular, or hopper/wedge bottomed).
The factor affect the sedimentation basin to be referred to for design shall include:
• Particle Size
• Water Temperature
• Rise Rate
• Detention Time
• Weir Loading Rate.
Furthermore the sedimentation tank will be a Lamella type to enhance the sedimentation
process and take a minimum of space. Hazen Velocity of floc taken will be 1 m /h to 1,5m/h.

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The settler uses Inclinator (60°) lamellas with drinking water certificates and big surface
specific area.

From experience, Particles at sedimentation unit may settle in one of four distinctively
different ways depending on concentration and the relative tendency of the particles to
agglomerate while they settle. At low solid concentrations, typically less than 500– 1000 mgl-
1, settlement occurs without interference from neighbouring particles.
As the concentration increases the influence of surrounding particles increases the settling
rate. As the particle concentration increases further the process changes from clarification
to hindered settling and thickening. As a discrete particle settles it will accelerate, under the
force of gravity, until the drag force on the particle balances its weight force.
At this point the particle descends at a constant velocity called the terminal settling velocity.
The exact expression for the terminal settling velocity depends on the flow regime around
the particle as it settles.

Sludge will be removed periodically according to operator data but not less than once a week
in order to keep a detention time of one hour in the basin
As the plot at WTP location is little the option of building a lamella settler is the best one to
minimize the surface of implantation of the plant. The sludge can be removed automatically
with sludge level sensor detector or also manually.

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Figure 4-12: FIGURE OF TYPICAL SEDIMENTATION/CLARIFICATION TANK

Figure 4-13: typical lamella assembly in the sedimentation tank

4.6.3.8 The Filtration process

The last stage of CLARIFICATION process is filtration into a media. The filters will remove
the last remaining particles after sedimentation and some bacteria, viruses, which cannot be
caught before.
For the filtrate to have a better quality than the influent, the medium is usually granular bed,
such as sand, anthracite, garnet, or activated carbon.

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 Filters can be classified according to the medium type as:
1. Single (mono.) medium filters:
2. Dual media filters:
3. Mixed-media filters
In this case we shall use the mixed media filters which will include;
Athracite at the top, fine sand, course sand and gravels which will be placed first at the filter
nozzles.
• Conventional Filters
Each process line will have 2 filters with a velocity of approximately 10 m/h.
The loading of filters will be visible by the height of water above each filter.
Each filter will be built with an ultrasonic level sensor to give an alarm when the clearance
between the water level and the sensor is minimised for the efficiency purposes and alert
operators for backwash.

Running mode of the filter will be “semi automatic”. that means that operation can be 100%
manual but some parts can be integrated in an automation system (SCADA). All details will
be submitted during detailed design phase
The design will target the effluent to be of turbidity of not more than 3 NTU since the
allowable standard is not more than 5NTU

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Figure 4-14: FIGURE OF TYPICAL PLAN OF RAPID SAND FILTER

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Figure 4-15 FIGURE OF TYPICAL SECTION OF RAPID SAND FILTER
• Pressure filters
Another filtration system is that of the pressure filters. This one is process where the filtering
media is installed in vertical pressure cylinders which are firmly closed. Influent water from
the sedimentation tank is pumped through the top inlet and filters at the same pump
pressure and the filtrate is received by the down pipe which delivers it to the contact/clear
water tank.
This process is good especially where space is limited as well as in a system where the
influent has very low turbidity levels such as 10NTU and no traceable heavy metals. It can
still be advantageous where there is need to use only one pump for both filtration as well as
delivery to a fairly elevated reservoir
These filters perform best in groups of 4 cylinders thus improving the surface areas for the
influent. Another advantage is that due to high pressure the filtration rate is very high so
large quantities of water can be filtered in a short time as compared to the gravity convention
filters above.

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Figure 4-16: Typical drawings of pressure filter groups

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 Legend:

1. Upper Service Hole

2. Filter Inlet
3. Anthracite Layer
4. Fine Sand Layer
5. Coarse Sand Layer
6. Filter Outlet
7. Gravel Support Layer
8. Filter Element
9. Side Service Hole

4.6.3.9 Back washing system

This is system which is used to clean the filter media when it gets clogged. The system is
composed of an air compressor which literally is known as an air blower. It helps to
uplift/detach the flocks which are stuck in the filter media upwards in the wash water.
After blowing the filter for about 3-5 minutes, back wash pumps are switched on to flush that
wash water into the back wash drain. This is done until the filter media is clean.

The system to be designed will include, air compressors with pressure cylinders with will be
filtered automatically once air reduces in the cylinder, it will also have back wash pumps and
a back wash tank which will be keeping water from the filtrate. The back wash tank will
contain filtered water before it is disinfected. The size of the tank shall be at least 2 times the
water required for backwashing 2 filter units at ago.
4.6.3.10 Chlorine dosing system
This is the system which is used disinfect the filtered water before it is delivered into the
clear water tank. For small and medium water treatment plants, simple systems with
chlorine powder or liquid concentrate mixed in water may be adopted. A similar system like
the typical chemical mixing system as indicated in figure 2-24 will be installed
For large scale produced an electrolyser system which manufactures hydrochloride from
ordinary salt will be adopted. This is a turnkey factory made unit which will be imported
during the project implementation.
In both cases, the dosing would be made online with using motorised dosing pumps or
gravity inline dosing pumps; however experience shows that some operators prefer to have
a small mixing chamber as the water goes to the clear water tank.

4.7 Treated Water Storage Facilities

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These facilities include storage tanks at the treatment plant as well as those located within
the distribution network.

4.7.1 Feasibility Study

The feasibility study does not mention the required volume of the contact tank at the
treatment plant. However mentions the required storage capacity of the tanks within the
distributing network.
The construction of a head collection tank having 100 m3 of volume at the elevation of 1865
m, the construction of a tank of 500 m3 at Gatiba at the elevation of 2150 m: it will be used
to supply the population along the way and to control the functioning of electric pumps sets;
and the construction of two storage tanks 2x1500 m3 at the refugee camp at the elevation of
2285 m.
Table 4-4: FS distribution storage volumes as per table 8

The study further goes on to offset the existing volume which is 880m3 as such the net
required design volume then was 3743m3

4.7.2 Preliminary Findings

Site visited shall be made to assess the feasibility of construction of the similar distribution
tanks since the locations were indicated.
For the contact water tank, the location of the water treatment plant will have to incorporate
it

4.7.3 Approach and Methodology

4.7.3.1 Treated water tank/Contact tank
The treated water storage will be located within the treatment plant area. It will receive water and
maintain it for at least 4 hours before it is being pumped. This will create an ample time for the
chlorine disinfectant to react thus eliminating all the pathogens.
Additionally this tank will be able to store at least 10% of the maximum daily water production. It
shall be a rectangular shape.

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Figure 4-17: FIGURE OF TYPICAL CLEAR WATER TANK
4.7.3.2 Distribution tanks
For the tanks within the distribution network shall be designed as per the criteria provided
in the feasibility studies as also indicated by table 3-4 above. More tanks may be proposed
depending on the new project network scope.
While many may be storage distribution tanks, others may be used to also break off the
unwanted pressure which may make the design more economical as well as prevent damage
of the end user appliances.
Distribution tanks of over 50m3 shall be made out of reinforced concrete as per the
architectural and structural designs, while those below shall be constructed out of stone
masonry.

4.8 Treated Water Rising Main

4.8.1 Feasibility Study

The feasibility study covers in detail the proposed pumps in the different pumping stations
Using the formula

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Where

It was recommended that the pumps shall be installed as given in the table below
Table 4-5: Pump characteristics as per the FS

4.8.2 Preliminary Findings

4.8.3 Approach and Methodology

The pumps will be designed using similar parameters which will include the
• Geometric head (Hgeo) from the pump position up to the top of the inlet pipe of the
reservoir
• The head losses due to the length of transmission the pipe, the diameter and the nodes
involved from the pumping station position to the inlet of the reservoir
• The residual pressure with enables the water to pour into the tank and cater for
eventualities which is coefficient of the two normally taken 10 to 20%. Hcoef
Therefore the total pumping head will be HTotal=(Hgeo)+ HLoss+ Hcoef
Multi stage horizontal pumps will be designed as indicated in the diagram below

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Figure 4-18: Typical assembly of pumping station installed with multistage pumps

Sludge Treatment Processes

4.8.3.1 Sludge thickening

After removal from a clarifier or sedimentation basin, sludge can be thickened in a gravity
concentration tank. Thickening can be economically attractive in that it reduces the sludge
volume and produces a more concentrated sludge for further treatment in the dewatering
process, or for perhaps hauling to a land application site.

Some dewatering systems will perform more efficiently with higher solids concentrations.
Thickening tanks can also serve as equalization facilities to provide a uniform feed to the
dewatering step. Although there are a few types of thickeners available on the market, the
water industry almost exclusively uses gravitational thickening. Sludge thickening mainly
involves physical processes such as gravity settling, flotation, centrifugation, and gravity
belts.
The sludge drying beds are made of calibrated silica sand layer on top, a gravel layer at the
bottom. It is made with slope sizes of 30° on the longer sizes to facilitate the percolation of
non-linked water into the perforated pipe at the bottom of the Bed
The following parameters shall be considered;
• Maximum sludge charge above 1 bed ; 0,5m
• Designed capacity of one bed : 4 days of sludge
• Cs : Concentration of sludge of lamella settler : from 1g/l to 30g/l , we take it at 10g/l
• Side slope : 1/3
• Vs : Volume of sludge for the designed capacity

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Furthermore we shall calculate the quantity of sludge produced per day at the lamella
clarifier. All the sludge at clarifier outlet comes from:
1. The formation of precipitates of iron (FEOH3)
2. The formation of precipitates of Manganese (MnO2)
3. Injection of Lime slurry
4. Injection of Alum/sudefloc to form flocs
5. Algae and other minor chemicals
Then the total sludge volume will be determined and spread in a number of sludge beds to
operate on a 4 day cycle.
The units will be constructed in reinforced concrete and assembled with the appropriate
filter media.

Figure 4-19: Photo of model sludge bed

4.9 Administration Offices

4.9.1 Feasibility Study

4.9.2 Preliminary Findings

The team will establish the capacity of the existing offices and what they can
accommodate within the new designs.

4.9.3 Approach and Methodology

In the event that the existing offices are note adequate for the new project then.
One administrative building of appropriate area will be designed.

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It will include at least storage rooms, two laboratories, kitchen, offices, meeting room toilets
ante s shower and SCADA room equipped with wide screen.

4.10 Electro-mechanical Facilities

4.10.1 Feasibility Study

The feasibility study talks about the pump designs. The pumps were proposed as per the proposed
discharge and the energy required.
Mechanical components will include raw water pumps, back wash pumps and high lift pumps all
assembled in their respective pumping stations.
The pumping system will also include dosing pumps for peroxidation, coagulant and disinfection
pumps.
The feasibility study indicates the respective formulas to be used for the design of the pump power
requirements.

P: the pump unit in Watts.

• ρ : density of water in kg/m3 (taken equal to 1000 kg/m3)
• g: Average intensity of gravity (taken equal to 9.81 kg/m2)
• H: height of the total load by meter (which corresponds to the TH)
• Q: Flow rate in m3 /s.
• η: efficiency of pumping unit/synchronization factor (ranging from 70%)

4.10.2 Preliminary Findings

According to the current situation on site, the position intake which hard been proposed by the
feasibility study will not like to be used since below it there is a hydro power plant which is already
under construction. This therefore means that the energy requirements will be more since the static
head is now 230 from 110m which had been proposed (i.e from Alt 1670 to Alt 1900).

4.10.3 Approach and Methodology

4.10.3.1 Mechanical Designs
Based on the preliminary findings, the intake will require mechanical designs shall include coarse
and fine screens as per appropriate standards, the screens may be manual or automated for
operation depending on the need of the client.
The design pump designs shall follow the same principles and the ones in the feasibility studies but
depending on the current water demand. Reliable information indicates that preferred pumps are
multistage centrifugal pumps from KSB for high-lift and grandfos submersible pumps for raw water
pumping.

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All sets of pumps will have duty and one extra for standby or back up to cater for eventuality or
regular maintenance.
All the pump sets shall be equipped with motorized or manually operated crane mounted on a fixed
metallic rail. The crane shall be capable of lifting the pumps and motors during installation and when
there is need for maintenance.

In addition to the pumps, air blowers, mixers and value compressors shall also be designed as per
their respective requirements.
Other items to be designed under this section are the plumbing works. The plumbing works shall
include but not limited to details of the pipe network around the intake the treatment plant and the
reservoirs. The designs shall also include fittings such as valves with short and long spindles, Manual
and pneumatic or motorized values shall also be designed.
All the mechanical equipment shall be designed based on the complete information from their
respective manufacturers as well as catalogues detailing their specifications.
4.10.3.2 Electrical Designs
Basing on the client requirement, the synchronization factor may range from 70 to 95%
Both the intake and the treatment plant will have their own transformer units since they are
located quite apart from each other.
All the electrical installations for operating equipment shall be installed with their respective
control panels and shall be installed as per the manufacturer’s instructions. Confirmation on
the best brands for the equipment shall be sought from the client technical team to ensure
coherence.
Each control unit shall have the automation as well as the manual operating systems. On the
control panel all vital information such as, voltage, current, power factor, and any other
information as per the guidance by WASAC electrical team shall be indicated.
Electrical designs for all the buildings shall be made. All control and safety units and
measures shall be indicated in the designs.
Electrical designs for the security around the intake, the treatment plants where possible
shall be designed.
Safety indicators, sensors and level readers for the system shall be included in the electrical
designs

Security camera systems around the intake and the treatment plant shall be designed.
Firefighting and lightening arresting systems shall be designed per component of the water
supply system.

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4.11 Automation Design
The automation system will include, the Programmable logic controller- PLC with
abbreviation- is an automation device which is used for industrial applications, plants or
controlling the machines.

4.11.1 Feasibility Study

The feasibility study recommended that the automation of the processing plant will be
provided by a network of redundant automatic machines. It says that the system will be well
designed to ensure the services requested. All the inputs and outputs will be planned. The
software will be such that it provides the proper functioning of the plant: Setup; operating
data; alarm...
The automated system will ensure the operation of the plant in different modes:
1. Automatic mode: operation, the alert and control module by module when it is
processing state or automatic washing state. The passage of the processing state to the
washing state will be either following a clogging pressure limit exceeded, or exceeding the
turbidity limit to the outlet of the filter, or due to a decision of forcing the operator or after
processing parameterized time cyclically.
2. Semi-automatic mode: this mode is equivalent to the Automatic mode, but triggered by
the operator.
3. Step mode: washing of the filter must be done by the operator through the panel of the
concerned filter. Manual intervention should be done at the level of the panel filter and not
at the level of the pumps, compressors and valves, etc.
4. Manual mode: washing will be done by the operator through direct interventions on the
institutions ordering pumps, compressors and valves, etc. (bypassing automatic machines)

4.11.2 Approach and Methodology

The PLCs to scan the input information and transfer to the output information which are
appropriate to the input knowledge to the user in very quickly way will be designed by the
Automation Engineer. They will consist of power supply, central processing unit (CPU),
memory unit (RAM), input and output parts. Appropriate capacities will be compared and
the best alternative will be selected

Panels will be directly connected to PLC so as to transfer the operation of the system and the
information on PLC to the user visually. Additionally, with the help of these devices, the
values which are entered to the PLC will be transferred to the SCADA.

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SCADA also detailed as Central Control and Data Acquisition System which provides an
automatic interface for the operators to supervise and control the components of the water
supply system will be designed.
All powered components on the water supply system will have to be displayed on the SCADA.
Radio system or an appropriate system will have to be installed for distant units to send
signals from their respective PLCs to the SCADA system.
A sample SCADA system is displayed below

Figure 4-20: Typical SCADA display

4.12 Water Distribution System and Hydraulic designs

4.12.1 Feasibility Study

The feasibility study indicates that the pipelines were designed for 10 sections using the
renowned principles of head losses which were;
The head losses are hydraulic energy losses mainly due to the viscosity of the water and
Frictional losses it against the thickness of the pipe.
The formula used for the calculation of linear head losses is Darcy

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The K values were taken to be 0.1 for conveying treated water and 0.5 for raw water

The proposed system is composed of ten (10) sections:

• Section N°1 (Emergency action) : It connects the spring of Miliku 1 (Main) to the
collection tank of 100 m3;
• Section N°2 (Emergency action) : It connects Miliku 2 spring to the collection tank
100m3;
• Section N°3 (Emergency action) : It connects the spring of Miliku 3 to the collection
tank of 100 m3;
• Section N°4 (Emergency action) : it connects the collection tank of 100 m3 to
proposed pumping station SP1 ;
• Section N°5 (Emergency action) : It connects Binyenyeri spring to the proposed
pumping station SP1 ;
• Section N°6 (Emergency action) : It connects the proposed pumping station SP1 to
the existing treatment plant;
• Section N°7 (Main alternative) : It connects the pumping station (SP2) of raw water
to the treatment plant;
• Section N°8 (Main alternative) : It connects the treatment plant (SP3) and the
proposed tank to the proposed tank (SP4) at Gatiba;
• Section N°9 (Main alternative) : It connects the proposed pumping station (SP4) at
Gatiba and the proposed tanks at refugees camp.

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 • Section N° 10 (Main alternative) : That connects the tanks 2x1500 m3 planned at
refugees camp to the main tank of the city having a volume of 800 m3.

From the information provided the feasibility design ended at the distribution reservoirs

As such the prosed works for the pipeline were proposed as indicated in the table below;

Table 4-6Proposed pipeline network

4.12.2 Approach and Methodology

4.12.2.1 Network Hydraulic Design
Water distribution systems are designed to satisfy the water requirements for domestic,
commercial, industrial, livestock and fire-fighting purposes. The system should be capable
of meeting the demands and pressures at each node within the distribution system at all
times. Hydraulic analysis of water distribution system is an essential step towards
understanding the behavior of water supply and distribution system which includes the flow,
pressure, velocity, head loss, efficiency and operation point of each pump.

Water distribution system may include facilities for collection, storage, transportation,
pumping, treatment and distribution. Of the total expenditure incurred on different facilities

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 of a water distribution system, the expenditure incurred on transportation and distribution
of water is quite large and may even exceed 70%. A drinking water distribution system must
be able to supply water to all consumers at their delivery points throughout the design
period.

Due to rapid urbanization and water scarcity, maintaining a stable and safe water supply has
become a challenge to many cities. The problems like inadequate supply of water with low
pressure, pipe burst, excessive leakage and non-revenue water are increasing exponentially.
To overcome these challenges, water distribution system is needed.
A water distribution system consists of three major components: pumps, distribution
storage, and distribution piping network. Most of the water distribution systems require
pumps to supply extra head to overcome the head loss due to friction.

Storage tanks are included in the systems for emergency supply or for balancing storage to
reduce energy costs. Pipes may contain flow-control devices, such as regulating or pressure-
reducing valves. Water distribution network is represented by a series of links and nodes. A
link has a node at each end. Nodes represent junctions, tanks and reservoirs, whereas links
represent pipes.

A water supply system typically includes

i.A water source (groundwater, river, lake. etc.)
ii.A raw water collection point (intake).
iii.Water treatment facilities.
iv.Water storage facilities such as reservoirs, water tanks.
v.Additional water pressurizing components such as pumping stations may need to be
situated at the outlet of underground or above ground reservoirs or cisterns (if gravity flow
is impractical).
vi.A pipe network for distribution of water to the consumers (which may be private houses or
industrial, commercial or institution establishments) and other usage points (such as fire
hydrants).
Water distribution network will be maintained at positive pressure to ensure that water
reaches all parts of the network, that a sufficient flow is available at every take-off point and
to ensure that untreated water in the ground cannot enter the network. The water is typically
pressurized by pumps that pump water into storage tanks constructed at the highest local
point in the network.
Water distribution networks are part of the master planning of communities, counties, and
municipalities. Their planning and design requires the expertise of city planners and civil
engineers. Consider many factors, such as location, current demand, future growth, leakage,
pressure, pipe size, pressure loss, fire-fighting flows, etc.
Requirements of Good Distribution System

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• Water quality should not get deteriorated in the distribution pipes.
• It should be capable of supplying water at all the places with sufficient pressure
head.
• It should be easy to maintain and operate.
• The layout should be such that no consumer would be without water supply,
during the repair of any section of the system.
• All the distribution pipes will be preferably laid away or above the sewer lines.
4.12.2.2 Water CAD Modelling
WaterCAD is an easy-to-use hydraulic and water quality modelling application for water
distribution systems. Utilities, municipalities, and engineering firms trust WATERCAD as a
reliable, resource saving, decision-support tool for their water infrastructure.
4.12.2.3 Water quality modelling
The built-in water quality features help WATERCAD users perform constituent, water age,
tank mixing, and source trace analysis to develop comprehensive chlorination schedules,
simulate emergency contamination events, visualize zones of influence for different water
sources, and improve turbidity, taste, and odour by identifying water blending problems in
the system.
4.12.2.4 Critical analysis and operations modelling
The Critical Analysis is a comprehensive utility to identify critical assets in water distribution
infrastructure, and evaluate the risk associated with their failure. Also, by using rule-based
operational controls, variable-speed pumping (VSP), and pressure-dependent demands
(PDD), engineers can find operational bottlenecks, minimize energy consumption, and
model real-time operations to improve system performance.
4.12.2.5 Comprehensive scenario management
WaterCAD Scenario Management gives full control to configure, run evaluate, visualize, and
compare an unlimited number of what-if scenarios within a single file. Engineers can easily
make decisions by comparing unlimited scenarios, analyzing rehabilitation alternatives for
multiple planning horizons, evaluating pump operation strategies, or flushing alternatives
for emergency contaminant events.
4.12.2.6 Results presentation
The modelling results are presented in the following manner.
• Thematic mapping
• Dynamic, multi-parameter, and multi-scenario graphing
• Scenario and element comparison
• Shape file contouring
• Advance profiling
• Advanced tabular reporting with Flex Tables
• Property-based annotation, colour coding and symbology
• Creation of Google Earth (KML) files

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4.12.2.7 Model Input Data
In order to conduct the modelling using WaterCAD, following input data files are needed
4.12.2.8 Junction report
Junctions are points in the network where links join together and where water enters or
leaves the network.
The basic input data required for junctions are:
• Elevation above some reference(usually mean sea level)
• Water demand (rate of withdrawal from the network)
• Initial water quality.
The output results computed for junctions at all time periods of a simulation are:
• Hydraulic head (internal energy per unit weight of fluid)
• Pressure
• Water quality.
Junctions can also:
• Have their demand vary with time
• Have multiple categories of demands assigned to them
• Have negative demands indicating that water is entering the network
• Contain emitters (or sprinklers) which make the outflow rate depend on the
pressure.
4.12.2.9 Pipe Report
Pipes are links that convey water from one point in the network to another. The
software assumes that all pipes are full at all times. Flow direction is from the end at higher
hydraulic head (internal energy per weight of water) to that at lower head.
The principal hydraulic input parameters for pipes are:
• Start and end nodes
• Diameter
• Length
• Roughness coefficient (for determining head loss)
• Status (open, closed, or contains a check valve)
The hydraulic head lost by water flowing in a pipe due to friction with the pipe walls can be
computed using one of three different formulas:
• Hazen-Williams formula
• Darcy-Weisbach formula
• Chezy-Manning formula
The Hazen-Williams formula is the most commonly used head loss formula. It cannot be used
for liquids other than water and was originally developed for turbulent flow only. The Darcy-
Weisbach formula is the most theoretically correct. It applies over all flow regimes and to all
liquids. The Chezy-Manning formula is more commonly used for open channel flow.

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4.12.2.10 Pipe Head Loss Formula
i. Hazen-Williams Equation
10.67 𝑄 1.85
ℎ𝑓 = 1.85 4.87
𝐶 𝑑
𝒉𝒇 - head loss in m
Q- flow in 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐

d- internal pipe diameter in mm

ii. Chezy-Manning Equation

2 1
𝑅3𝑆 2
𝑣=
𝑛
V- average velocity in m/s
R- hydraulic radius in m
S- energy slope
n- manning roughness coefficient
iii. Darcy-Weisbach Equation

𝑓𝑙𝑣 2
ℎ𝑓 =
2𝑔𝑑
𝒉𝒇 - head loss in m
f - friction factor
L- length of pipe in m
V- velocity in m/s
g- acceleration due to gravity
d- diameter of pipe in mm
4.12.2.11 Methodology
Following are the steps carried out to model water distribution network using WaterCAD.
Step 1: Draw a network representation of distribution system or import a basic description
of the network placed in a text file.
Step 2: Edit the properties of the objects that make up the system. It includes editing the
properties and entering required data in various objects like reservoir, pipes, nodes and
junctions.
Step 3: Describe how the system is operated.
Step 4: Select a set of analysis option.
Step 5: Run a hydraulic/water quality analysis
Step 6: View the results of the analysis which can be viewed in various form i.e. in form of
tables and graphs.
Step 7: Repeat the procedure for two other distribution networks.

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4.13 Water Reticulation Network
This is the type of water distribution system that are designed for a specific community.
There are four main water supply systems which include dead end, and gridiron, radial and
circular systems.

4.13.1 Feasibility Study

Since the feasibility study designed up to the reservoirs, it does not mention any information
about the network distribution and reticulation

4.13.2 Preliminary Findings

During the reconnaissance the client will provide information on the existing water supply
system, shape files of the current water network shall be obtained and try to define the type
of the network which was installed.
More shape files for the proposed network of Gicumbi town will be acquired as per the
proposal fo the master plan.

4.13.3 Approach and methodology

Based on the layout of the existing network an appropriate reticulation type of water
distributing will be recommended. Pipelines will be along the existing or planned roads. The
roads will be designed to be laid within the road reserve.
Pipes will be laid the appropriate depths depending of their diameters.
Adequate bed as well as backfill materials shall be designed to avoid damage within
operation.
Standpipes shall be positioned to serve the consumers and shall be as the demand for that
area. They shall range from two taps to 6 taps per stand.
Kiosks shall also position at appropriate locations as shall be recommended by with the
consultation of the client.
Washouts and air valves shall be appropriately designed and the locations well indicated on
the topographic profiles.
Fire hydrants shall also be appropriately designed in consultation with WASAC
representatives
Connections from trunk to main, from main to service pipe on to the house connection shall
all be designed so that future operators will be referring to them.

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Also overflows for the reservoirs shall be catered for in the design. An overflow pipeline of
channel shall be proposed within the design.

Another aspect of reticulation will be the water supply schedule; it may be inevitable that
water be supplied. Scheduling of the water supply system may be required for economic
purposes. This shall be carefully done however in any case a cycle may not take more than 3
days.

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5 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA)

5.1 Introduction
This study will cover the environmental and social aspects of the community where the
project is proposed to be implemented.
It will include the current environmental and situation analysis, the likely impacts the project
will impose on the environment as well as the mitigation measures to be taken during the
implementation and the operation of the water supply system.

5.2 4.2. Liability for Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA)
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) is a balance tool between the
development activities and the conservation of the environment to permit sustainable
welfare and health of the population. Indeed, the Organic Law N° 04/2005 OF 08/04/2005
Determining the Modalities of Protection, Conservation and Promotion of Environment in
Rwanda states, in Art. 67 that “Every project shall be subjected to environmental impact
assessment, before obtaining authorization for its implementation. This applies to programs
and policies that may affect the environment”.
And in Art. 68, the same Organic Law determine the content of Environmental and Social
Impact Assessment: “ The environmental impact assessment shall at least indicate the
following: 1° a brief description of the project and its variants; 2° a study of direct or indirect
projected effects on a place; 3° analysis relating to the initial state of a place; 4° measures
envisaged to reduce, prevent or compensate for the damage; 5° reasons based on in selecting
such a place; 6° a brief description of points from 1° to 5° of this article; 7° an explanation of
the methods that will be used in monitoring and evaluating the state of the environment before,
during the activities of the project, in using the installation but particularly after completion of
the project; 8° an estimation of the cost of the measures recommended to prevent, reduce or
compensate for the negative effects the project may cause on the environment as well as the
measures for examining and controlling the status of the environment”.
Projects or programs concerned for Environment and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) are
specified by the Ministerial Order No. 001/2019 of 15/04/2019 Establishing the List of
Works, Activities and Projects that have to undertake an environment impact assessment
(Art. 2):
I. Infrastructure
1. Construction and repair of international roads, national roads, district roads
and repair of large bridges;
2. Construction of industries, factories and activities carried out in those
industries;

3. Construction of hydro- dams and electrical lines;

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 4. construction of public dams for water conservation, rain water harvesting for
agricultural activities and artificial lakes;

5. construction of oil pipelines and its products, gases and storage tanks;
6. construction of terminal ports and airports, railways and car parks;

7. construction of hotels and large public buildings which house more than a
hundred people per day;

8. water distribution activities and sanitation;

9. construction of public Land fills;

10. construction of slaughter houses;

11. construction of hospitals;

12. construction of Stadiums and large markets;

13. initial installation of communication Infrastructures.

II. Agriculture and animal husbandry

1. agricultural and breeding activities which use chemical fertilizers and
pesticides in wetlands and large scale monoculture agricultural practices such
as tea, coffee, flowers and pyrethrum, etc…

2. works and Activities that use bio-technology to modify seeds and animals

III. Works in park and in its buffer zone

IV. Works of extraction of mines

Drinking Water Supply Project in Gicumbi City comes under Category I, 8, i.e. Water
distribution and sanitation. Therefore, an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment is
compulsory before undertaking technical works for the implementation of Gicumbi City
Drinking Water Supply Project.

5.3 Methodology for ESIA

5.3.1 4.3.1. Request for authorization

The Ministerial Order No. 001/2019 of 15/04/2019 relating to the requirements and
procedure for Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) determine the procedure in its Art. 3
how to apply for authorization: “The developer submits an official application which includes
a project brief of the proposed project to the authority. The details of the required information
can be found in the Environmental Impact Assessment guidelines provided by Rwanda
Environment Management Authority”. And Art. 4 states on the Terms of Reference (ToRs) of
the Environment study “Within thirty (30) calendar days after receipt of the project brief and
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after its analysis, the Authority shall submit the Terms of reference to the developer for the
Environmental impact study. The Developer may also prepare the Terms of Reference provided
they are approved by the authority before conducting the study”.
The Environmental Expert in charge of Gicumbi Drinking Water study will submit the Project
Brief and the Terms of Reference to Rwanda Development Board (RDB) for approval before
conducting the environment study. The final ESIA document will be submitted once again to
BRD for authorization of the execution of the Project: Drinking Water Supply in Gicumbi City.
The Project TOR submitted to RDB is attached in appendix D

5.3.2 Desk review

The desk review will entail published, reported and deep literature on the environment
management through national and international policies. This review will focus on various
documentations including:
• Constitution of Rwanda (2003) as revised in December 2015;
• Ministerial Order No. 001/2019 of 15/04/2019 relating to the requirements and
procedure for environmental impact assessment;
• Organic Law No 04/2005 of 08/04/2005 Determining the Modalities of Protection,
Conservation and Promotion of Environment in Rwanda;
• Law No 48/2018 of 13/08/2018 on Environment;
• Law No 49/2018 of 13/08/2018 Determining the Use and Management of Water
Resources in Rwanda;
• Organic Law N°08/2005 of 14/07/2005 determining the use and management of
land in Rwanda;
• Law No 32/2015 of 11/06/2015 Relating to Expropriation in the Public Interest;
• Law No. 17/2010 Establishing and Organizing Property Valuation Profession (2010);
• Law No. 43/2013 Governing Land in Rwanda (2013);
• Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS) II 2013 – 2018;
• Water Sector Strategic Plan (2013-18);
• Seven Year Development Plan: National Strategy for Transformation 2017-2024;
• National Sanitation Policy and Strategy 2015;
• National Water Supply Policy 2015;

• International convention on biological diversity and its habitat, RIO DE

JANEIRO/BRAZIL, June 1992;
• Kyoto protocol to the framework convention on climate change, KYOTO, March 1998;
• Cartagena protocol on bio safety to the convention of biological biodiversity,
CARTAGENA, May 2000;

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Frequent consultation will be held, as well, with the following National Institutions to well
handle the ESIA process and its subsequent Management Plan along the execution of
Drinking Water Supply in Gicumbi City Project:
• Ministry of Natural Resources (MINIRENA)
MINIRENA governs the implementation and application of the Organic Land law and
the Land Use Master Plan. Whilst they will govern alignment with these Laws at the
national level, responsibilities for their implementation locally has been devolved,
following decentralization, to Land Commissions and Committees at District, Sector
and Cell levels. MINIRENA is also the key Ministry governing resettlement
arrangements in Rwanda. They do this by working directly with the
Ministry/Institution developing the project for which resettlement is required.
• Ministry of Infrastructure (MININFRA)
The Ministry of Infrastructure is the parent ministry of the Water and Sanitation
Corporation (WASAC). It covers the following sectors: transport; energy; housing and
human settlement; water and sanitation. The mission and purpose of the ministry of
infrastructure is to ensure the sustainable development of infrastructure and
contribute to economic growth with a view to enhancing the quality of life of the
population.
• Water and Sanitation Corporation (WASAC)
The vision of WASAC is to be the most sustainable Water and Sanitation Utility in
Africa, exceeding stakeholder expectations and its mission is to provide quality,
reliable and affordable water and sewerage services through continuous innovations
and detailed care to our customers’ needs. The main agency involved in the
implementation of the eventual Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP) will be
WASAC. As executing agency, WASAC will have overall responsibility for
implementation of ARAP and will act as the central agency responsible for holding all
information relevant to the ARAP.
• Rwanda Environmental Management Authority (REMA)
According to the law n° 16/2006 of 03/04/2006 determining the organisation,
functioning and responsibilities of Rwanda Environmental Management Authority,
REMA is the Authority in charge of supervision, following up and ensuring that issues
relating to environment receive attention in all national development plans.
• Rwanda Development Board (RDB)
Agency involved in sustainable development through the safeguard of the
environment. For that any development project will need from the agency a
certificate attesting the conformity of the project with the national environment
legislations.

5.3.3 Data collection

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The sample of data collection is constituted by the whole site where the Project Drinking
Water Supply for Gicumbi City will be executed, i.e.
• Catchment site of 3 springs of Miliku and Binyenyeri;
• Catchment site on Mwange river for the installation of the intake structures;
• Pipeline framework on 4750 m capturing water from the source to the end structure
of Gicumbi city Water tank (800 m3);
• Construction sites of water treatment plant (near Mwange river) and different raw &
treated water tanks.

The objective of data collection is to identify the potential impacts that the execution of the
project would have on the physical environment (soil, surface water & groundwater,
landscape aspect, air by noise & dust, accumulation of waste), the biological environment
(flora and fauna) and the human environment (employment opportunities, revamping of
local economy, human health).
On the site, it will be important to identify:
• The main impacts of works (sources) during different phases of the project
(installation, execution, operation);
• The relevant components of the physical, biological and socio-economic environment
(receivers);
• The importance of different impacts identified.
The significance of an impact is a summary indicator of evaluation criteria such as quality,
intensity, extent, duration of effect highlighted in a matrix to ease the assessment.
The QUALITY of an impact reflects the nature or direction of the disturbance of the
environment. It is positive or negative. The INTENSITY of the impact reflects the degree or
level of disturbance; it is used to assess the level of changes to an environmental component
caused by the works. It is low, medium or high. The EXTENT of the effect is an estimate of
the spatial dimension (surface, length) affected by the effect; it is expressed by point, local or
regional. The DURATION of the effect is the time during which the disturbance to an
environmental component is felt (short, sustainable or long). It reflects the temporal aspect
and the reversibility or irreversibility of the impact.
The impact records should be summarized on the site in a matrix elaborated as following.

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Table 5-1 Record matrix of Environmental impact

Identified impact/effect
Source Receiver Criteria Level Appreciation
Positive The works have a beneficial effect on the environment
Quality Negative Adverse disturbance on the environment
Neutral Without any effect
Detailed studies The consultant cannot decide in the present state of knowledge

Environment Low No known disruption on the environment / or very few beneficial

Lack of component, i.e. Intensity effects
care, Kind physical (soil, water, Medium Medium disturbance on the environment/ or sizeable effects
of work or air), biological High High disturbance on the environment/ or very important benefits
equipment (flora, fauna) or
for work socio-economic Point Only few parts or the immediate environment of the section are
(health, welfare, Extend affected
employment) Local The direct influence area is concerned
Regional The extended influence area may be affected.

Short Effect noticeable only during a certain phase of the construction

Duration Sustainable Effect noticeable throughout the whole construction phase
Long Effect noticeable even after the project works

Each source of impact is identified for a specific environmental component and appreciated according to the assessment criteria
and their level. The significance of every impact is obtained by a combination of those criteria and levels once recorded in a grid
determining the effect importance.

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Table 5-2 Grid determining the importance of environmental impacts

Environmental impact/effect
Intensity Extent Duration Importance
Long Major
Regional Medium Major
Short Major
Long Major
High Local Medium Medium
Short Medium
Long Medium
Point Medium Medium
Short Minor

Long Major
Regional Medium Medium
Short Medium
Long Medium
Medium Local Medium Medium
Short Medium
Long Medium
Point Medium Medium
Short Minor

Long Major
Regional Medium Medium
Short Minor
Long Medium
Low Local Medium Medium
Short Minor
Long Minor
Point Medium Minor
Short Minor

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5.3.4 Data analysis

The deep understanding of works to undertake (excavation, construction, weir on river…) at

the already identified site of the project (soil, flora, fauna, landscape…) with borrowed
materials from quarries (stones, sand, aggregates…) and appropriate equipment for
construction (trucks, cement mixer, stone crusher…) should permit to foresee the
importance of the impact on the environment when nothing is done to avoid or to minimize
it before it appears.
Along the data analysis, different mitigation measures for negative impacts are presented to
let positive impacts dominate along and after the execution of the project. Otherwise, the
project should be declared contrary to the safeguard of the environment and its execution
inhibited. That is why data analysis should be fair and objective to get clearer the situation
to ease the assignment of decision-makers.
For each identified and evaluated impact (Major, Medium or Minor), a set of mitigation
measures are designed to prevent, to reduce or to eradicate completely such negative impact
potentially to be generated by the execution of the project. With the application of mitigation
measures, three categories of residual impact state may result for the appreciation of the
rightness in the execution of the project:
• NUL: environment remains intact with the application of mitigation measures
• MINOR: No additional measures are required to ensure the safeguard of the
environment equilibrium according to existing national or international regulations;
• MEDIUM: Necessity of regular follow-up of planned mitigation measures to maintain
the environment equilibrium thanks to close monitoring. Hence, the project may be
executed without any worry of environment disturbance;
• MAJOR: Residual impact uncontrollable in spite of the application of mitigation
measures. In such a case, the execution of the project will be delayed for further
alternative design or additional environmental studies to contain the negative impact
in acceptable range of criteria and standards of safe environment.
Data analysis is set with the help of the following template highlighting the residual impacts
on which must lay the final decision for the execution or not of the envisaged project
(Drinking Water Supply for Gicumbi City).

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Table 5-3 Grid for identification and mitigation measures for Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA)
Project Phase Planned Type of Importance Appropriate Residual Responsible Cost of
activities for the foreseen of negative mitigation impact from
for mitigation
execution of the negative impact measures application ofapplication measures
project impacts mitigation or follow-up
measure of mitigation
measures
Installation on Disturbance, To evaluate To determine To evaluate To mention Additional
Pre- the site. emergence of according according to thanks to the who should cost or cost
execution harm or to: the nature of effect of be already
phase or Dispatching and pollution of the Intensity, original appropriate responsible included
Installation installation of environment Extent and potential mitigation within the
phase machines and components Duration: impact and measure (s): BoQ
equipment. (soil, water, air, MINOR its NUL
flora, fauna, MEDIUM importance MINOR
Liberation of the human being, MAJOR MEDIUM
space devoted to landscape, MAJOR
the execution of wastes)
the project

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 Disturbance, To evaluate To determine To evaluate To mention Additional
Management of emergence of according according to thanks to the who should cost or cost
the material harm, or to: the nature of effect of be already
Execution stocks and pollution of the Intensity, original appropriate responsible included
phase exploitation of environment Extent and potential mitigation within the
quarries/pits components Duration: impact and measure (s): BoQ
(soil, water, air, MINOR its NUL
flora, fauna, MEDIUM importance MINOR
Management of community, MAJOR. MEDIUM
the worksite landscape, MAJOR
activities wastes)

Residual To mention Additional

Exploitation of impacts of who should cost or
Operation the project - - - mitigation be management
phase output measures: responsible already
NUL planned
MINOR within the
MEDIUM departmental
MAJOR budget

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5.4 Environment Management Plans (EMPs)
ESIA is defined as:
• An official statement of the likely effects of a proposed policy, program, or a project
on the biophysical and socio-economic environment;
• Alternatives to the proposed program or project for better compliance with the
environment compliance and
• A lot of measures to be adopted along the execution and the operation of the project
to protect the environment.
ESIA studies have the direct benefit of assisting developers to incorporate environmental
considerations at the design stage or to change a project’s site and to minimize environmental
risks and financial costs. Indirect benefits include beneficial circumstances created by the
project. EIA is a priceless tool for environment management in a trans-boundary context. It
provides a framework for promotion of efficient decision making in project approval; enables
implementation of environmental safeguards to mitigate significant negative impacts, avoid
ecological damage and largescale irreversible loss of natural resources.
Therefore, the ESIA study applies from this Inception Report to the Operation Phase and even,
it will include post project analysis, as well. For that, specific Environment and Social
Management Plans (ESMP) will be elaborated as assignment to different and complementary
operators.

5.4.1 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the execution
of the project

The preconstruction phase is a crucial step for the success of the project. It is at this stage that
the decisions of a general nature, relating to the execution of the work and the mitigation of
impacts, should be taken. The Contractor for execution of work must, before the installation
of work, make contact with administrative officials of the site area (District, Sector, Cell,
Village). Consultation sessions should also be held with populations for their commitment
and their participation in the project design and execution. All of them (administrative
officials and local communities) should be informed about the nature of the works to be
undertaken, their duration, the constraints they would generate (impacts to environment)
and envisaged mitigation measures to meet environmental standards for human health.
Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the execution of the project will be
incorporated in Tender Document to get aware the potential contractor of the environment
requirement.

Table 5-4 Template for Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) execution phase
Positive or Reinforcement or Responsibility/ Cost of the
negative Impact mitigation measure Assignment measure
Positive impact Reinforcement measures Contractor/Supervisor
Negative impact Mitigation measures Contractor/Supervisor

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5.4.2 4.4.2. Environmental and Social Inspection Plan (ESIP) for the
Supervision Mission

Environmental supervision is made up of the same set of mitigation measures to be

implemented by the Contractor to ensure that:
• Regulatory requirements are met along the execution of the project;
• Positive impacts are maximized to meet the objectives of the project and
• Negative impacts are avoided or reduced as proposed in the Bidding Document (BoQ).
The management of the impacts related to this project is, in fact, the responsibility of the
Client (WASAC). However, for greater efficiency, WASAC should be represented by an
environmentalist expert or by a firm of experts (NGOs, Company). This external expertise will
be responsible for monitoring the execution of works in respect of environmental care. For
that, the expert will ensure the following tasks:
• Validation of the impact assessment (ESIA);
• Verification of the effectiveness of the proposed mitigation measures;
• Assessment of the specific conditions of the applicability of the proposed measures;
• Control and follow-up of the application of the recommended measures; monitoring
of the measures advocated in all phases of works (installation, execution,
decommissioning);
• Valuation or strengthening positive impacts (local employment, local economic
revamping ways, operation and maintenance manual);
• Final environmental assessment at the end of project.

5.4.3 Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan (ESMP) for operation phase

Environmental monitoring is a scientific operation used to measure the real impacts of a

project and assess the adequacy of proposed mitigation measures. It is therefore the review
and monitoring of one or more relevant environmental components during the operating
period of the project.
Hence, environmental monitoring is designed to regularly assess the degree of
implementation and success of mitigation measures recommended by the ESIA. That allows
the environmental institutions (MIRENA, REMA and RDB) to clarify, adjust, refocus or
possibly adapt proposed mitigation measures with regard to the evolution of the
environment component characteristics. In that spirit, the monitoring committee (officials of
the District in charge of environment/development) takes place along the execution of works
and during the operational phase of the project. Tracking is the load of the environment in
the district. In order to highlight the actual effects of proposed mitigation measures on the
environmental component and validate the concerns set out in impact analysis, the
monitoring plan will include environmental baseline, verifiable indicators that enable to
observe the sustainability of the development created by the project versus the previous
defined environmental objectives. That requires to record the initial environment state at the
decommissioning of the project.
The cost of environment monitoring will be incorporated in the environment institution
annual budget.
Table 5-5 Template of Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan (ESMP) for operation period
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 Foreseen Reinforcemen Objective
positive/nega t or mitigation indicator Methodolog Responsibility/ Calendar/
tive residual measures y to use Assignment Periodicity
impact along
operation
phase
Enhancement Level to reach Assessment Which institution Month,
Positive of current REMA, RDB… ? Trimester
impact level Semester
Year
Residual Mitigation Environment Environment Which institution: Month,
negative status component REMA, RDB, Trimester
impact analysis WASAC, District Semester
committee… ? Year

5.5 4.5. Population involvement

During the development of the detailed studies phase (screening of bio-social environment
versus activities of the project), the participation of the population will be compulsory to
ensure the social acceptability of the project across all villages, putting every person affected
by the project (PAP) in a network of information sharing on the potential disturbance of the
environment, the envisaged mitigation measures and on the benefits of the project itself. Such
population involvement will seek to bring the population affected by the project to have a
common vision on the objective actions undertaken by the project along three phases:

5.5.1 Identification and preparation phase (before the execution activities of

the project)

During the development of detailed design, the company and/or the expert responsible for
the environment will organize sessions of information of populations in the area of the
project, i.e. political and administrative officials, population affected by the project in gender
consideration: men, women, children, involved other project staffs in the same area. Such
information sessions will be organized in order to:
• present the project to different populations of the project area;
• present the positive and negative impacts of the project;
• present the environmental and social management plan of the project (reinforcement
of positive impacts and mitigation measures for negative impacts);
• obtain feedback, opinions and concerns of populations due to the implementation of
the project;
• take account of the observations, opinions and concerns of populations about the
implementation of the project and the environmental and social management plan.
In fact, these sessions with populations before the implementation of the project intend to
obtain the commitment of the population and their participation in all next phases of the
project.

5.5.2 Implementation phase (in the course of the project execution)

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During this phase, the recruitment of a significant local labor will be done for the execution of
works related to the construction of water dam and its water intake, the implementation of
pipeline network throughout villages, the construction of different water tanks, the collection
and the treatment of waste generated during this phase and the security services upstream
of the works.
Along this phase, an animation and awareness component for the hygiene of water at all levels
will be ensured for the management and maintenance of these facilities, for the sustainability
of facilities and the availability of good quality water supply. Above all that, there will be a
sensitization and awareness of the population to the risks of the spread of STD and HIV-AIDS
due to the immigrant young people for works.

5.5.3 Management and operational phase (After the reception of the project
works)

The beneficiaries of the project who have been closely associated in the evolution of the
different impacts of the project will be invited to cope with the relevance of the measures
envisaged during the management and operating phase and to follow closely the socio-
economic and environmental outputs of the project through:
• Monitoring of drinking water fair distribution
• Maintenance and safeguard of the hydraulic works projected;
• Participation in the landscape rehabilitation.

5.6 Environment and Social Impact Assessment Report structure

Executive summary
CH. 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background and context of the project
1.2. Project justification
1.3. Objectives of ESIA
1.4. Study design and ESIA Methodology

CH. 2. BASELINE CONDITIONS OF THE PROJECT AREA

2.1. Social and economic development
2.2. Physical and biological environment
2.2.1. Topography
2.2.2. Hydrology
2.2.3. Soil
2.2.4. Climate and temperature
2.2.5. Flora
2.2.6. Fauna
CH. 3. DESCRIPTION OF WORKS TO UNDERTAKE
3.1. Description of Drinking Water Project in Gicumbi city
3.2. Technical activities to conduct
3.2.1. Installation Phase
3.2.2. Implementation phase
CH. 4. LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

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4.1. National context
4.2. International context
4.3. Institutional framework
CH. 5. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT IMPACT
5.1. Positive impacts
5.2. Negative impact
5.3. Evaluation of negative impact importance
CH. 6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
6.1. Measures to value positive impacts
6.2. Mitigation measures for negative impacts
CH. 7. ENVIRONMENTAL INSPECTION PLAN
CH. 8. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN
CH. 9. POPULATION INVOLVEMENT
CH. 10. COST OF ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
CONCLUSION

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6 RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN

The information, to be used in the development of this Resettlement Action Plan is based on
both primary and secondary data. The secondary data will be collected from official records
available at National and sector levels. The primary data will generated through field
interviews with the community in the project area. The methodology will involve the
following activities:

i) Review and analysis of the secondary data

ii) Stakeholder analysis and engagement
iii) Identification of the Project Affected Persons (PAP),
iv) Carry out a socio-economic survey
v) Carry out an asset inventory to identify the nature, extent and value of losses
vi) To elaborate the grievance redress mechanism
vii) Propose fair and equitable compensation and livelihood restoration
viii) Compilation of the report.

6.1 Activity 1: Review and analysis of the secondary data

The RAP development started with the review and analysis of the secondary data contained
in official reports on the proposed Kigali Sewerage System. This also included laws and
international standards related to land expropriation. The review of secondary data helps in
further fine tuning the methodology for the whole RAP and the process of resettlement.
This data will form part of the RAP report
• The Resettlement Policy Framework
• The Environment and Social Impact Assessment.
• Stakeholder Engagement Plan
• Gicumbi District physical Plan
The legal and policy frameworks include.
• The Rwandan Constitution (ratified in 2003);
• The National Land Policy ensures equal rights to land use for all Rwandan citizens;
• Organic Land Law No. 43/2013 of 16/06/2013 governing the main land legislation in
Rwanda as mentioned in the Official Gazette, Special Edition from 16/06/2013, which
determines the procedure for use and management of land in Rwanda;
• Property Valuation Law No. 17/2010 which defines Property Valuation in Rwanda;
• Presidential Order No. 54/01 of 12/10/2006 stipulating the structure and the
responsibilities of Land Commissions;
• Ministerial Order No. 001/2006 of 26/09/2006 stipulating the structure of Land
Registers and the responsibilities of the District Land Bureau, and
• Ministerial Order Determining Dispute Resolution process related to Land Issues, and
• Organic Law N° 32/2015 of 11/06/2015 relating to expropriation in the public
interest (also known as the “old” law No 18/2007 of 19/4/2007 on Expropriation).
• Rwandan official gazette of 08/11/2018 related to Rwanda Lands and Property
incorporated there on reference prices
• Law No 48/2018 0f 13 August 2018 on environment;
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 • Ministerial order No 007/16.01 of 15 July 2010 determining the length of land or
shores of lakes and rivers as transferred to public property;
• Law N0 62/2008 of 10/09/2008 putting in place the use, conservation, protection and
management of water resources regulations;
• Gender related policies
• The Handbook for Preparation of Resettlement Action Plans,
Other documents will be reviewed as identified.

6.2 Activity 2: Reconnaissance

During the Inception Phase, the RAP manager and the whole team will carry out a
reconnaissance where they have met with key stakeholders at National level and in the
project area for the WWTP. The following have been met:
• Ministry of Infrastructure (MININFRA);
• Water and Sanitation Corporation/WASAC, under MININFRA
• Rwanda Environmental Management Authority (REMA);
• Rwanda Transport and Development Agency (RTDA)
• Gicumbi District Authorities
• Local leaders ( Sector, Cell and village leaders)
• Local Community

These meetings and trips to the field have marked the beginning of interaction with
stakeholders and the process of familiarization and understanding of key issues related to
resettlement in particular and the project in general.

6.3 Activity 3: Stakeholder Consultations/engagements

The RPF recommends that the PAPs must be meaningfully consulted during the RAP
preparation and have opportunities to participate in the decisions made about the
resettlement process implementation. The importance of this process is to get information
on public attitude towards the project, to understand local knowledge’s about grievance
redressing mechanisms, (conflict resolution mechanisms), and giving clarification about the
project for the public.
This process started with consulting stakeholders at National level who eventually introduce
the team to the PAPs. This has already been started at inception level. It will continue
throughout the RAP development, implementation and monitoring. It involves holding
meetings with individuals or groups of people and the general community.

The following were the key issues during consultation

• Creation of awareness about the project and informing them that the project has
stared.
• Consultations on any perceived impacts unique to their operations in order to advise
them on how best to replace the lost properties, mitigate further adverse impacts and
enhance the positive benefits.
• Enlist their support for the project during surveying valuation and the social surveys
and during project implementation.

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 • Inform people about the whole RAP process; including valuation, the procedures and
how compensation will be effected.
• the key roles to be played by the different stakeholders in terms of delivering services,
goods, works, or other elements in the project.

A detailed timetable for all the RAP activities will be drawn as shall be guided by the project
compressive workplan:

The views collected are analyzed and recommendations are helping in the development of
the RAP. The following are key issues identified so far:
• The lack of land titles for most people
• Low land values
• The importance of consulting all stakeholders.
• Take care of utilities like fiber optics. When you know you are going to dig, the owners
of the service should be there.
• Service providers like Liquid telecom, MTN have to be involved.
• Make formal communication.
• Role of stakeholders
• RAP time table
• Stakeholder expectations
• Compensate appropriately
• What will the project yield? Those to be connected.

6.4 Activity 4: The Socioeconomic study

The collection of socio-economic data will be conducted using both qualitative and
quantitative methods. This will help to establish the extent of impacts and also establish
indicators that can be measured at a later stage during monitoring and evaluation.

The research tool will be the questionnaire will capture the following data among others:
• Demographic characteristics of affected households
• Income and welfare indicators
• Access to services, including education and health
• Specific impact on livelihoods, income and property/assets
• Social networks
• Preferred method of payment
• Options for resettlement
• Required assistance during resettlement.
• Vulnerabilities, including persons with disabilities, orphan hood, widowhood and
chronic illnesses.

In addition a complete census will be done because this is what is recommended by the
International best practices. The social team will move with the surveyors to capture all the
socioeconomic data on PAPs in order to plan well for their resettlement. A draft questionnaire

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is attached. The consultant will recruit a team of enumerators with at least two supervisors.
These will be trained for 3 days as follows:
1. Day one will cover introduction to the project basics of interview and translation of
the questionnaire in Kinyarwanda, which is the language of the area;
2. Day two; the questionnaire will be pre-tested on the actual PAPs in project area and
the questionnaires thereafter were considered as part of the exercise.
3. Day three will be used to discuss findings from the pretest, on clarity of questions, the
identification of PAPs and the time taken to complete a questionnaire. The
questionnaire will then be changed accordingly.

6.5 Activity 5: Census and Asset Inventory Survey and Valuation

This will be done as per guidance from RPF in order to identify and confirm potential
resettlement implications. The purpose of the survey, census and asset inventory/valuation
exercise is to provide a framework through which Project Affected persons (PAPs) that is
people who will be affected by the construction of the water treatment plant, the network
distribution and the reservoirs, public stand pipes offices and subsequently fairly and
appropriately compensated or resettled before commencement of the works.

6.5.1 Land Survey

The demarcating of the land boundaries for the affected houses and land will help to show
ownership of property and calculate the extent of land acquisition. The team will work closely
with the affected person, neighbours and local leaders during the survey for the purpose of
transparency and confirming land boundaries and ownership of the affected property.
The affected persons at the project boundary whose land will be partially affected, there will
be a consideration for economic viability. The surveyor will survey off the affected portion to
determine its size as well as determining the size of the remaining land portion and WASAC
will incur the costs of obtaining land titles for both portions. If the remaining land portion is
deemed not to be economically viable (orphan land) considering its size in relation to its use,
the whole land will be compensated.
Land falling completely within the project area, the owners will submit land titles for
compensation while those who have bought portions from registered land and they have not
yet done subdivisions to acquire the land titles, the surveyor will pick the boundary
coordinates to assist the valuer in the land value computation as the PAP is advised to proceed
with the process of land title acquisition.
The surveyor will prepare the strip map showing the affected properties/Plots and the size
of the affected land accompanied by a list of land/property owners affected.
However the pipelines, the PAP will be compensated for the crops which will for the season
that he will have lost.

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 6.5.2 Valuation Survey Procedure

Valuation Data Collection

The Valuation Team will begin by marking and referencing the affected Buildings/Houses and
Plot Boundary fences in the project area. Detailed data regarding the quantity, nature and
quality of the assets will then be captured. The affected assets will include but not limited to;
land, buildings, fences, pavements, crops and trees.
The data for each affected asset will be captured on a valuation data collection form to be
signed by the Valuation Technician and the registered PAP or their representative to confirm
the count of crops/trees and buildings/structures assessed.
Buildings: Measurement of structures/buildings (where applicable) on each plot will be
taken by use of tape measure, the replacement value of the permanent buildings will be
determined based on current construction rates per square meter/cubic meter. The
construction rates based on the current market prices are established by the Institute of Real
Property Valuers in Rwanda (IRPV). These market prices are determined from the following
main factors:
• Type and quality of materials used
• Workmanship and design of buildings
• Location of building in relation to sources of materials and labour
• Terrain of the building site and the possible amount of leveling involved
Adjustments will be made on the rates found inadequate to suit the market replacement rate.
Land: Market values for land will be determined with reference to the land reference prices
established the Institute of Real Property Valuers in Rwanda (IRPV) as provided for in the
expropriation law. These Values are based on current market transactions and the Valuer will
make necessary adjustments to reflect location, land use, economic activities, plot size,
surrounding features, terrain, and Vicinity to services such as water electricity and roads.

Crops/Trees: Crops and trees to be affected by the project shall be compensated and their
market values shall be ascertained from the gazette reference prices established by the Institute
of Real Property Valuers in Rwanda (IRPV). Crops/Trees’ values will be adjusted for age,
condition, and description.

Valuation Analysis, Computation and Report Preparation: Analysis of valuation data

collected will be properly done including calculation of quantities using international
recognized units of measurements as well as applying the appropriate prevailing market
rates to each of the affected item in accordance with the expropriation law. In addition, there
will be a disturbance allowance of 5% of the total value of expropriated property to be added
to make Fair Compensation. This 5% is provided by law.
A valuation for compensation report will be prepared in an agreed form to be submitted to
the expropriator/client (WASAC) for approval.

Approval of Valuation Report: After the completion of the valuation of land and property
incorporated thereon, the Valuer shall submit a report to the expropriator (WASAC) which
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shall in turn submit it to the Gicumbi District when compensation is due. The report will be
containing the list of persons to be expropriated, the size of land and the value of property
incorporated thereon belonging to each person to be expropriated, and the fair compensation
to be paid to any person whose property is expropriated in the public interest. This will be
the last activity of the RAP team during the study.

6.6 Other activities to follow

The Study RAP team will propose other activities which the client will executed at the time of
compensation

6.6.1 Activity 7: Disclosure

Disclosure of Compensation Packages to the PAPs, Signing or Fingerprinting approved

fair compensation report by the PAPs: during the implementation of the project valuation
reports will be disclosed to the PAPS that is the report will be posted on the office of the Cell
of the place in which the land is located and a communication that the report is published
shall also be made to the PAPs and other relevant parties so that PAPs can check out the
compensation packages.
When the land owner or the owner of property incorporated on land is satisfied with the
valuation, he/she shall sign or fingerprint the approved fair compensation report accepting
to be paid the compensation with the help of the WASAC representative and the the respective
officials.

6.6.2 Contestation of the Value

Any person to be expropriated who is not satisfied with the assessed value of his/her land
and property incorporated thereon shall indicate in writing grounds for his/her
dissatisfaction with the valuation report. Subsequently, he/she shall, at his/her own expense,
engage the services of a valuer or a valuation firm recognized by the Institute of Real Property
Valuers in Rwanda to carry out a counter-assessment of the value.

The team will develop modalities of handling the problem before it escalates to litigation

6.6.3 Activity 8: Financial literacy

In order to assist PAPs to carefully utilize the money for livelihood restoration, they will be
given financial literacy.

The client will engage the services of a financial expert to train the PAPs on how to utilise
their compensation packages. The RAP team will propose modules which will be covered
during the training of which it will include;
• The purpose of compensation money
• Alternative uses of funds from compensation.
• Possible investments for the economically displaced.

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 • Monitoring and evaluation.

The following is the proposed Table of Contents for the RAP Report
• Chapter 1 - Introduction
• Chapter 2 – Legal, Policy and Institutional Framework
• Chapter 3 – Baseline Data collection
• Chapter 4: Project Displacement Impacts
• Chapter 5. Consultation and Disclosure of information
• Chapter 6- Compensation and Resettlement strategy
• Chapter 7- Land Survey Methodology
• Chapter 8- Livelihood Restoration
• Chapter 9- Management of Archaeological and cultural property
• Chapter 10- Vulnerable groups
• Chapter 11- Grievance Management Redress
• Chapter 12- Organisational Framework for RAP Implementation
• Chapter 13- Monitoring, Evaluation and Completion Audit
• Chapter 14- RAP Budget and Implementation Schedule

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7 TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOTECHINAL SURVEYS

7.1 Introduction

These activities will be carried out after the definite positions of the various structures have
been decided; this will be done when the bet option has been chosen.

7.2 Topographical surveys

To achieve the key project objective of establishing water supply network, state-of-the art
surveying will be employed to provide the site topographical conditions and the longitudinal
profiles will be used as base map for superimposing the hydraulic grade-line for the network
hydraulic designs. The following section presents the procedure to be adopted. The key
technique to be employed is the ArcGIS technology.

ArcGIS will be used here to create an integrated model for water distribution networks. The
system contains six main procedures general procedure; creation of digital vector maps;
followed by geodatabase creation to store network data. Then, building geometric networks
is needed to ensure accurate network drawing, followed by topology rules creation to ensure
accurate spatial relationships. Finally, relationship classes are applied to link external models
data with GIS database.

The technical specifications of the total station equipment to be used are presented in
appendix A.

7.2.1 Approach and methodology

• Step 1: The socio-economic expert, the water supply engineer and the topographic
surveyor will conduct a joint reconnaissance of the project site and the proposed water
supply distribution area as provided in the feasibility study.
• Step 2: The socio-economic expert will conduct an in-depth survey of the existing
supply area to establish the present water demand compared to the demand
presented in the feasibility study.
• Step 3: The surveying team will locate and demarcate the water demand nodes
identified in the socio-economic survey using the GIS equipment and software
including google maps and GPS. From this step, farm demarcation maps will be
produced. The coordinate system to be used is ITRF 2005 with the following
specifications: FE: 500000, FN: 5000000, Lat.: 0, Long.: 30 and SF: 0.9999. Digital
Elevation Model (DEM) mappings will be produced at this stage.

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Geometric networks offer a way to model common networks and infrastructures found in the
real world. Water distribution, electrical lines, gas pipelines, telephone services, and water
flow in a water pipe networks are all examples of resource flows that could be modelled and
analyzed using geometric network.

Geometric network is created from the set of feature class layers presented earlier, along with
connectivity rules that are used to represent and model the behavior of a common network
infrastructure in the real world. It defines the roles that various features will play in the
geometric network and rules for how resources flow through the geometric network.
Geometric network consisted of two main elements: Edges and Junctions.

(i) Junctions are the features that allow two or more edges to connect and facilitate the
transfer of flow between edges. Junctions are created from point feature classes in a feature
dataset and correspond to junction elements in the logical network. Examples of junctions are
valves, hydrants, fittings, and meters.

(ii) Edges are features, which have a length through which some commodity flows. Edges are
created from line feature classes in a feature dataset and correspond to edge elements in a
logical network. Examples of edges are water lines, hydrant line layer, and house connection
layer.

There are two types of edges in a geometric network. The first is Simple edges, which are
always connected to exactly two junctions, one at each end, and Complex edges are always
connected to at least two junctions at their endpoints but can be connected to additional
junctions along their length.

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 • Step 4: Concurrently with step 3 above, the hydraulics engineer will identify the main
water supply network sections which will be retained under this study. The surveyor
will be instructed to conduct line surveys along this network sections maintaining a
30m intervals. The surveyor will be assisted with the road network maps of the
Gicumbi District together with google earth satellite maps. The hydraulic engineer will
continuously update the proposed network routing based on the socio-economic
survey data and the hydraulic design. A final map of the water supply network routing
will be produced.

• Step 5: Using the surveying data from step 4 above, the surveyor will derive
longitudinal sections (X-Y axis) of the network sections from node to node. These
sectional profiles will show the vertical land terrain whilst showing all other
geographical, developmental and physical features (e.g. river and road crossings,
swamps, etc.

• Step 6: After the hydraulics engineer has completed the final water supply network
hydraulic design, the following network parameters will specified for each nodal
section of the network; length (m), vertical slope (%), the flow (m3/s), flow velocity
(m/s), the pipe material, the pipe nominal diameter (mm).

• Step 7: The hydraulics engineer will establish the hydraulic grade-line for the whole
network and this grade line will be superimposed on the longitudinal profiles of the
network. The corresponding plan map of the network system will be generated.

7.3 Geotechnical Investigations

7.3.1 Methodology for Soil Investigations

A. Core drilling
Investigation by core drilling is a preliminary prerequisite and precise method for geological
assessment of the underground formation of project area. The accuracy of data generated by
drilling is the most important factor in predicting the formation correctly.
A core drill is a drill specifically designed to remove a cylinder of material, much like a whole
saw. A core sample shall be collected by a core drill. The drilling shall be made by core drills
of various types depending on the soil formation encountered. Drills shall be made for at least
15m deep or to a depth the design team will see it suit. During the drilling different lubricating
fluid which includes, water, bentonite mud, cutting oil and polymers (both water and mud
based) will be employed to ensure that undisturbed samples are obtained.
Cores shall be properly kept in core sample boxes and then they shall be well defined by the
geotechnical engineer for structural engineering purposes. Samples for laboratory tests shall
also be collected by the expert and taken to an appropriate laboratory. Core logging shall also
be done right at the site.
Soil Sampling through Core Drilling & S.P.T

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 The detailed work of „Soil Sampling through Core Drilling and SPT‟ involves drive sampling
technique (Dry sampling) for obtaining the representative samples of soil through S.P.T
(Standard Penetration Test) for determining the relative density and cohesiveness of the soil.
SPT (Standard Penetration Test) Procedure
The split spoon sampler resting on the bottom of the bore hole will be allowed to sink under
its own weight, and then it will be driven 15 cm below with the blows of hammer dropping
from 75 cm height. Thereafter it should be further driven by 30-50 cm below (except when
the sampler is full of core).The number of blows required for every 15 cm of penetration is
recorded. The first 15 cm of drive will be considered as seating drive. The total blows required
for 2nd and 3rd 15 cm of penetration will be termed as penetration resistance „N‟.

7.3.2 Method of Investigation

1. Standard Penetration Tests

SPTs shall be conducted on soil or soft material layers at 2 m interval throughout the boring
depths. The test shall also be conducted when the soil stratum changes regardless of the given
interval. The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) utilizes a 51mm external diameter and 450mm
long thick-walled split spoon sample tube driven into the ground under the impact of semi-
automatic sliding hammer weighing 63.5kg through a free fall of 760mm. The 'N' value, which
is the measure of the density or consistency of the ground under testing, is recorded as the
number of hammer blows required to achieve penetration of last 300mm.
The initial blows required to penetrate the first 150mm will be regarded as seating blows, to
allow for any disturbed materials at the bottom of the borehole, and are discarded. Up on
completion of the test, the sample tube will be removed and disassembled to obtain
'disturbed' but representative sample of the tested ground.

7.3.3 Computation of bearing pressure based on SPT values

Figure 7-1: Computation of bearing pressure based on SPT values

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The N-values are converted to N‟55 standard energy ratio value according to Bowles (Bowles,
1988).
N‟55 = CN x N x n1 x n2 x n3 x n4
Where
N‟55 = adjusted N
CN = adjustment for overburden pressure (p‟‟o/p‟o) 1/2
p‟o= overburden pressure
p‟‟o = reference overburden pressure (95.76 KPa or 1.0 kg/cm2)
n1 = Er/Erb (where Er is average energy ratio that depends on the drill system and E rb is the
standard energy ratio). Er is taken as 45 and Erb as 55.
n2 = rod length correction
Rod length > 10 m = 1,
Rod length 6-10 m = 0.95,
Rod length 4-6 m = 0.85,
Rod length 0-4 m = 0.75
n3 = sampler correction (1.00 in our case)
n4 = borehole diameter correction (1.00 in our case)
After adjusting the N-counts based on the above formula a design N-value is chosen from
consecutive depths where the test is performed. The design N-value is taken as the average
of N-values which are found in between ½ B above and 2B below the proposed footing depth
where B is the width of the foundation.
The bearing capacity for the soil layer is calculated from the SPT N-values using Meyerhof‟s
equation as follows (Bowles, 1988):-
qa = N/F2 [(B+F3)/B)]2Kd B>F4
B = Width of foundation
D = Depth of foundation
qa = Allowable bearing pressure for settlement limited to
25 mm.
Kd = 1+0.33D/B < 1.33
F2 = 0.08
F3 = 0.3
F4 = 1.2
The above equation can be used for both cohesive and cohesion less soils.
Undisturbed soil samples shall be collected through split spoon sampler and by static pushing
of Shelby tube, if and where required from each borehole at an interval of every 3 meters.
B. Test Pit Excavation,
Trial pits will be excavated to a depth required, approximately of 3.0 meters in soil or soft
material or up to refusal if formation material is encountered, whichever is the shallower. The
soil profiles observed in the test pits shall be properly logged.
C. Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
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CPT will be used to measure the strength of layers crossed by probe, eliminating the lateral
friction. This test is very important in practice, since it rapidly gives a practice idea of the
strength of sub strata in their natural state. It is practical to proceed by identical depth
sections.
By putting the data in the so called “Dutch” formula, the dynamic break resistance of the sub
strata crossed can be determined.
The underlying principle of CPT is the rate of penetration of the cone under standard force is
inversely related to the strength of the sub strata encounter.
Instruments to be used for CPT are of different types based on the depth of investigation. For
the tower structures with shallow foundations (maximum depth up to 5 m) Light 10 daN
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer will be used.
The details of the instrument are as follows
• Mass of Hammer: 10.2 kg
• Height of Drop: 0.5 m
• Dia. Of Cone: 35 mm
• Cone Area: 0.01 m2
• Mass of each Rod: 2.39 kg
• Depth of penetration: up to 12 m
The Dutch Formula to be applied

where
• q – SBC in Pa
• E – Energy in Joules
• A – Area of Cone in m2
• h – Depth of Penetration in m
• M – Mass of the Hammer
• P – Mass of the Assembly

7.3.4 Soil Investigation Final Reports

The soil investigation final report shall include all data records as per the requirements of the
geotechnical investigation program and to the highest professional standard. Provisional
foundation selection including determination of soil classification and foundation allowable
bearing pressure shall be given for each soil class as per specification.
Other tests which shall be carried out shall include those of reference materials to be use such
as sand and laterite. Relevant tests shall also be presented within this report.

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8 HYDROLOGICAL STUDY

8.1 Introduction
This section details the approach & methodology to be employed in conducting the
hydrological assessments of the project water sources.
According to the Project terms of reference, the tasks to be undertaken under the hydrological
assessments include but not limited to:
• Collect hydrological data and conduct water balance analysis of Mwange river (use at
least 20 years of data) to determine necessary water storage capacity. In case existing
hydrological data is insufficient for the purpose of this analysis, develop hydrological model
to reproduce past data using rainfall data. Water balance analysis should take into
consideration the evaporation from the open surface and seepage losses;
• Using results of climate model and projections, assess likely impacts of climate change
on water resources and propose practical adaptation measures to ensure sustainability of the
infrastructure;
• Explore the possible site and carry out preliminary assessment of the suitability of the
site with regard to various types of raw water intake structures, topography and geology,
availability of construction materials;
• To do the appropriate analysis of physio-chemical and biological quality of Mwange
river by an accepted laboratory in Rwanda and propose treatment process accordingly;
• Collect, compile, analyze and process data for the design of Raw Water Intake;

8.2 Preliminary findings

The team visited the site for the proposed intake which is located in Kageyo Sector on 14th
May 2020. The preliminary evidence indicated that on the same River Mwange, a power plant
is already being constructed and it had already reached approximately 70% of its
implementation progress.
Further inquiries indicated that the Company called REGRE Power and was given to exploit
0.4m3/s of the river discharge. However more findings indicate that the rivers baseflow is
0.25m3/s yet the water supply system will need over 0.2m3/s.

This now brings a dilemma to which the following alternatives may be proposed;
1) To have the project designed as per the recommendation of the feasibility study which of
course will impose a direct conflict with the one of the power generation.
2) To have a water balancing reservoir (dam constructed at the upstream of the power plant
to store water that will help both the treatment plant and the power plant to fully function.
This will have an extras construction cost but will not affect the operation costs
3) To have the intake for the water treatment plant constructed at the tail end of the power
generation plant. This will have the construction costs to some extent but also will have an
addition static head of 150m to the original feasibility proposal as such will have impose a
higher cost on the operational costs more especially power consumption.
Alternatives and 3 will be discussed in detail for better decision making.

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8.3 Approach and methodology

8.3.1 River Mwange Flow Modelling & Water Balance Analysis

This section present the approach and methodology of conducting the River Mwange flow
modelling and water balance analysis in accordance with the Project terms of reference that
stipulates that; “the Consultant shall collect hydrological data and conduct water balance
analysis of Mwange river (use at least 20 years of data) to determine necessary water storage
capacity. In case existing hydrological data is insufficient for the purpose of this analysis, develop
hydrological model to reproduce past data using rainfall data. Water balance analysis should
take into consideration the evaporation from the open surface and seepage losses.”

The feasibility study reports that there exists a river gauging station on the River Mwange
and that there exist historical flow measurements. The gauging station on the River Mwange
is designated as GISENYI No.37184305, and was installed in 1981.
As part of the Project data collection, the Consultant shall request for the available River
Mwange flow measurements at gauging station GISENYI No.37184305, from the Rwanda
Natural Resources Authority (RNRA).
The quality of the River Mwange flow data will be analysed and if a minimum of 20 years
continuous data is available, then the river flow modelling will be conducted, however, in the
event of missing data, then missing data correction analysis will be conducted.
The hydrological modelling of River Mwange will be done using the HEC-RAS Software
described below.

8.3.2 River Flow Missing Data Analysis

Water resources management requires handling of large datasets. Transforming the large water
resources datasets into the information require pre-processing to deduce it into the valuable
information. While transformation of the data, researchers face following problems:
1) the datasets are not sufficient;
2) hard to locate;
3) and are inconsistent or non-compatible.
Recent development in the data driven modelling has given researcher to overcome these
problems. It is common about river flow data that due to mismanagement, flood or any other
reason data is not recorded in database. This missing data creates trouble when exported into
water resource management software for knowing the behavior of historical data and
prediction of future upcoming river flow for risk and flood management.

Therefore, raw data which contains missing values should be mined so that decision makers
can have refined and useful data for mitigating the risk, disaster or any unexpected event.
Therefore, different approaches are being used for data mining like interpolation,
extrapolation, normal ratio method, correlation method etc. In the last few decades, various
types of data mining techniques and models have been recognized and they show the
stochastic nature of hydrologic processes which led to an increasing interest in artificial
neural network (ANN) and fuzzy logic techniques. These techniques consider the nonlinearity
in the rainfall-runoff process and the utilization of soft computing techniques such as support
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vector machines, expert systems, and genetic algorithms are grouped under the general
description “artificial intelligence.”

8.3.3 River Flow Missing Data Analysis Methods

The choice of the method to be utilized to fill missing river flow data depends on the data
availability between the variables. In this project, the estimates will be determined by
correlation coefficient between the stations, as well the distances between the stations where
the nearer stations will be able to estimate each other better than the far ones. Also, the
stations which are located in the same stream will be able to estimate each other better than
stations which belong to different streams.
In filling the missing river flow data, a single gauging station can be filled with more than one
method. Multiple regressions are the best method in filling missing data during period of high
flow compared to
Linear regression method, however in the area where the correlated stations are scares linear
regression can be employed.
The common methods are:
• Person Correlation Coefficient method
• Recession method
• Regression method
The choice of the method to be utilized to fill missing river flow data will depend on the data
availability between the variables for the River Mwange flow data measured at the GISENYI
No.37184305 gauging station.

8.3.4 River Flow Modelling

Instream flows are an allocation of water to support values obtained from streamflows in a
river. The actual allocation of water to instream flows is a policy process. The best situation
is when the policy is support by quality analysis of the instream values. A major purpose of
the hydrological analysis is to understand the dynamic characteristics of streamflows in the
river without linking the streamflows to the biological system using habitat modelling.
Exactly how the results are used depends on the water management situation at hand. The
uses of the analysis include:
1) comparing differences in the streamflows between time periods in the measured record
such as comparing the streamflow situation prior to a major diversion to the streamflow
situation after the diversion,
2) comparing streamflow conditions determined by simulation of alternative water
management activities,
3) comparing streamflow conditions resulting from alternative states of the watershed
(urban versus rural as an example), and
4) comparing the streamflows at different locations along a river or between rivers.
The hydrological analysis can be divided into five different regimes of a river. These are:
1) annual streamflow regime,
2) high discharge regime,
3) low discharge regime,
4) sediment transport regime, and
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5) flow variability regime.
Streamflow data can be divided into three types as shown in Figure below:

Figure 8-1: Types of Data necessary for Hydrological Analysis

Most instream flow studies use daily streamflow data as a starting point of any hydrological
analysis. The daily data may be from measurements, and data transferred from other
locations by various techniques. Watershed models can also be used to generate streamflows
in an un-gaged basin. Recently, streamflow data is derived from stages measured at 15-
minute intervals, transformed to discharges using a rating curve and aggregated to daily
values. There are estimated values in most measured daily streamflow data sets, especially
for the high and low daily streamflows.

8.3.5 HEC-RAS River Flow Modelling Software

Hydrologic Engineering Centers for River Analysis System (HEC-RAS), developed by the US
Army Corps of Engineering (USACE) is a powerful tool which supplies the user with a variety
of possibilities which can map models of rivers, lakes, and creeks, as well as create virtual or
real models of reservoirs. By using Google Maps, and a detailed map of heights above sea level,
one can easily create a virtual model of basic water structures. The HEC-RAS system allows
one to perform one-dimensional steady and unsteady flow of a river, hydraulics calculations,
sediment transport and movable boundary computations, and water temperature modelling.
The HEC-RAS is integrated software, designed for interactive use in a multi-user network
environment. HEC-RAS is comprised of a graphical user interface, hydraulic analysis
components, data storage and management capabilities, graphics and reporting facilities.
8.3.5.1 Benefits & Capabilities of HEC-RAS
The 2D flow modelling algorithm in HEC-RAS has the following capabilities:
• Can perform 1D, 2D, and combined 1D & 2D modelling,
• Can perform Saint-Venant or Diffusion Wave Equation in 2D,
• Implicit Finite Volume Solution Algorithm,
• 1D & 2D Coupled Solution Algorithm,
• Unstructured or Structured Computational Meshes,
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• Detailed Hydraulic Table Properties for 2D Computational Cell & Cell Faces,
• Detailed Flood Mapping & Flood Animations,
• Multi-Processor Based Solution Algorithm, and
• 64-Bit and 32-Bit Computational Engines.
8.3.5.2 Application of HEC-RAS
To develop a user application based on a model of a river in HEC-RAS, the user needs to
download the software. Once the program is installed and executed on a PC computer, the
user can start a new project by introducing the name and location of the project.
In order to design the required static model of a river (its geometrical representation, river
width and depth, bridges, etc.) in HEC-RAS, the user has to define the necessary data. The
river must be defined from downstream to upstream against the positive flow direction. The
scheme of the river can then be drawn. The user can modify the river scheme by adding new
points or moving the existing ones within the river reach. The necessary junction for a new
reach of the river is formed automatically.
Once the river scheme is drawn, the designer can enter cross-section (river station) data,
concerning the major river points (riverbed, local terrain shape, distance to a next point, for
instance), using a system editor.
A very important function facilitating the designing of realistic models is the possibility of
interpolating the cross sections in the river reach or between two consecutive cross-sections.
It is especially useful when the area is relatively wide. In such cases the model can be
simplified by adding interpolated cross sections, which allow the user to swiftly design a
sufficiently accurate model of the analyzed river.
When all desired cross-sections are designed, the modeller can enter other structures
available in the HEC-RAS environment, such as: stream junctions, bridges and culverts, in-line
structures (dams, weirs and gated spillways), lateral structures (weirs, gated spillways,
culverts, diversion rating curves), storage areas, and pump stations.
8.3.5.3 HEC-RAS Calculations
Introduction of the data can be followed by a steady-flow analysis, based on a plan, defining
the geometry and flow data, and set up by the user. For the river system boundary conditions
it is necessary to have a right flow regime selected (the subcritical flow regime must be used
when boundary conditions are specified only in the downstream river ends, and the
supercritical flow regime should be used along with upstream boundary conditions; and the
mixed flow calls for both upstream and downstream ends of the river system).
8.3.5.4 HEC-RAS Software Outputs
There are many outputs available in the HEC-RAS environment which may be analyzed after
simulation is completed, such as: cross-sections, water surface profiles, general profile plot,
rating curves, X-Y-Z perspective plots, stage and flow hydrographs, and hydraulic property
plots. Cross-sections can be viewed as plots of any cross section (once we select the river,
reach and river station) indicating the level of water and other options, like zooming, selecting
profiles and plotted variables along with a control over symbols, lines, scaling and labels.
Whereas, for instance, water surface profiles can be easily obtained for any selected reach.
Similarly, X-Y-Z perspective plots are designed to be invoked in a separate window with a
multiple cross section perspective plot.

8.3.6 River Mwange Intake Siting & Design

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This section will present the approach and methodology for the water intake structure on
River Mwange. The Project terms of reference stipulate that the Consultant, using data from
field investigation, water demand analysis, topographic, hydrology and geology surveys shall
a detailed design of a raw water intake structure on River Mwange taking into account
engineering, economic, sustainability, sediment control and structural integrity aspects.

Figure 8-2: FIGURE OF TYPICAL RIVER INTAKE STRUCTURE

8.3.6.1 Intake Siting Criteria

The following major and minor design criteria will be considered for the purpose of
evaluating the potential intake locations.
Major Criteria:
• River Depth: A minimum water depth less than 0.75 m will likely require a weir. Installing
a weir is less desirable because it increases cost and may affect recreational activities on the
river. River Crossing: A river crossing will increase costs.
• Land Ownership: Land owned by the government is preferred. Private land ownership
will potentially add costs and delays for land acquisition.
• Site Access: A site access road that connects the intake and pump station to the WTP is
preferred.
• Flood Protection: The pump station must be above the 100 year flood plain elevation.
• Recreation Impacts: A site with fewer impacts to recreational activities along the river
is preferred.
Minor Criteria:
• Existing Water Licenses: A site without existing water licenses is preferred.
• Geotechnical: If rock excavation is required to construct the foundation of the intake and
pump station at either site, it will significantly increase the cost. It should be noted that at this
stage, minimal geotechnical work has been completed.

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Riparian Habitat: A site which requires less riparian habitat to be disturbed is preferable
because of lower costs of compensation and potentially less onerous permitting
requirements.
8.3.6.2 Intake Sediment Control
The means of taking water from a river are numerous and varied. Whether for irrigation,
water supply or hydropower the water being removed must pass through some man-made
structure. No matter how slight, any interruption to the river course will cause changes to the
river regime. It is often the case that the proportion of sediment abstracted with relation to
the total river sediment load is greater than the proportion of water abstracted.
The sediment load of a river may be classified broadly as bed load or suspended load. The bed
load is made up of particles which move by sliding, rolling and saltation; the deciding factor
being that bed load material properties are such that the particles cannot stay in suspension
for long. The suspended load travels predominantly in suspension because the particle sizes
and densities are such that the turbulence in the flow does not allow them to settle out. The
wash load is defined as those very fine particles which may only settle out in completely still
water.
• Problems Caused by Abstracted Sediment
If the problem of sediment ingress at an intake works is not considered, major difficulties will
often result due to sediment being transported by the diverted flow, or by deposits caused by
a reduction in the sediment carrying capacity of the diverted flow. Small particles which
remain in suspension, i.e. if the flow velocity is kept sufficiently high, may cause damage to
any part of the intake works, particularly where machinery such as pumps (water supply)
and turbines (hydropower) is involved. Exposure of such machinery to small abrasive
particles moving through the impeller or turbine runner at high velocity causes damage over
short periods of time; seals and bearings may suffer severe wear, so that efficiency is reduced
and complete failure may eventually follow – in either case maintenance is necessary,
requiring high expenditure in terms of replaced parts, man-hours and in lost water or power
supply. Screens, penstocks and moving parts, such as gates and valves, are also susceptible to
extensive damage from sediment in motion or from sediment deposits.
Wail, channel or pipe protection measures designed to resist exposure to water flow may not
be sufficient to protect such surfaces against particle movement, and both cosmetic and
structural damage may result. In addition to the costs of damage due to sediment carried
through intakes, there is the problem, particularly in the case of water supply, of removing
the particles at treatment works, thus adding to the already expensive process of providing
potable water to the consumer.
In cases where diverted flow velocities are not high enough to keep all particles in suspension
- particularly in the gravity systems experienced mainly in irrigation schemes - the main
problem is to avoid a greater intake of sediment than can be transported by the canal system.
An excess of sediment will lead to deposition in the canal system, at first locally just
downstream of the intake but gradually extending downstream to affect the whole canal
system in time. The canal system will have strictly limited scope for adjusting slopes to
accommodate the excess sediment supply, so freeboard will be lost as the bed rises and the
capacity of the channel will decrease. The process of clearing and removing sediment is very
expensive, especially if a proportion of fine cohesive material results in very solid deposits.

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 8.3.6.3 Intake Siting Survey and Data Collection
Purpose and Location of a River Intake
The purpose of a scheme and the distance of the river from the point of delivery of water will
determine the length of the reach of the river on which the intake can be located economically.
A pumped water supply scheme is less likely to be affected by topography than a gravity
scheme in the same conditions. However, matters such as the required fall through the intake
may be worth considering when the site for the structure is selected.
The site for an intake will be chosen on the basis of the local topography, geomorphology and
on the geometry of the river channel close to the site. The purpose of the system and the area
selected for location of the intake are the first major items of data required for design.
Topographic and Geomorphological Data
The initial selection of the site for an intake structure may often be made by study of available
maps and/or aerial photographs. However, field inspection and local survey will be necessary
in appraising the suitability of a particular site and in the design of training works and of the
form of the entry to the intake.
Study of aerial photographs of both current and previous issues, and failing that, inspection
of the site on the ground or from the air will give some indication of the stability of the main
river channel. Check should be made of evidence of previous channels in the river bed, any
tendency of the channel to braid instead of maintain a single channel at low flows and the
possibility of the river changing course within its flood plain. The presence of one or more
former river channels does not necessarily mean that such changes of course have occurred
recently and enquiry should be made of the local inhabitants as to the behaviour of the river.
Protection of the existing river banks may be necessary to guard against the river adopting a
previous course after a major flood; the stability and possible protection of the bank into
which the intake is to be set must also be considered. If possible the river should be examined
during floods.
Topographic surveys of the river channel will be required both upstream and downstream of
the proposed intake site. The length of reach over which cross-sections are taken will depend
on the initial assessment of the extent of hydraulic effects of the intake, river training works
and bank protection works; particular attention must be given to accurate detail of the survey
if hydraulic model tests are envisaged. Sections across the flood plain are often necessary
where designs are required for rivers subject to peak floods in excess of bank full capacity. It
is essential that the surveyors should also record the level of the natural water surface,
location, date and time at least daily during the course of all survey work on the site.
A survey of the site of the intake structure itself should be carried out at a scale of 1:100 (or
1:200 for larger structures) with a contour interval of 0.5 metres or closer; the survey should
extend onto the river bed. In precipitous country, larger contour intervals (say 2 m) may be
adequate for large intakes.
Topographic and geomorphologic data which should be obtained, if available, would include:
Existing reports and river studies.
Topographic study of catchment and site - emphasis on features such as landslides which
affect stability of catchment.
Aerial photographic study of catchment and site.
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Geological survey including records of river bed material (grading, mineralogy, etc.).
Survey of soils and vegetation in catchment - and any likely future changes which may affect
erosion.
Other features of the catchment which may influence the river morphology at the site, and
therefore should be part of the survey, include:
River control features (rook bars, gorges, etc.).
Reservoirs and lakes upstream (existing and projected) which may act as silt traps. Trash
producing industries (e.g. quarrying} and communities upstream.
Hydrometric Data
A knowledge of the flow at the site of the proposed intake is essential, and a stage-discharge
relationship must be established. Essential hydrometric data include:
• Magnitude of floods
• Flood hydrographs
• Frequency of floods
• Flow duration curve
• Stage-discharge curve
• Flow-sediment content relationship
• Average daily/weekly/monthly flows
• Meteorology - rainfall, wind speed, etc.
There are standardised measurement procedures available from literature, including
recommendations about the choice of site for obtaining good hydrometric data: often, the
optimum site for an intake structure is not a good site for standard hydrometric
measurements. It is best to establish these hydrometric data by direct measurement using
the normal methods of stream gauging, at a site close to the proposed intake location (so that
no major tributary flows intervene). Where time is not available for gauge measurements due
to urgency of design, an attempt can be made to calculate a stage-discharge curve on the basis
of a survey of the shape and gradient of the river channel, the assumed effective roughness of
the bed and open channel hydraulic formulae. Velocity measurements on a surveyed cross-
section will provide some check on the assumed roughness of the bed. It must be recognised
that this is an inadequate method of obtaining a good approximation to the stage-discharge
curve at the site.
An assessment of the variation of river discharges and levels from year to year (including
droughts) and with the seasons of the year, and correlation with the seasonal demands of the
intake may be essential.
Where relevant this information will establish the probability of being unable to divert
sufficient water into the intake to meet demands at low river flows. If this arises because of
low levels rather than insufficient flow, provision of storage may have to be considered with
construction of a low weir to raise minimum water levels and, the possible incorporation of
gates in the weir to clear sediment from the forebay of the intake.

Operational Data
It is essential to establish the relationship between the discharge abstracted at the intake and
the range of flows in the river through all the seasons of the year for effective design of an
intake structure. The provisions of the design are generally to abstract the specified quantity
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of water of the required clarity from the source, however laden with sediment, and to keep
the forebay of the structure free of deposits. The ability of the design to achieve this depends
largely on the sediment carrying capacity of the main water course and the proportion of its
flow which is being abstracted.
The pattern of intended operation of the intake throughout a typical year must be assessed
so that the conditions at which the intake is at greatest risk from sediment ingress or from
blockage due to shoaling in the river can be considered. The effects of large abstractions of
water over periods of a few hours, as might be required where a reservoir is being supplied,
must be taken into account. The resulting patterns of low and high discharges into the intake
must be compared with the range of river flows and water levels at all periods of a typical
year. This will enable the designer to be aware of occasions of high abstraction when the
water supply is most heavily sediment laden and to make special arrangements to avoid or
deal with these occasions. He will also be able to make operational arrangements for flushing
and cleaning operations when the river is capable of disposing of deposits.
Account must also be taken of stages of development of the scheme which may require lower
abstractions in its early years with much higher discharges planned for the same structure
later in its lifetime.
Sediment Data
The bed load originates from the bed or banks of the river channel or its tributaries further
upstream and the rate of transport is dependent on the velocity and turbulence of flow at any
time. Reliable measurement of bed load is very difficult and it is common practice to derive
an approximation by other
Methods. Some assessment of the order or magnitude of the movement of the bed of the river
is required in the choice of elevation of a sill at the entry to the intake structure to exclude the
bed material, and in the provision to be made at any cross-river weir to deal with deposition
behind the weir. Clearly, abstraction of the near-bed flow which contains these high
concentrations of sediment should be avoided.
The suspended sediment may originate from the same source as the bed load or it may be the
wash load, i.e. much finer material washed into the river by heavy rainfalls eroding the
catchment. This material will be drawn into the intake and will either remain in suspension
or settle out slowly in relatively still conditions. The concentration of suspended solids at a
range of discharges of the river must be determined; knowledge of the grading of these
materials is also necessary to the design.
8.3.6.4 Intake Sizing & Design
Design Procedure
• Requirements
The basic requirements for the supply of water must be defined:
(i) Maximum and minimum abstraction rates during the different seasons of the year.
(ii) Maximum sediment content and the maximum grain size of particles that can be accepted
into the supply system.
(iii) The acceptability of partial or total failure of the supply and the corresponding return
period in years.
(iv) The location and relative level of the point of delivery of water from the intake must be
defined so that a choice is made between gravity and pumped delivery and also between open
channel and pressure pipe conveyance of the water.

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(v) Provision for future expansion of the demand.
• Limitations
The above requirements must then be compared with the limitations of the source of water:
(i) Maximum and minimum water levels in the river or reservoir at the accepted probability
of restricted supply.
(ii) The corresponding maximum and minimum flows available.
(iii) The concentration of sediment at these flows and the reduction in concentration as the
level of the entry sill of the offtake is raised above the bed.
The effects that the abstraction will have on the sediment concentrations and distribution
must also be considered.
• Type of Intake
After consideration of the requirements of the intake and of the limitations of the supply, a
choice of the type of intake best suited to the particular location must be made.
• Dimensions of Main Structure
The size of the structure is defined by the combinations of maximum demand and minimum
supply water level at each season of the year. The area of the entrance to the structure through
which the supply is passed is sized to give an acceptable value of maximum velocity - say 1-2
m/s in a gated opening with open channel flow; maximum velocities for lined power tunnels
and gates in these tunnels would be higher and restricted by head loss, lining material,
roughness, etc.. Where the openings are not gated, where it is intended to install screens,
where it is desirable to avoid attracting fish or where turbulence is to be avoided {e.g. pump
intakes) appropriate maximum velocities will be adopted.
The level of the sill at the entrance to a free surface conduit can be set lower than that of the
entry sill but consideration should be given to lowering the bed of the forebay so that heavier
particles carried over the entry sill will be dropped before the water enters the main intake
structure. In general the sill of the openings will define the level of the floor of the structure
except where pumps are to be installed; in the latter case the floor inside the structure must
be lowered to ensure that sufficient submergence for the pumps is provided under all
operating conditions. Entrances to submerged power tunnels may have to be sufficiently deep
to avoid vortex formation.
The sizing of the intake to a tunnel or pipe system will be restricted by acceptable velocities
in the culverts. These velocities are associated with screen area or velocity through gate
openings. Detailed hydraulic calculations will be required to confirm the performance of any
tentative intake design, and to ensure that it has an adequate capacity.
• Entry Sill
An entry sill is usually provided upstream of the intake structure in order to prevent as much
as practicable of the transported sediment in the river from reaching the intake. The level of
the entry sill is critical. It should be set at such a height above the bed of the river that the bed
load and the higher concentration of the suspended sediment are excluded at high river flows:
but at the same time the crest of the sill must be low enough to enable the water demand to
discharge over the sill at low river levels. In the latter circumstances the sill should be of
sufficient length to keep the velocity to the required value.
If these requirements conflict then a decision must be made:
(i) Accept a lower intake supply at low river levels, or (ii) accept a higher sediment intake at
high river flow, or (iii) consider river training works to lower the river bed of the channel

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local to the intake, or (iv) construct cross-river works to raise the river water level at low
flows, or (v) a combination of the above choices.
• Arrangement and Orientation
The entry sill should be orientated parallel to the flow of the river to discourage deposition of
bed load against the face of the sill. Where a weir or barrage has been constructed across the
river to raise water levels it is often necessary to install gates in the weir immediately
downstream of the intake to act as scour sluices and physically prevent build-up of sediment
in front of the intake. In such a case river training works, in the form of divide walls or groynes,
across the front of the intake may be constructed to constrict the channel to the scour sluices
and thus generate velocities locally exceeding those of the river prior to construction of the
weir.
Although the entry weir is set parallel to the direction of flow of the river the axis of the
forebay and the main intake structure should be set at a smaller angle to the river.
Where the intake takes the form of a tower in a reservoir the entry sill usually will be that of
the intake gates. The lowest gate should be set clear of the anticipated deposition of sediment
in the bottom of the reservoir, but below the normal operating drawdown level. If the
operating range of the reservoir is considerable it is normal practice in water supply systems
(but not hydro-electric) to introduce alternative intake gates at vertical intervals of 10 to 20
metres providing adequate submergence so that water clear of both sediment and floating
debris can be selected.
Where appreciable quantities of sediment are drawn over the entry sill but retained by a
downstream sill, provision can be made for installation of scour sluices and a discharge
channel from the forebay to control build-up of sediment.
• Geometric Recommendations
The boundaries of flow formed by the walls and floor of the approach to the intake structure
should be aligned with the intention of preventing turbulence and also of preventing
separation of the streamlines from the boundary surfaces and inducing reverse eddies. The
use of curved walls and nosings to piers will reduce turbulent effects. The prevention of
separation of streamlines from boundaries is more of a problem. A rule of thumb used for
canals is that the radius of curvature of the axis of flow should be at least two and a half times
the width of the water surface of the channel. In practice such a large radius can seldom be
provided at the approach to an intake and the wall at the inside of the bend will be curved to
suit the space available. A nosing of radius 0.2 times the channel width will avoid the worst
effects of flow separation.

To ensure even distribution of water across the face of the intake structure, floor baffles, often
set at an angle to the flow, or vertical columns may be necessary. Even distribution of the
water is of greatest significance where the intake contains pumps, or where the intake is set
directly across a supply canal much narrower than the structure. Re-entrants and areas
where slow moving water will cause the deposition of sediment should be avoided.
For a large intake structure there is no substitute for hydraulic model tests to ensure
satisfactory hydraulic performance, and the study of flow patterns which influence particle
movements should be emphasized.

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9 ARCHITECTURAL AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN

9.1 Introduction
This section presents the projected structural design for the project structural components,
in particular the treatment plant, water reservoirs and the related soil investigations.
The structural facilities will be designed to BS8110 and concrete class C30 and steel S460 will
be considered. PROTASTRUCTURE 2018 will be used for structural design and AutoCAD
2018 for structural detailing. ProtaStructure software is a dedicated analysis, design and
drafting solution for reinforced concrete and steel building structures.

9.1.1 Main objectives

The main objective is to design all proposed water supply system structural facilities to
ensure their structural stability.
9.1.1.1 Specific objectives
The specific objectives will be to;
• To analyses different types of loadings
• To determine suitable construction materials to be used
• To design all structural elements

9.1.2 Hypotheses & Assumptions for the Structural Design

9.1.2.1 Hypotheses of concrete design:
• Strain in concrete is the same as in reinforcing bars at the same level, provided that
the bond between the concrete and steel is adequate
• Modulus of elasticity of steel S460 to be taken as 205000 Mpa
• Modulus of elasticity of concrete C30 to be taken as 26000 Mpa
• Plane cross sections continue to be plane after bending
• Cracked concrete is assumed to be not effective before cracking; the entire cross
section is effective in resisting the external moments.
• The method of elastic analysis, assuming an ideal behavior at all levels of stress will
not valid. At high stresses, non-elastic behavior will be assumed, which is in close agreement
with the actual behavior of concrete and steel.
• At ultimate strength, the maximum strain at the extreme compression fibres will be
assumed to be equal to 0.0035 by BS 8110 code provisions. At the ultimate strength, the
shape of the compressive stress distribution may be assumed to be rectangular, parabolic or
trapezoidal.
9.1.2.2 Assumptions:
Table 9-1: MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

No MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS VALUE UNIT

1 Density of Concrete 25 kN/m3
2 Characteristic Strength of Concrete 30 Mpa
3 Poisson’s Ratio 0.166
4 Soil Density 18 kN/m3

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 5 Strength of high yield steel (fy) 460 Mpa
6 Strength of mild steel (fy) 250 Mpa
7 E-modulus of steel 205,000 Mpa
8 E-modulus of concrete 26,000 Mpa
9 Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete 12X10-6 1/0C
10 Exposure conditions Severe

9.1.3 Methods & Tools for Structural Design

9.1.3.1 Methods for data collection and analysis
o Site visit
Site visits will be organised to be able to interpret survey data and maps in order so as to
determine accurate levels, have a general view of the in-situ soils and have a clear view of
earthworks.
o Desk study
Literature review will be conducted to study the requirements and procedures for the design
of a pump house, reservoirs and other structures such as inspection chambers and manholes.
Consulted documents so far are as follows:
- Rwandan Standards: RS 142 2012 Design for concrete structures- Code of practice
- British Standards: BS 8110 – 1997: Structural use of concrete – Code of practice for
design and construction
- W.H Mosley and J.H. Bungey : Reinforced Concrete Design, Fourth Edition
- V.N.S. Murthy : Geotechnical Engineering – Principles and Practices of Soil Mechanics and
Foundation Engineering

o CAD Software

ProtaStructure software 2018 (ProtaStructure)

ProtaStructure is an innovative structural BIM solution for structural engineers to model,

analyse and design buildings quickly and accurately. It uses advanced integrated features
including grouped member design, 3D FE Analysis, staged construction and seismic design,
foundations and punching shear checks to quickly produce results. In addition to allowing the
use of different design standards, ProtaStructure is directly linked with AutoCAD software for
more structural detailing. For this design, ProtaStructure will be solely used and results will
be checked manually on an MS Excel sheet and presented.
o Geotechnical laboratory tests
In this design reference will be made to the geotechnical report of the sites that were
conducted by IPRC Kigali with its private consulting company. This report and its reviewed
version will be used to get all necessary geotechnical data like bearing capacity.

9.1.4 Design Philosophy

9.1.4.1 Overview of the design criteria
All concrete structures will be designed in reinforced concrete with all side walls serving also
as retaining walls. Since Rwandan Standards (RS) are not yet integrated in most known
structural design programs, BS8110 will be uploaded in the design software and outcome
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checked manually considering both RS 142 – 2012, BS 8110 – 1997 and BS8007-1987. The
manual control will be due to the fact that same tables for the control of maximum and
minimum reinforcement percentage appear in both standards, Table 30 in RS 142 page 137
and Table 3.25 in BS 8110 page 78. The design and the manual checking will be done
considering a cost effectiveness approach.
9.1.4.2 Design process of the reinforced concrete structures
The design of the concrete structures in ProtaStructure software will be done as follows.
1) Determination of thicknesses of structural elements using mostly applicable span /
effective depth ratios
2) Modelling (drawing) of the structural frame in ProtaStructure
3) Calculation and loading of the structural model in ProtaStructure
4) Running of structural analysis in ProtaStructure
5) Definition of code parameters for panels and bar elements and application to all
structural elements and correction of errors if any
6) Calculation of required reinforcements and correction of errors if any
7) Determination of provided reinforcement section for all elements one by one, analysis
and conclusion
8) Manual checking of the provided reinforcement
9) Structural detailing by drawing
9.1.4.3 Earthquake consideration in the project area
For Rwanda is situated in the seismic active region of the East Africa Rift System. According
to statistic data of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) the peak ground acceleration
on site is 0.8m/s to simplify the design and embrace the local typical design standards an
assumption on the earthquake resistance design was made. To this horizontal earthquake
load applied to the structure is 10% of the vertical lead load (H=0.1xV).

This assumption corresponds to a peak ground acceleration of approx. 1,0m/s and correlates
to the data of the USGS. For earthquake resistance, the local design standard of Rwanda
is used instead of the Germany code DIN4149 (04-2005) hereafter the horizontal
earthquake load applied to the structure is 10% of the vertical dead load (H=0.1xG) The
horizontal earthquake load is assumed to act in North-South direction and in East-West
direction as uniformly distributed load at each slab level. Composition of horizontal
earthquake loads act on Self-weight of the slab, super imposed dead load, Self-weight of wall,
Facade, Beams and Columns

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10 SPECIFICATIONS AND COSTING

This chapter will cover technical specifications of the elements that will be used for the
construction of the water supply system. It will also include the engineer’s quantities as well
as cost estimates for the entire project during implementation.

10.1 Technical specifications

This task will be headed by the Quantity Surveyor who will guide each member on the
requirements to fulfill the technical specification.
Each member of the design team will develop precise and clear technical specifications describing the
each item clearly and the standards and codes to be respected.

The line personnel will give proper guidelines on the implementing of the item of work to the
successful contractor to satisfy the requirements of the Employer without qualifying or conditioning
their tenders. The Consultant will ensure that the specifications are adequate and give clear definition
of the scope of work, the quality and type of materials and workmanship requited and method or
performance required to carry out the respective operations.

The specifications will be such that they are not restrictive and permit materials, plant and
workmanship meeting other authoritative standards and which ensure substantially equal
performance to the standard mentioned.

10.2 Bill of Quantities of Construction Works

10.2.1 Bill of quantities

Each member of design team will prepare Bill of Quantities using the detailed design drawings.
The quantity surveyor will then combine the separate inputs by the various inputs and generate a Bill
of quantities base as on the Standard Cost estimate manual for the East Africa
The Bills of Quantities will guide the procuring entity in bidding for recruitment of the contractor and
help to oversee the implementation of the project.

The prepared Bills of Quantities shall satisfy the following main functions:
• to itemize and quantify the elements of work to be completed within the Contract; to
facilitate comparison of tendered rates and prices;
• to form a basis for interim and final valuation;
• to facilitate evaluation of change and variation;
The item descriptions and estimated quantities will be such that they ensure that the Works to be
executed are presented in a clear, accurate and unambiguous manner.

Items to be included in the BoQ are proposed in the table below. Each unit will be detailed in terms of
civil works, mechanical works, electrical works and fire protection.
Table 10-1: proposed items to be included in the BoQ

Item Deception Unit Quantity Rate Amount

1 Preliminaries
2 Intake Works
3 Aeration unit
4 Coagulation unit
5 Flocculation Unit

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 6 Sedimentation
Unit
7 Filtration Unit
8 Backwashing Unit
9 Treated Water
Unit
10 Chorine dosing
Unit
11 Pumping station
unit
12 Reservoir units
13 Office Unit
14 Transformer unit
15 Transmission and
Distributing
pipelines
16 Landscaping
17 Automation
system and
Security Cameras
system
18 Serving and
connection points
19 Putting system
into service
20 Security lighting
and lightening
protection system

10.2.2 Engineer’s Estimates

The Consultant will prepare confidential cost estimates for the water supply project by
inserting the unit rates a more detailed BoQ in the reference to the table above. The
confidential estimate will show separately duties, taxes, physical and contingent prices.

The prices shall be sourced from suppliers as well as recently executed projects. Some of the
prices will have to be generated from first principles of cost plus overheads and profits and
taxes.

10.3 Construction Tender Documentation

The Consultant will ensure the adequacy of the proposed General Specifications taking into
consideration, national and local regulations and particular requirements for operating in
Rwanda.

10.3.1 Tender format

The tender document will follow format the Rwanda public procurement Agency (RPPA)
format which comprises of
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• Invitation to tender
• Instructions to tenderer
• Forms of tender and qualification information
• Conditions of contract
• Specifications
• Drawings
• Bills of quantities
• Forms of security

The Consultant will ensure that the requirements set out in the General Specifications are
consistent with the Conditions of Contract
The tender document will be prepared and will follow a model form of contract agreed to with the
Client.

10.3.2 Conditions of Contract

As an integral part of the design and documentation, the Consultant will assess the adequacy and
suitability of the proposed, tender documents for progress into construction under the rules for
competitive tendering.

The Consultant will undertake a review of the proposed Conditions of Contract and ensure that
suitable additions and modifications to the Model Form are incorporated, such that the Conditions of
Contract are consistent with the requirements of the Employer. The Consultant will check and ensure
that any additional wording necessary, to complete relevant clauses of the Model Form is present and
clearly stated. The Consultant will further appraise the adequacy of any provisions made for dealing
with increase or decrease of cost and subsequent legislation.

A review of other proposed contract requirements related to tender documents such as Instructions
to Tenderers, Form of Tender and Appendix and sample Forms for Agreement, Letter of Acceptance,
and Bank Guarantee will be carried out to assess the overall internal consistency of the tender
dossiers.

In addition, the Consultant will ensure the sufficiency of amounts and limits for any proposed bonuses,
liquidated damages, retentions and securities.

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11 ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

11.1 Introduction
This section presents the approach & methodology for conducting the economic & financial
analyses for the Project.
The Project terms of reference stipulates that the Consultant:
➢ Assessing the financial and economic viability of the project. Under this task, focus
shall be done following but not limited to the market value, economic and financial aspects.
➢ Undertake the Economic and Financial benefit-cost analysis of each proposed option,
which implies:
o (i) Identification and quantification of project benefits, namely the improved
availability of water supply service;
o (ii) Calculation of the project’s Economic Rate of Return (ERR);
o (iii) Identification and quantification of the project (i.e. incremental) financial flows;
and
o (iv)Calculation of the project’s and the promoter’s Financial Rate of Return (FRR)
analysis involving also estimating the financial internal rate of return (FIRR). All the above
will be determined based on construction of economic and financial model for each option.

• Based on the estimated costs for each of option, the consulting firm will construct a
financial model for financial benefit-cost;
• Calculation of the necessary tariff levels that, within the affordability limits of the
population, will ensure the recovery of operation and maintenance cost. Should a gap exist,
clearly identify and mark the necessary level of government subsidies;

11.2 Approach and Methodology

This chapter provides an insight of the economic effectiveness of investing in Mwange water
supply system. The development of the economic and financial analysis is in consistence with
the inputs from proposed provision of water in the project area. The economic and financial
analysis is based on the running costs of the project while producing water on a yearly basis.
The approach follows the guidelines and recommendation provided by the Rwanda Ministry
of Finance & Economic Planning (MINECOFIN) in the guideline document (MINECOFIN 2018),
“Guidelines for preparation and assessment of Feasibility Study Reports of Projects at Central
Government level in Rwanda.”
11.3 Financial Analysis

11.3.1 Introduction

A financial analysis shall be conducted to compute the project’s financial performance

indicators. Financial analysis is carried out in order to:

• assess the consolidated project profitability;

• assess the project profitability for the project promoter and some key stakeholders;

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• verify the project financial sustainability, a key feasibility condition for any typology
of project;

• outline the cash flows which underpin the calculation of the socio-economic costs and
benefits

11.3.2 Methodology

The financial analysis methodology used in MINECOFIN 2018 is the Discounted Cash Flow
(DCF) method. The following rules should be adopted:

• The financial analysis should be carried out in Rwandan Francs (FRW). If project
inputs or outputs are converted from foreign currencies to FRW, then the applied exchange
rate should be clearly mentioned and consistently applied throughout the analysis.

• The financial analysis should consider incremental cash flows (in and out) only.

• Only cash inflows and outflows are considered in the analysis, i.e. depreciation,
reserves, price and technical contingencies and other accounting items which do not
correspond to actual flows are disregarded.

• Financial analysis should, as a general rule, be carried out from the point of view of the
infrastructure owner. If, in the provision of a service in the interest of the general public,
owner and operator are not the same entity, a consolidated financial analysis, which excludes
the cash flows between the owner and the operator, should be carried out to assess the actual
profitability of the investment, independent of the internal payments. This is particularly
feasible when there is only one operator, which provides the service on behalf of the owner.

An appropriate Financial Discount Rate (FDR) is adopted in order to calculate the present
value of the future cash flows. The financial discount rate reflects the financial opportunity
cost of capital.

According to MINECOFIN 2018, for financial feasibility analysis of projects to be submitted

for funding under the annual planning cycle of MINECOFIN the FDR is set at 13%, in real
terms.

• The financial analysis should usually be carried out in constant (real) prices, i.e. with
prices fixed at a base-year. The use of current (nominal) prices [i.e. prices adjusted by the
Consumer Price Index (CPI)] would involve a forecast of CPI that does not seem always
necessary. When a different rate of change of relative prices is envisaged for specific key
items, this differential should be considered in the corresponding cash flow forecasts. When
the analysis is carried out at constant prices, the FDR will be expressed in real terms. When
the analysis is carried out at current prices, a nominal FDR will be used.

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• Contingencies: some CAPEX estimates include contingencies, generally of up to 10%
of the total CAPEX. These contingencies are included to cover limited variations the cost
estimates. There often is considerable time between the moment in which the estimates are
done and the time at which the works of the project are implemented, so that price variations
in unit prices due to market developments or inflation may occur. The contingency is intended
to cover limited cost increases, so that the project does not immediately falls short of cash if
the investment costs turn out to be slightly higher than estimated.

The contingency is not included in the financial (nor in the economic) analysis. Instead, a
sensitivity test is performed on financial and economic feasibility analysis results, which
considers (amongst others) the effect on results of variations in CAPEX. Contingences are
generally allowed to be included in grant or funding calculations.

For cost estimates of projects to be submitted for funding under the annual planning cycle of
MINECOFIN a maximum contingency sum of 10% of investment costs is allowed. Note that
the contingency sum should be calculated on construction works and equipment only (not on
initial studies, land purchase, publicity and/or supervision).

• Project cash-flow forecasts should cover a period appropriate to the project’s

economically useful life and its likely long-term impacts (design life). The number of years for
which forecasts are provided should correspond to the project’s time horizon (or reference
period). The choice of time horizon affects the appraisal results. In practice, it is therefore
helpful to refer to a standard benchmark, differentiated by sector and based on
internationally accepted practice. The proposed reference periods are shown in Table 3-4.
These values should be considered as including the implementation period. In the case of
unusually long construction periods, longer values can be adopted.

• VAT should be included in the financial analysis if the project promotor cannot recover
VAT. This is the case with most public organisations. In these cases, VAT is to be included as
investment cost as the project would be short of cash if unrecoverable VAT were to be
excluded from the cost estimate.

If VAT can be recovered by the project promotor, it should not be included in the financial
analysis. This is the case if the project promotor is a private entity or a corporatized public
organisation, such as electricity and water companies in Rwanda.

Since the recoverability of VAT may vary from case to case, it is recommended that a
statement from the VAT Authority is obtained and attached to the feasibility study report,
which confirms whether the relevant organisation (the future Contracting Authority for the
investment in reference) can or cannot recover VAT.
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• A practical recommendation is to always round the figures in spreadsheets, in order
to keep a good overview of order of magnitude of figures. In a spreadsheet full of figures such
as 12,943,278.93 million FRW it is much harder to maintain an overview of order of
magnitude than in a spreadsheet that expresses this figure as 12.9 million FRW. Thus,
preferably figures are indicated with as little digits as possible, for instance in billions,
millions or thousands. It is useful to maintain the full figure in calculations, as for budget
reasons some International Financial Institutions (IFIs) or other grantors request calculation
outcomes to be indicated up to the final digit. In those cases, it is recommendable to create an
extra outcome sheet with full figures for use in funding applications and to show rounded
figures in the calculation sheets.

11.4 Economic Analysis

11.4.1 Introduction

The basis of economic analysis is the assumption that a project not only has financial impacts,
but wider impacts on the welfare and wellbeing of those affected too. A project creating a
health centre in a town will result in better quality of life for people in this town, resulting in
a positive effect on welfare. A hydropower plant will provide an environmentally friendly
source of electricity, but it will have a negative impact on landscape too.

In an economic analysis, the project’s contribution to welfare is expressed in monetary values

as much as possible. The key concept is the use of shadow prices to reflect the social
opportunity cost of goods and services, instead of prices observed in the market, which may
be distorted. Sources of market distortions are manifold:

• non-efficient markets where the public sector and/or operators exercise their power
(e.g. subsidies for energy generation from renewable sources, prices including a mark-up over
the marginal cost in the case of monopoly, etc.). Examples in Rwanda are the tariffs for
electricity delivered by Rwanda Energy Group (REG), which is subsidised from Government
budgets, and similarly the water tariff charged by the Water and Sanitation Corporation
(WASAC);

• administered tariffs for utilities may fail to reflect the opportunity cost of inputs due
to affordability and equity reasons;

• some prices include fiscal requirements (e.g. duties on import, excises, VAT and other
indirect taxes, income taxation on wages, etc.). An example in Rwanda is the fuel price, which
is regulated by the Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority (RURA) and which includes a mark-
up for maintaining strategic oil reserves, for road maintenance and VAT;

• for some effects no market (and no prices) are available (e.g., time savings).
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The standard approach suggested in this guide, consistent with international practice, is to
move from financial to economic analysis. Starting from the account for the return on
investment calculation, the following adjustments should be:

• corrections for fiscal distortions and conversion from market to shadow prices;

• evaluation of non-market impacts and correction for externalities.

After market prices adjustment and non-market impacts estimation, costs and benefits
occurring at different times must be discounted. The discount rate in the economic analysis
of investment projects, the Social Discount Rate (SDR) or economic discount rate, reflects the
social view on how future benefits and costs should be valued against present ones.

In Rwanda, the SDR is published by MINECOFIN as Economic Opportunity Cost of Capital

(EOCK) on their website. The EOCK or SDR to be applied is 13%.

After the use of the appropriate SDR, it is possible to calculate the project economic
performance measured by the following indicators: Economic Net Present Value (ENPV),
Economic Rate of Return (ERR) and benefit/cost ratio (B/C ratio).

11.4.2 Economic performance

Once all project cost and benefits have been quantified and valued in money terms, it is
possible to measure the economic performance of the project by calculating the following
indicators:

• Economic Net Present Value (ENPV): the difference between the discounted total
social benefits and costs;

• Economic Rate of Return (ERR): the rate that produces a zero value for the ENPV;

• B/C ratio, i.e. the ratio between discounted economic benefits and costs.

In principle, every project with an ERR lower than the social discount rate or a negative ENPV
should be rejected. A project with a negative economic return uses too many socially valuable
resources to achieve too modest benefits for all citizens. Sinking a capital grant in a project
with low social returns means diverting precious resources from a more valuable
development use.

The difference between ENPV and FNPV is that the former uses accounting prices or the
opportunity cost of goods and services instead of imperfect market prices, and it includes as
far as possible any social and environmental externalities. This is because the analysis is done
from the point of view of society, not just the project promoter. Because externalities and
shadow prices are considered, some projects with low or negative FNPV(C) may show
positive ENPV.
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The ENPV is the most important and reliable social CBA indicator and should be used as the
main reference economic performance signal for project appraisal. Although ERR and B/C are
meaningful because they are independent of the project size, they may sometimes be
problematic. In particular cases, for example, the ERR may be multiple or not defined, while
the B/C ratio may be affected by considering a given flow as either a benefit or a cost
reduction.

11.2.1 Operational Costs

Operation costs are those costs born when the plant is in operation. These will include
electricity, chemicals, reagents, periodic maintenance costs. The costs also will include taxes
based on sales

11.2.2 Revenue

These are the sales which the water supply will be making from the supply of water to the
consumers. As per the WASAC website, the tariffs are already fixed as per the table below. As
such the analysis will be to propose what revenue contribution each class of consumers will
generate for sustainability of the project. Another source of income will be the private
connections. These will also depend on the classicisation that WASAC has established. The
study is going to investigated this source of income and project its contribution.

Once all those parameters are obtained, then a complete financial and economic analysis will
be done and the various options weighted and presented for discussion with the client.

Table 11-1: current water tariff

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(Source: WASAC website retrieved on the 24th February 2020)

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12 WATER SUPPLY OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

The objective of an efficient operation and maintenance of a water supply system is to provide
safe drinking water as per designed quality and quantity, with adequate pressure at
convenient location and time at competitive cost on a sustainable basis.

12.1 Operations

“Operation refers to timely and daily operation of the components of a Water Supply system
such as headwork’s, treatment plant, machinery and equipment, conveying mains, service
reservoirs and distribution system etc., effectively by various technical personnel, as a routine
function.”

Since the system will involve both manual and automated operations, the team will produce
an operation guide. Each component will have a write up of how optimally operate. Those
which require which are factory made shall be accompanied by appropriate operation
catalogues.

12.2 Maintenance
“Maintenance is defined as the act of keeping the structures, plants, machinery and equipment
and other facilities in an optimum working order. Maintenance includes preventive /routine
maintenance and also breakdown maintenance. However, replacements, correction of defects
etc. are considered as actions excluded from preventive maintenance.

Some of the key issues contributing to the poor operation and Maintenance have been
identified as follows:
• Lack of finance, equipment, material, and inadequate data on Operation & Maintenance
• Inappropriate system design; and inadequate Workmanship
• Multiplicity of agencies, overlapping responsibilities.
• Inadequate operating staff
• Illegal tapping of water
• Inadequate training of personnel.
• Lesser attraction of maintenance jobs in carrier planning.
• Lack of performance evaluation and regular monitoring.

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• Inadequate emphasis on preventive maintenance
• Lack of O & M manual.
• Lack of real time field information etc.
Therefore, there is a need for clear–cut sector policies and legal framework and a clear
demarcation of responsibilities and mandates for O & M of water supply schemes which the
study will develop based on the proposed design components.

12.3 Water Safety Plans

The Water Safety Plan Shift the focus from end-of-pipe testing to improved operational
management, with water quality testing used to verify outcomes. They provide a means of
prioritizing improvement programme based on health outcomes. Most importantly, water
safety plans address bacteriological contamination which is the biggest water quality related
threat to public health, especially infant mortality.

A water safety plan will consists sanitary surveying the water supply system from source to
storage / treatment to distribution to households (also known as sanitary survey) so as to
identify sources /causes of contamination and corresponding operational control measures
to reduce the risks .The controls have to be monitored to check that all the components of
schemes are working, otherwise remedial action should be taken accordingly.

12.4 Standard Operating Procedures

The Standard Operating Procedure are essential to identify what local operators should do in
terms of routine O&M related to water sources, conveying ,pumping, storage and treatment
units, and distribution systems including household connections. Annual budgets of
operating expenses and income, and annual surplus/deficit should be maintained. Someone
with good experience and required skills would be needed to train operators and assist them
when problems arise. Often the tasks required can overwhelm a local operator who has only
basic skills and limited experience, but by providing basic orientation in terms of hands on
experience and build confidence to do the job well.
It is important to define management and, service delivery improvements and actions to
improve accounts, billing and revenue collection.

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 12.4.1 Strategy

The large investments made to construct utilities intended to provide facilities for water
supply are generally becoming unproductive, mainly on account of poor maintenance. If this
situation continues even after few years, these schemes become defunct, and a large amount
of money is required to replace and rebuild the system components apart from interruptions
in service occur owing to the breakdown of equipment .

The water supply boards /departments are not able to ensure that the maintenance staff
follows valid practices of O&M. Generally the management of water supply systems in the
water authorities is receiving relatively lower priority. Further lack of funds coupled with lack
of enthusiasm/motivation among the operation and maintenance staff to keep schemes in
working condition; lack of staff training may be reasons for the poor status of the water
supply systems. The activities which are required for good operation and maintenance (O&M)
are as follow.

12.5 Preparation of O&M Plans

A plan has to be prepared for operation and maintenance of every major unit as well as
scheme as a whole. The overall operation and maintenance plan should be made scheme wise
for their various individual units. This plan has to contain procedures for routine tasks, checks
and inspection at set intervals viz. daily, weekly, quarterly, semi-annually or annually.

12.5.1 Development of Individual Plan for O&M

The individual plan must be prepared scheme wise for all units and all pieces of equipment.
Each unit must have a plan to fix responsibility, timing of action, and ways and means.
Generally actions recommended by the manufacturer or by the site engineer in charge who
has installed the equipment or who has supervised the installation can be included.
Often the contractor’s recommended operation and maintenance procedures at the time of
design/ construction will be a good starting point for preparing sound program. This plan has
to be followed by the O&M staff and also will be the basis for supervision/ inspection. It also
may be used for evaluation of the O&M status and the delivery of designed outcome. The
agency in-charge for O&M of water supply shall become service oriented. It is essential that
the organization responsible for O&M has well qualified, trained, experienced motivated and
efficient staff to perform better.

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12.5.2 Capacity building plans for O&M personnel

The training program can be organized through National or local authorities. The personnel
who are already available or chosen to carry out the action contained in the programme may
have to be trained through special courses or by “on the job training “to ensure that these
personnel are thoroughly trained to carry out the action listed in the plan of maintenance.
The supervisors can be trained initially who in turn may train the operators.

12.5.3 Plan for providing spares and tools

It is essential to ensure the availability of spare parts like stand by pump-sets, minimum
numbers of different sizes of jointing materials assessed on the basis of lengths of pipe lines,
all sizes of nuts and bolts, Bearings, pipe pieces of different sizes & materials, electric spares
like MCBs, Relay etc. The availability of spare parts for repairs and replacements is to be
ensured by ordering and delivery of spare parts by organizing an inventory system. The list
of spare parts to be procured can be drafted on the basis of manufacturer’s recommendations
/ consumption of material in previous years. The spare parts procured should be of national
standard, with proper quality check.

12.5.4 Plan for water audit and leakage control

The availability of potable water is very limited, There are considerable losses in the water
produced and distributed through leakages in pipelines, valves, public tapes un authorized
service connection etc. the percentage of unaccounted for water (UFW/NRW) ranges from 30
to 55 % .Thus, huge quantum of water is being wasted which also leads to reduction in water
as well as revenue losses. Therefore it become essential to plan the conservative use of water
i.e. water auditing/ leakage control through metering, improved O & M practices and
awareness intervention.

12.5.5 Plan for efficient use of power

Power charges can be as high as 30 to 50 % of the total O & M cost. Hence an efficient use of
power and reducing wastage of power will go a long way in efficient functioning of the
scheme. This could be achieved by systematic energy audit which can identify the possible
means to save energy and reduce power consumption apart from use of star rating
equipment/Power capacitors.

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12.5.6 Plan for sound financial management system

It is essential to establish a sound financial management system to make the water supply
system financially viable. This can be achieved by controlling expenditure and increasing the
income through preparing annual budget, based on realistic estimates. The full cost recovery
of O&M cost through user charges may be adopted. However, the scheme should have their
own water tariff structure depending upon the O&M expenditure and socio-economic
condition of the users.

12.5.7 Plan for Information Education Communication (IEC)

The IEC activities is a very essential part for conservative use of water ,The awareness for
conservative use of water can be generated among consumer by plays ,electronic media ,print
media and by mouth publicity . The utility organization should prepare Information-
Education Communication material and use the services of voluntary organization/NGOs to
create awareness among the public and consumers.

12.5.8 Role of Voluntary /Non-Government organization (NGOs)

The Role of Voluntary /Non-Government organization (NGOs) can be important especially in

the creation of public awareness on issues like water conservation, proper use of water by
people and the need to pay price for water at affordable level. Water users’ committee may
be formed by active involvement of NGOs to periodically review the local problems, advice
the agencies on improvements needed and upkeep of utilities within their jurisdiction and
also encourage the people to remit water charges regularly and encourage hygienic habits.

12.5.9 Reports and Record Keeping

A Reports and Record Keeping system shall be enforced to list all the basic data of each piece
of equipment and the history of the equipment .A reporting system shall be provided for the
operator to inform the supervisor /manager about the problems of each equipment requiring
the attention to repair and replacement crew or other specialized service personal. The
success of operation and maintenance programme should result in decline of frequency of
shutdowns, and emergency repairs. Improved O&M may result increased availability water
supply and more revenue, Further, the cost of repairs may also reduce with the increase of
equipment’s life owing to the implementation of the maintenance program.

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12.5.10 Life Cycle Cost & Delivery Approach

Life cycle cost (LCC)represents the aggregate costs of ensuring delivery adequate, equitable
and sustainable drinking Water Sanitation and Hygiene services to a population in a
determined geographical area .These cost includes not only the cost of constructing system
but also what it costs to maintain them in the short and long term, to replace, extend and
enhance them as well as the indirect support cost of the enabling environment , viz. capacity
building, planning and monitoring at both District and state level, not just for a few years, but
at least for project design period or more.
The delivery of sustainable services requires that financial support system are in place to
ensure that infrastructure can be renewed and replaced at the end of its useful life, and to
deliver timely breakdown repairs, along with the capacity to extend delivery system and
improve service delivery in response to changes in demand.
Thus the life cycle approach is enough flexible to build, sustain, repair and renew a water
(sanitation) system through the whole of its cycle of use. The life cycle cost Approach (LCCA)
seeks to raise awareness of the importance of LCC in achieving adequate, equitable and
sustainable drinking water services, to make reliable cost information readily available and
to mainstream the use of LCC in drinking water governance process at every level.
Life cycle cost approach is a step towards increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of
investment in the WASH sector, to find a balance between the allocations of money for new
infrastructure to increase coverage, and the allocation for major repair and rehabilitation of
drinking water infrastructure to maintain a basic level of service. The LCCA can be a useful
for monitoring and costing sustainable WASH services by assessing cost and comparing them
against levels of service provided, how can we achieve the most by least spending.

12.6 Operation & Maintenance Cost Components

The following cost component is generally;

1. Capital expenditure- hardware and software (Cap Ex)-includes the Concrete structures,
Pumps, pipes, filtration units etc.to develop and extend the service.
2. Operating and Minor Maintenance Expenditure (OpEx)-Requirement for recurring regular,
ongoing expenditure viz. labor, fuel, chemicals, material and purchases of any bulk water (5%
to 20 % of capital investments).
3. Capital Maintenance Expenditure (CapManEx)-Expenditure on asset renewal, replacement
and rehabilitation covers the work other than routine maintenance to repair and replacement
in order to keep system running.
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4. Cost of capital (Co’C) -Cost of Financing a Program or Project i.e. the cost assessing the funds
needed to construct a system.
5. Expenditure on direct support (ExpDs)-it includes expenditure on both pre-and post-
construction support activities.
6. Expenditure on indirect support (ExpIDS)-include the macro-level support ,capacity
building, policy, planning and monitoring that contribute to the sector working capacity and
regulation but are not particular to any programme or project.
7. Total Expenditure (TotEx)-determined using fixed assets accounting to aggregate the cost
components described above

12.6.1 Service Delivery Approach

A service delivery approach is a concept for ensuring the sustainability of drinking water
services. It seeks to improve on the record of the project –and implementation-focused
approaches, in which users initially enjoy good service after constriction of drinking water
supply system. But without support and proper asset management, the system quickly starts
deteriorate until it collapses completely.

At some time in the future a new system is built, typically by another agency. In a service
delivery approach, a water system is maintained indefinitely through a planned process of
low intensity administration and management, with occasional capital-intensive intervention
to upgrade the service level and to replace the infrastructure at the end of its useful life.

A service delivery approach aims to provide long term services. Thus it goes hand in hand
with life cycle costing, which accounts for cost over the entire life cycle of a service –both the
initial engineering and construction of infrastructure and the software (capacity building
,institutional support ,financial planning)and maintenance required to sustain a certain level
of drinking water services delivery in to the indefinite future. A service delivery approach
requires defining roles and responsibilities for multiple actors working at different levels and
improving coordination and harmonization among their activities.

12.6.2 Importance of Service Delivery Approach

In the early 1990s, an estimated 30% to40% of water supply system in developing countries
were not working. This failure rate has not changed much, and studies indicate that a similar
proportion of system, particularly hand pumps, either do not function at all or are working at

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suboptimal levels. Because of the failure on service delivery, the following problems have
emerged:
• Throughout the World, at a point of time, approximately one in three water supply system
is not working hundreds of millions of dollars has been wasted on infrastructure investment
,and millions of people have returned to fetching water from distant ,unsafe sources to the
detriment of their health ,education and livelihoods
• True life -cycle cost are poorly understood and are not planned for, resulting in extended
down time or the complete abandonment of systems ,while funding for major repairs or
replacements is sought.
• Community management – the predominant service delivery model-has limitations and is
inherently unsuited to scaling up.
• Donors and NGOs have often taken their own approaches to implementing rural water
supply projects, building system without ensuring the institutional structures needed to
sustain long term services. Rural water sector remains week, despite significant investment.

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13: WATER TREATMENT PLANT AUTOMATION
13.1 Introduction
In a typical water treatment plant will have laboratory analytical measurements are
required to establish the proper treatment process, process control systems and on-
line analytical instruments have been developed to assist the treatment plant operator
in the control of the treatment process. Process automation can be separated into two
types - continuous (or analog), and sequential (or logical).

Flow control is an example of continuous or analog control, while the sequencing of

valves in the backwash of a filter is logical control.

Originally, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), referred to the system
of remote control of pumping systems for raw water supply and distribution of treated
water. Today, the term SCADA finds common usage in reference to the entire
treatment process automation and control system control system and the remote
control system.

The SCADA system controls the sequencing and speed of pumps, and maintains run-
time logs for maintenance scheduling. Modern water treatment plant process
automation and control systems require ease of secure communication over wide
areas. The process automation and control system measures and controls the flow of
the raw water supply into the plant. It provides a master signal for proper dosing, or
pacing, of pre-treatment chemicals. A properly designed control system monitors the
inventory of stored chemicals.

Control system automation objectives:

The objectives for plant automation of the control system include but not limited to
the following:

• Reliable system performance;

• increasing plant productivity in terms of potable water quality and quantity;
• safe operation regardless of operator mistakes;
• maintaining the performance of each plant within the design limits without the
need for deployment of expensive experts to respective sites;
• cost-effective system support during the warranty period;
• general maintenance has to be simple so that it can be performed by the normal
operating staff of the client;
• minimum inventory of spare parts.

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 FIGURE 13.1: TYPICAL WATER TREATMENT PLANT AUTOMATION SCHEMATIC

13.2 Scope of Automation & Control

The automation and control systems at the proposed water treatment plant will monitor
and control the process systems of the facilities. In addition to the process control systems,
there are numerous ancillary systems that potentially require monitoring and control. The
purpose of this section is to identify the level of integration of the various systems within
the water treatment facilities with the automation and control system.
In general, it is expected that the level of integration for the systems can be classified into
four categories, as follows:
Full: The system will be fully monitored and controlled by the automation system.
Detailed Monitoring: The system will be fully monitored by the automation system. This
will include multiple detailed alarms, with sufficient information to determine the source
of an issue, without looking at an alternate or local control panel.
Basic Monitoring: The automation system will have basic monitoring of the system. This
could be comprised of one or more general alarms, and in the event of an abnormal

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situation would generally require personnel to utilize a separate system to fully determine
the issue.
None: There will be no integration with the automation system.
13.3 Equipment Control
Various modes of equipment control will be provided throughout the water treatment
facilities. It is expected that all controlled equipment will utilize one of the four following
sets of control modes, depending on the specific control and associated process
requirements.
• PLC Only – The equipment is always controlled via the PLC, although may be switched
between Manual and Auto modes via the HMI.
• Local / Remote – A Local/Remote switch will be provided, and in Remote mode the
equipment is controlled via the PLC, but in Local mode, local manual control is provided
to override PLC control.
• Hand/Off/Remote - A Hand/Off/Remote switch will be provided. In Remote mode the
equipment is controlled via the PLC system. In Hand mode, the PLC control will be
disabled and the equipment will run continuously.
• Hand/Off/Auto - A Hand/Off/Auto switch will be provided, with the Auto mode
providing automatic equipment control via a controller other than the overall plant PLC
system.
It should be noted that while the use of Hand/Off/Auto and Computer/Off/Hand switches
have in the past been utilized to switch between PLC and local control, these control mode
designations are not recommended as they can conflict between the software
Auto/Manual modes typically provided on PLC/HMI systems. It is therefore proposed that
the Remote designation should be utilized to indicate that the control is via the PLC control
system, but not necessarily automatic control. It should be noted that the location of the
local controls may be at the equipment itself, the Motor Control Center, or another local
control panel.

13.4 Motor Control

Four configuration categories of Motor Control Center (MCC) automation are available.
The first is traditional control, where the motor starters are hard wired to the control
system. This is typical of existing MCCs at water treatment facilities. The advantage of this
configuration is that it is well proven and understood by electricians and instrumentation
personnel. It also has the lowest cost of components, but not necessarily the lowest
installed cost. The primary disadvantage of the traditional MCC is the extent of individual
control wires required for full control and PLC monitoring.

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The second category of MCC automation configuration is integrated control, where either
PLC or PLC/DCS remote I/O is integrated into MCC cabinets. The motor starter buckets
are typically pre-wired at the factory with pluggable connectors or loose leads, to
minimize onsite wiring time. This configuration is usually has a reasonable installed cost,
and well understood by electricians and instrumentation personnel, as it functionally is
very similar to a traditional hardwired MCC. However, it has a few potential
disadvantages. The first is that pluggable connectors can be a potential source of failures
and maintenance headaches. This can be overcome by wiring leads to terminals, at the
expense of a slightly higher site installation cost. The second disadvantage is that space is
required in the MCC for control components such as a PLC or remote I/O.
The third category of MCC automation is intelligent MCCs. Intelligent MCCs utilize “smart”
controls within the motor starter bucket and network wiring between motor starters and
the overall control system. There are numerous networks being offered by the various
MCC manufacturers, but the four most common networks are Modbus TCP over Ethernet,
Ethernet/IP, PROFIBUS and DeviceNet. The primary advantage of this system is the
elimination of most field device control wiring, which can significantly reduce installation
time, and potentially simplify maintenance. In addition, additional diagnostic information
is available remotely over the network, which can aid in motor monitoring and
maintenance.
For example, intelligent MCCs can typically provide an ammeter reading without an
electrician opening the MCC bucket door. The cost of intelligent MCC components is
higher, but prices have been dropping. Given current trends, it is expected that the
installed cost of an intelligent MCC will be equal to or less than a traditional MCC. While, a
disadvantage is that many electrical and instrumentation personnel are not familiar with
the technology.
A fourth category of MCC automation is a combination of an intelligent MCC with
traditional hardwired control. Under this hybrid approach, the intelligent MCC network is
utilized to communicate motor starter status, diagnostics and alarm feedback to the
control system while the control of the motor is via hardwired control. It is deemed that
this type of control is appropriate for certain simple application, which may not be
controlled by a PLC, such as a sump pump. However, hardwired control from a PLC with
networked monitoring is not typically recommended as it is very difficult to make
appropriate control logic decisions on control, if no monitoring inputs are active in the

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event of network failure. Thus, it would not be uncommon to have inadvertent results due
to a network failure, eliminating the benefit of the PLC-based hardwired control.
It is recommended that intelligent MCCs be utilized for the plant MCCs due the reduced
wiring and additional diagnostic information available. It is expected that the total
installed coast of an intelligent MCC will not be higher than a hardwired MCC.
Specific guidelines for ensuring a reliable intelligent MCC installation are as follows:
• Utilize Ethernet-based networking for intelligent MCCs.
• Utilize reliable-industrial grade network switches and other networking components.
• Provide a redundant power supply to all networking switches.
• Review the network reliability between the MCC and the PLC and provide redundancy if
required.
• For each motor, ensure that the fall-back setting for motor operation on a network
failure is correct. Typically, each motor can be configured to continue running on a
network failure, or to stop. During network failure fall-back, any local controls would
remain active.
• Ensure that the process equipment power supply is configured in a manner to fail
acceptably in the event of a MCC communication failure. If upon review, it is determined
that the common failure of the MCC upon network failure is unacceptable, separate the
motor starter communications into physical groups with separate switches in a manner
to provide the required availability. Detailed reliability analysis may be required for some
cases.
13.5 Instrumentation

Instrumentation consists of the devices that measure and monitor the process variables,
as well as devices that control the process, such as valves. The selection of appropriate
instrumentation for the process is a critical component of a successful automation system.
Instrumentation should be selected with the following criteria in mind:
• Accuracy – The accuracy of the transmitter should be better than the application
requirements.
• Reliability – The failure rate of the instruments should be very low, or set up in a manner
to avoid a significant effect on the process upon failure.
• Environmental considerations – The instruments must be suitable for the installed
environment, which in some cases could be corrosive or hazardous.
• Training – Training for instruments must be considered, and the number of instrument
manufacturers should be minimized to reduce training requirements.

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 • Maintenance Requirements – The maintenance requirements of instruments must be
considered, and instruments with reduced maintenance requirements are preferable.
Spare parts and replacement instruments should also be considered.
Classes of Measurement Instruments
Instruments are divided into four major classes:

1. Discrete Hardwired Switches, which include on-off devices such as level switches,
pressure switches etc.
2. Analog Transmitters, which may have analog or digital internals, but output an analog
output signal such as 4-20mA. A common example is a temperature transmitter.
3. Discrete Networked Switches, which are basic on-off devices, but communicate over a
network such as AS-i, rather than dedicated hardwiring.
4. Smart Networked Transmitters, which measure a process variable and transmit a
Instrumentation Redundancy
Where failure of a single instrument has unacceptable consequences, redundancy of the
instrumentation may be required. Instrumentation redundancy could be provided by
either an identical instrument, or by an alternative instrument technology that provides
an acceptable response. For example, it is common to have a level transmitter backed up
by a high-level float switch to turn on an alarm signal over a fieldbus network, such as
Modbus, PROFIBUS, or DeviceNet.
Instrument and Signal Application Guidelines

General guidelines for the application of instrument and associated monitoring are as
follows:
• Electric Motors
• All motors shall generally be monitored for:
• Motor Running
• Overload Status
• Out of Service Status (May be communication failure for intelligent starters)
• Motors with disconnect switches shall utilize motor current together with the auxiliary
contact status to determine running, if not provided with an auxiliary contact input to the
PLC.
• Provide the following for motors over 100 HP:
• Bearing temperature
• Winding Temperature
• Vibration sensor with 4-20 mA output.
• Current monitoring (May be via intelligent overload)
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• Pumps
• On larger pumps (> 100HP) consider the following (use engineering judgement)
• Bearing temperature
• Case temperature (very large pumps)
• Sluice Gates
• All sluice gates should be monitored with a minimum of open and closed limit
switches.
• Motor actuated large or critical sluice gates should have full diagnostic
monitoring, including full position monitoring.
• Connect motorized actuators via fieldbus network connections.
• Valves
• Automatic Valves
• All automatic valves require monitoring of closed and open position.
• Modulating valves typically require position feedback, except in the case of
non-critical valves where the operation can be verified through another
process variable.
• Manual Valves
• Manual valves utilized for process isolation bypass of significant process
equipment and trains should have at minimum a single limit switch for the
normal operating state.
• Valves used for equipment maintenance isolation of a single piece of
equipment do not typically need monitoring.
13.6 Automation Power Supply
Based upon the configuration of the proposed electrical distribution systems at the water
treatment facilities, it is assumed that the electrical distribution systems will generally be
set up as a secondary selective system, where the 600V distribution system is set up with
two points of distribution, fed via separate transformers and utility supplies, and
connected with a tie breaker. A typical secondary selective system is shown in Figure 13.6.

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It is expected that parallel process equipment installations will typically be powered
from alternate banks of the electrical distribution system to ensure a high level of
process power availability.
Uninterruptible Power Supply Configuration
Critical automation systems will be powered from an uninterruptible power supply (UPS).
UPS units may either be centralized or distributed. Generally, a centralized approach is
recommended where there are a significant number of UPS powered loads, as this reduces
the maintenance requirements associated with UPSs and their battery systems.
Centralized systems are typically 120/208V, 3ph, with a capacity greater than 5 kVA.
However, the centralized system should at most extend over the area of a single building,
and the length of the UPS distribution wiring should be limited. There are two primary
purposes for the utilization of UPS power. The first is to provide uninterruptible power,
and the second is to provide clean, filtered power at the nominal output voltage. If a UPS
distribution system is extended over too wide an area, the UPS power distribution system
can suffer from induced noise, voltage drop, and grounding potential issues. As a rough
guideline, an individual UPS distribution should be limited to a maximum of 100m from
the source, however this value is highly dependent upon the nature of the installation and
surrounding electrical installation.
Smaller, individual distributed UPS units are appropriate where the number of UPS loads
within a given physical area is limited and/or widely distributed. For example, at a remote
outfall sampling building, if UPS power is required, it would be more appropriate to install
a small distributed UPS than to extend UPS power from a centralized UPS system. For
smaller distributed applications, such as a single panel installation, an industrial-grade
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24VDC UPS system should be considered over a commercial-grade 120VAC UPS unit with
receptacles. Distributed UPS units should be located within a control panel enclosure and
be ventilated to avoid hydrogen gas build-up from the batteries. Alternately, the batteries
can be located external to the panel in a separate module.
For the most critical systems, consideration should be given to utilization of two UPS
systems, with separate power supplies, and separate distributions, feeding loads that are
essentially dual sourced. For example, computer servers can be purchased with dual
power supplies and power supply cords. Some UPS manufacturers will promote
redundant UPS units with a common UPS power distribution, however in many cases
these may not provide the expected reliability as a fault within the UPS distribution
system could potentially disrupt power to all UPS loads.
13.7 Plant Control Room
A main control room will be provided for the plant, as the principal control location. The
control room will be utilized to monitor the entire facility. Two operator terminals will be
provided, which is consistent with the existing control room configuration at the plant.
One of the two operator terminals would be provided with dual monitors to provide
additional monitoring flexibility. In addition, a large, wall-mount facility overview
monitor will be provided, to allow personnel a rapid overview of the entire facility,
without switching screens. The facility overview terminal could also be switched to a
different view on demand, if required, from one of the operator terminals. A large security
video monitor would also be provided. The proposed arrangement of the facility control
room terminals are shown in Figure 13.7.

Figure 13.7: Plant Control Room Arrangement

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13.8 Automation Control Operation & Maintenance
Training
Training is a critical component of the proposed wastewater treatment construction and
upgrade projects to ensure that operations and maintenance personnel understand the
process and equipment installed, and are equipped with the specific knowledge to utilize
and maintain the equipment. Specific targeted training will be required for the operations
and maintenance groups, with specialized training for in-depth topics.
Comprehensive training will be required for operations personnel to ensure that they
understand the overall configuration of the system, and are fully versed in the operation
of the process using the control system.
Training for operations personnel is to include, but is not necessarily limited to, the
following:
• Overview of the new automation system, including the architecture of the system.
• The user interface basics, including security, navigation, alarm system, and trending.
• The organization of the operator screens.
• Control of equipment utilizing the HMI and specific equipment faceplates.
• Modes of control including local and remote, manual / auto.
• Automation system failures, redundancy, and response to failures.
Maintenance personnel will require comprehensive training on the configuration and
maintenance of the various aspects of the automation system. The depth of training
required is quite significant, and it is not expected to be practical to provide
comprehensive training to all automation maintenance personnel. It is thus proposed that
there will be some level of specialization, and the plant operator will be required to
coordinate appropriate training for each member, according to their proposed
maintenance role.
It is recommended that general training be provided for all maintenance personnel to
ensure that all personnel are provided an overview and general understanding of the
entire control system. This would also include training on some basic tasks, such as PLC
module replacement.
Specialist training would be provided as follows:
• PLC Software Specialist
• Topics would include PLC programming, configuration, and diagnostics.
• HMI Application Specialist

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• This would include HMI servers, client, historians, web servers, and terminal servers.
The training program contents would include setup and configuration, diagnostics and
troubleshooting, server replacement, and backup and failover strategies.
• Networking Technician
• Specialist training for Ethernet networking, which would include setup and
configuration, diagnostics and troubleshooting, device replacement, backup and failover
strategies, wireless configuration, and security.
• Instrumentation Technician:
• Specific training would include configuration and maintenance of other fieldbus
networks utilized, intelligent motor control centres, and intelligent instrumentation.
Other Operations and Maintenance Considerations

Other automation system recommendations, as they relate to operations and

maintenance, are as follows:
• It is desired that direct links from the HMI system are provided to operations and
maintenance manuals.
• Provide ~20% spare system capacity associated with PLC I/O, processor capacity,
power supplies, etc.
• Provide specialty tools required for equipment and instrument maintenance as part of
the equipment supply.
• Provide spare parts for equipment. The number of spare parts in stock is to be consistent
with the number in service, criticality of the service, time to procure, and expected MTBF.
13.9 Automation Controls Implementation Plan
Commissioning
Commissioning of automation systems is a critical component to the successful
installation and operation of a water treatment facility. It is recommended that early in
the project, a commissioning plan should be developed. The commissioning plan should
include:
• Objectives,
• Team members, roles and responsibilities,
• Procedures,
• Operational Implications,
• Functional Testing Requirements,
• Links to Training Requirements, and
• Documentation and deliverables.

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It is recommended that the commissioning plan be written from the overall process
perspective, with specific sections as applicable to the automation discipline. Given that
the process is typically viewed through the automation system, the automation team
members typically play a critical role in the commissioning process, and should be
included in all commissioning discussions.

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13 REFERENCES

1. Technical & Economic Feasibility Study of Drinking Water Supply project of 7 Secondary
Cities of Rwanda, Phase I Report – Gicumbi Town
2. Technical & Economic Feasibility Study of Drinking Water Supply project of 7 Secondary
Cities of Rwanda, Phase II, Volume 7 Report – Gicumbi Town
3. Rwanda National Water Resources Master Plan
4. Gicumbi District Local Urban Development Plan
5. Gicumbi District Development Plan (2013-2018)
6. Gicumbi District - Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey (EICV3)
7. World Meteorological Organisation – Guide to Hydrological Processes, Vol I
8. World Meteorological Organisation – Guide to Hydrological Processes, Vol II
9. D.A Chin, 2006, Water Resources Engineering, Second Edition, Pearson Education Inc.
10. T.M. Walski, 1984, Analysis of Water Distribution Systems, CBS Publishers.
11. Action faim 2008, Principles and sizing of gravity and pumping fed system Untakanak,
Indonesis.
12. American Water Works Association, 2015, “Energy Management for Water Utilities,”
AWWA, Denver, Co.
13. Leiby, V. and Burke, M. (2011) “Energy Efficiency Best Practices for North American
Drinking Water Utilities,” Water Research Foundation, Denver, Co.
14. US EPA (2009) “Ensuring a Sustainable Future: An Energy Management Guidebook for
Wastewater and Water Utilities,” US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Wastewater.
15. Walski T. & Craeco. E, 2016, Selection of Pumping Configuration for Closed Water
Distribution Systems, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, January 2016,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291425318.
16. Walski, T.M., 2001, “Don’t Forget Energy Cost when Selecting Pumps,” AWWA Annual
Conference, Washington, DC.
17. Walski, T.M., 2011, “Practical Tips for Reducing Energy Use,” Computing and Controls in
the Water Industry, Univ. of Exeter, UK.
18. Walski, T.M., 2012, “Planning-Level Capital Cost Estimates for Pumping,” J. Water Resour.
Plann. Manage. 138(3), 307–310.
19. Walski, T.M., Hartell, W. and Wu, Z. Y., 2010, “Developing System Head Curves for Closed
Systems,” J AWWA, 102:9, p. 84-89.
20. Walski, T.M., Sharkey, M. and Pflanz, M., 2011, “What Happens when your Pump Loses
Power?” AWWA Distribution Symposium Nashville, TN.
21. Walski, T.M., Wu, Z.Y., and Bowdler, D., 2006, “Finding Thieves in Your Water System,”
AWWA Annual Conference, San Antonio, TX.
22. Water Environment Federation (WEF), 2009, “Energy Conservation in Water 334 and
Wastewater Facilities,” WEF, Alexandria, VA.
23. HEC, 2016, HEC-RAS 2-D Modellers User Manual
24. DEFRA, 2004, Benchmarking Hydraulic River Modelling Software Packages - Technical
Report: W5-105/TR2B.

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25. Meghwar S.L et al, 2018, Analysis of Missing Data for River Flow Using Statistical Tool
Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH).
26. Mfwango L.H et al, 2018, Estimation of Missing River Flow Data for Hydrologic Analysis:
The Case of Great Ruaha River Catchment, Hydrol. Current Res 2018, 9:2.
27. Kowalczuk. Z, et al, 2018, River Flow Simulation Based on the HEC-RAS System.
28. MINECOFIN 2018, Guidelines for preparation and assessment of Feasibility Study Reports
of Projects at Central Government level in Rwanda, Volume I.

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14 APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: COPY OF THE TERMS OF REFERENCES

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APPENDIX B: SURVEY EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS

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APPENDIX B: TERMS OF REFERENCES

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APPENDIX C: PROJECT WORKPLAN

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APPENDIX D: QUESTIONNAIRE AND INTERVIEW GUIDES

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APPENDIX E: PROJECT EIA TERMS OF REFERENCE

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APPENDIX F: MINUTES OF THE INCEPTION REPORT VALIDATION MEETING

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APPENDIX G: INCEPTION REPORT VALIDATION MEETING COMMENTS
INCORPORATION

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 TERMS OF REFERENCE

Terms of Reference for Consultant Services for Detailed Designs for the Construction
of Mwange Water Supply System in Gicumbi Town.

1. Introduction

In line with the national target to accelerate water and sanitation coverage from very low
levels in 2005 of 41% and 48% respectively to 100% coverage by 2018. The importance of
adequate water supply and sanitation services as drives for socio-economic development,
poverty reduction and public health is fully acknowledge in Rwanda’s flagship policy
documents and political gaols.
Although most of the people in Rwanda have access to improved water sources, the shortage
is still noticed around the country specifically in Gicumbi town, as produced water is not
sufficient considering the population in the project area which increases on a daily basis.
However, there is an urgent need to cover this shortage by supplying enough water to the
population.
It is under this background that the Government of Rwanda through WASAC Ltd would like
to hire a consultant who will conduct the Detailed Design, Review of the existing Feasibility
Study, Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) report, Resettlement Action Plan
(RAP) report and Tender Document for construction of Mwange Water Treatment Plant,
Water Supply System infrastructure and other auxiliary infrastructure in order to increase
the access to portable water supply in Gicumbi town.
2. Project Objectives
The principal objective of the project is 100% access to clean water supply. The proposed
project will also contribute to enhanced hygiene and sanitation hence reducing water
borne diseases. This will also contribute towards alleviation of poverty within the area
through the improvement of socio-economic activities in project area.
3. Objectives of the consultancy

3.1 Main Objective

The main objective of this consultancy services is to provide the Detailed Design,
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Report, Resettlement Action Plan
(RAP) report and Tender Document for construction of Mwange Water Supply system
infrastructure. The project consists of developing the most cost-effective detailed studies in
concept to achievement 100% of access to clean water in these areas and developing final
designs with drawings, construction details, cross-sections, final quantities, costs, technical
specifications, tender document, operating manuals as well as health and safety plans. The
design will be carried out in accordance with government design guidance typically used for
waterworks and other public infrastructure facilities, as well as other necessary design
criteria.
It is under this background that WASAC Ltd would like to hire a Consultant who will conduct
the Detailed Design for construction of Mwange Water Supply System and auxiliary
infrastructures.
3.2 Specific Objectives
 To provide detailed Design for construction of Mwange Water Supply System and
auxiliary infrastructures.
 To provide the technical and financial management framework for construction of
Mwange Water Supply System and auxiliary infrastructures.
 Conduct Topographic Survey, Hydrological Study, Geological Study and
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) of selected site, with its
Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP).
 Conduct the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) study related to this assignment.
 Conduct Geotechnical Investigations, Laboratory Tests & Reporting.
 Prepare the Tender Document for construction of Water Supply System and auxiliary
infrastructures.

4. Scope of Services

This consultancy service will be conducted in six (6) months after the signing of the contract.
The scope of this assignment is to review the existing feasibility studies and detailed
engineering design for construction of Mwange water supply system and auxiliary
infrastructures. The consultant will also conduct the ESIA and RAP studies related to this
assignment and provide the tender document for construction works.

5. Specific tasks
5.1 Field investigation
The consultant will have to this effect:

 To avail data on the current and future population for an horizon of 30 years,
 To evaluate the factors that effects the demographic evolution,
 To investigate the existing and planned development projects in the study area,
 To evaluate the social-economic situation of the population giving the details on the
habitat, gender issues, access to basic infrastructures (water, electricity; sanitation,
etc…); family income situation, income generating activities and the will of the
population to pay the expenses for the maintenance of drinking water supply
system);
  To show the current management system for the infrastructure of drinking water
treatment plant and forwarding networks; existing or future structure management
as well as their effectiveness; constraints and do the proposals for improvement of
that water supply management system;
 To evaluate the possibilities of beneficiaries’ participation (men and women) to the
planning, the investment, the execution of the works and to the operation of the
drinking water systems.

5.2 Water demand

Based on the field investigation report, the consultant will have:

 To identify and classify the different categories of drinking water consumers in

Gicumbi town;
 To estimate the demands in safe water considering the different types of consumers
(domestic, public, economic, firefighting, industrial, etc.);
 On the basis of these demands, the consultant will estimate the growth of them for a
horizon of 30 years;
 To identify possible raw water intake sites and do the appropriate analysis for
chemical, physico-chemical, heavy metal and bacteriological, organoleptic quality by
an accepted laboratory in Rwanda and propose water treatment process accordingly;
 To evaluate several options to be developed in order to supply water in certain
particular areas.

5.3 Topographical, hydrological and geological surveys

The consultant will have to:

 Collect hydrological data and conduct water balance analysis of Mwange river (use at
least 20 years of data) to determine necessary water storage capacity. In case existing
hydrological data is insufficient for the purpose of this analysis, develop hydrological
model to reproduce past data using rainfall data. Water balance analysis should take
into consideration the evaporation from the open surface and seepage losses;
 Using results of climate model and projections, assess likely impacts of climate change
on water resources and propose practical adaptation measures to ensure
sustainability of the infrastructure;
 Explore the possible site and carry out preliminary assessment of the suitability of
the site with regard to various types of raw water intake structures, topography and
geology, availability of construction materials;
 To do the appropriate analysis of physico-chemical and biological quality of Mwange
river by an accepted laboratory in Rwanda and propose treatment process
accordingly;
 Collect, compile, analyze and process data for the design of Raw Water Intake;
 To collect geo-spatial data (tri-dimensional geographic coordinates) and field
measurement related to the proposed water supply system infrastructures;
  To process data and produce maps and mapping figures by using ArcGIS for water
supply systems layouts;
 Produce plans and topographic profiles in AutoCAD;
 The plans and maps shall be drawn on an appropriate scale so that provided
information is accurate and clear;
 Topographic data of the layouts drawn for the major water pipelines and the
distribution mains and showing among others, obstacles met in the corridors of
passage of these pipelines;
 Collection of data in the field concerning the sites of the works as well as the location
of tanks, inspection covers. Etc...;
 General layout map for the whole project (with and without orthophoto);
 Layout map for each water supply system (with and without orthophoto);
 Topographic map for each water supply system and the topographic map for the
whole project.

5.4 Review of Feasibility study

The consultant should undertake the following tasks but not limited:
 Analysis the environmental, social, economic, technical, financial and other aspects
of the project.
 Review the existing Policy and Regulatory framework related to environmental
management in Rwanda.
 Assessing the financial and economic viability of the project. Under this task, focus
shall be done following but not limited to the market value, economic and financial
aspects.
 Undertake the Economic and Financial benefit-cost analysis of each proposed
option, which implies:

(i) Identification and quantification of project benefits, namely the improved availability of
water supply service;
(ii) Calculation of the project’s Economic Rate of Return (ERR);
(iii) Identification and quantification of the project (i.e. incremental) financial flows; and
(iv)Calculation of the project’s and the promoter’s Financial Rate of Return (FRR) analysis
involving also estimating the financial internal rate of return (FIRR). All the above will be
determined based on construction of economic and financial model for each option.
 Based on the estimated costs for each of option, the consulting firm will construct a
financial model for financial benefit-cost;
 Calculation of the necessary tariff levels that, within the affordability limits of the
population, will ensure the recovery of operation and maintenance cost. Should a gap
exist, clearly identify and mark the necessary level of government subsidies;
 Propose the best option for development in the next step of detailed designs.
 Provide the reviewed Feasibility Study with different technological alternatives and
highlight the best option.
The consultant should present the report to the stakeholder for selection of the best options
that can be developed in detailed design.

5.5 Environmental Impact assessment

Assess the Environmental Impact of the proposed water supply systems on the bio-physical
environment, including the access roads on the site and surrounding environment. Include
assessment of traffic, noise, dust, etc. Include assessment of the creation of jobs or the
payment of a host fee on the economy of the area. Include aesthetic, historical, and cultural
impacts, as appropriate.
The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and its related Environmental
Management Plan (EMP) shall be conducted in parallel with the detailed engineering design,
in an iterative and interactive manner so that the design eventually incorporates mitigated
measures and results in the most cost-effective Water Supply System.
The ESIA will be prepared following the Rwanda's Operational Directive as stipulated in the
Environmental published in the Official Gazette on August 13, 2018, especially in its Chapter
IV, Article 30 to 46. The ESIA will be prepared with consideration of the general ESIA
approach from the National Authority dealing with environmental protection. The Authority
will review the TOR prior to contract signing.
The assessment will include, but not be limited to, the following activities:
 Soil and geological survey;
 Hydrogeological survey;
 Socio-economic survey;
 Assessment of the environmental impacts;
 Development of mitigation measures and related ESIA recommendations for
inclusion in the final design of the construction and the operation of Water Supply
System infrastructures.

5.5.1 Description of the Environment

The environment shall be described through assembly, evaluation and presentation of

baseline data on the following:
Physical environment
 Nature of surrounding environment (including homes, farms, forest areas,
industry, small business enterprises and other establishments) and proximity to
these;
 Description of the existing topography and the proposed and areas which will be
affected by any aesthetic impact;
 Determination of the geology of the area through a geological description of
borings, soils samples and geophysical surveys, as well as review of available
literature and existing well logs on record for the region;
 Condition and present and planned use of the receiving water and standards for
discharge to the receiving water;
 Determination of meteorological data;

Biological environment
  Survey all major terrestrial flora and fauna on the site to accommodate the Water
Supply System infrastructures;
 Collect any information on sensitive habitats in the area and any rare, endangered
or commercially important species;
 Identify any nearby protected areas;
 Delineate on-site wetlands by soils and plants.

Socio-cultural environment
 Identify any populations which may need to be resettled or compensated for
losses in order to enable Water Supply Systems infrastructures and auxiliary
infrastructures development, including the use and compensation value of the
properties which they own or inhabit; describe the sensitivity and difficulties of
resettlement;
 Describe any waste picking communities which livelihood disruption from
closure of existing disposal sites may have due to implementation of the new
Water Supply System infrastructures; describe the needs and difficulties of
developing alternative livelihood;
 Describe past and present use of the location and surrounding land and any
historical, religious or cultural significance of the area;
 Determine the demographic character of the surrounding neighbourhoods and
the sensitivity of the public to the proposed Water Supply System infrastructures
including perception to increased traffic, noise, dust, odour, and aesthetic
appearance;
 Other planned development activities on the location and in the nearby
surroundings.

5.6.2 Legislative and Regulatory Considerations.

The national and local legislation and guidelines on Water Supply System infrastructure are
to be described and the authorities responsible for monitoring of construction and the
environment are to be noted. World Health Organization standards to be met for portable
water supply must be included. Outline the steps for obtaining all necessary environmental
permits. Discuss the need for any legislation to be prepared in order to ensure that the
proposed environmental standards will be fulfilled.
Discuss needs for education, inspection and enforcement to comply with existing and
proposed legislation and any other requirements needed to ensure fulfilment of the
proposed environment monitoring at national and local level.

5.6.3 Determination of Potential Impacts of the Proposed Project

Identify and describe all potential major environmental impacts from the Water Supply
System infrastructure development, which will be significant over the long-term. Describe
as a maximum the environmental consequences.

5.6.4 Analysis of Alternatives to the Proposed Project

Describe alternatives examined in the course of screening sites and conducting detailed
design and assessment of the proposed Water Supply System infrastructure. Describe
alternative designs for construction and operation of Water Supply infrastructure which
were examined, include the "no action" alternative of the Water Supply System
infrastructure not constructed, but continuing with the existing Water supply situation as it
is currently operated.
Compare alternatives in terms of potential environmental impact (which are irreversible,
unavoidable and mitigatable); capital and operation costs; sustainability under local
conditions; and institutional arrangement, training and monitoring requirements. To the
extent possible, quantify costs and benefits of each alternative.

5.6.5 Development of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to Mitigate Negative

Impacts

Recommended feasible and cost-effective measures to prevent or reduce significant negative

impacts to acceptable levels. Indicate the impacts and costs of those measures, and of the
institutional arrangement and training requirements to implement them. Consider
compensation to affected parties for impacts, which cannot be mitigated.
Prepare Environmental Management Plans (including budget estimate, staffing
requirements and other necessary support) to implement the mitigating measures.

5.6.6 Socio- economic benefits assessment

The Consulting Firm shall determine, in agreement with the administration, the limits of the
zone covered by the project as well as its physical and natural location (area, climate, relief
vegetation, rainfall, etc...). It shall collect, draw up and analyze:

 Population of Project Zone (PZ) with the various social population brackets (total,
female, vulnerable groups, activate population, orphans, the youth aged less than 20
years old, children aged less than 5years etc...) and their respective growth rate, the
fraction of these brackets compared to the total national population; and
 Existing economic data. It shall identify income-generating activities and shall assess
the agricultural production (food crops and cash crops), livestock keeping activities,
industrial and of fishing activities in the project zone and socio-economic activities in
the same zone (movement of people and goods). The Consulting Firm shall also
provide statistics on water-borne diseases prevalent in the project zone and their
evolution during the last 5 years.
 Identify user preference by level of water service, e.g., house or yard connection or
public tap; evaluate willingness to pay water tariff for the preferred level of water
service; increase the reliability of demand forecasts and benefit estimates; and assess
the demand response to changes in water prices, household incomes, and industrial
growth. Where the market for an improved water service does not exist, i.e., in most
of the rural areas, the application of contingent valuation and related methodology
can be relevant to estimate demand and value benefits.
The Consulting Firm shall in addition determine the impact of the project on the
development of economic and social activities in the regions through which these works
shall cross and on the improvement of the living conditions of the population in general. It
shall determine indicators used for measuring the impact of the project on development.

In addition, it shall carry out an economic analysis to determine, for each clean water supply
connection, the annual operational and maintenance costs, starting from the date of the
implementation of the project to its scope or horizon.

With reference made to the planned technical solutions as well as to the installation and
operational costs estimates, the Consulting Firm shall make proposals regarding the
suitable clean water supply management structures.

5.6 Detailed Designs for Hydraulic and sizing of civil infrastructures for different
identified options and related estimated costs
Based on results from field investigation, water demand analysis, topographic, hydrology
and geology surveys report, the Consultant shall design and the carry out dimensioning of
raw water intake structure and water supply system infrastructure based on the findings of
the feasibility study. This dimensioning shall take into account both economic and
management aspects.

The Consultant shall therefore estimate the detailed bill of quantities for each adopted water
supply system infrastructure and shall show the distribution of these costs between foreign
currencies and local currency. He shall justify the cost estimates with indication of the
sources of prices per unit, the estimate of the unforeseen physical and financial
contingencies. The updated investment cost.

Estimates of the simplified clean water supply system infrastructure as well as the financial
and economic cost-benefit or profitability analysis of each project shall be established.

In addition, the Engineering Consulting Firm shall make recommendations related to the
education and public awareness campaign on hygiene for future beneficiaries. These
recommendations shall take into consideration the prevailing institutional evolution in this
area recorded by the water Management Unit.

The consultant shall establish an approximate provisional period or calendar for the
implementation of each component of the Project, by adopting for the circumstance the
assumption of their independence.

The consultants will execute the following tasks:

a. Hydraulic design, calculations and sizing of civil infrastructures

Similar to the feasibility studies but going into details of the work. The consultant will also
by using data from field investigation; water demand analysis; topographic, hydrology and
geology surveys report to determine the followings:
 Raw Water Intake structure detailed designs taking into account economic aspects;
  Detailed designs for water supply system including WTP capacity of at least 5000
m3/day and taking into account economic aspects;
 Hydraulic calculation for identified water supply systems, taking into account
economic aspects;
 Detailed sizing of civil works for identified water supply systems, taking into account
economic aspects;
 The operational site of the possible pumping systems;
 Detailed designs for electric power supply to run electric equipment and the electric
step-up or step-down transformation posts if necessary;
 The sterilization system and possible treatment;
 Determination of optimal leakage of the pipe work to minimize the costs of the
earthworks and the protection works (air valve and wash out chamber);
 Mode of crossing obstacles (roads, tracks, rivers, valleys etc................................);
 Protection of the pipe work against corrosion and thrust;
 Location of water stations supplying villages along the water supply connections;
 Proposal, if necessary, of dividing the supplies and works into lots;
 Encoding and digitization of the infrastructure of existing as well as new drinking
water networks.

b. Architectural Design, basic maps, design drawings

The consultant shall design the facilities to be functionally effective, enable economic
operations, and require minimum maintenance and operation cost. He will develop
digitalized maps and basic plans for the facilities. For data collection, the Consultant will have
to use appropriate modern equipment with high precision accuracy like differential GPS,
ArcGIS, Earth Google pro, Google map… to show the exact location of all components of the
system such as raw water intake, raw water delivery pipe, Water Treatment Plants, clean
water reservoir, clean water pumping stations, the trunk main, storage reservoirs etc…
The detailed design drawings should be done by using AutoCAD software and should be
shape files that can be opened in ArcGIS. Overall site plan with identification of works to
build (civil and hydraulic engineering).
The drawings will have the following specifications:
 Plan of general location with identification of the existing and new water supply
system infrastructure to be carried out (civil works and hydraulic infrastructure)
with appropriate scale.
 Plans for the civil works and water networks implementation on site with
appropriate scale.
 Plan view, elevation, technical cross-sections of the civil works with appropriate
scale.
 Execution details with appropriate scale.
 Longitudinal profile of natural terrain, installation of civil works and pipe works,
piezometric line of the network with appropriate scale;
 Model Plans for the civil works such as tanks, water stand tap, valve chamber and
inspection hole etc with appropriate scale.;
 List of hydraulic nodes with details for each node;
  Design, calculations, detailed plans and lists of equipment for possible pumping
stations.

C. Quantity and Cost Estimates

Prepare the bill of quantities for all works and cost estimates of pay items for each
component of the design. All construction quantities and costs evaluation shall estimate to
an accuracy of plus or minus 10 percent. Define the methods of payment per item (lump
sum, unit cost) which would be most appropriate to enable and facilitate cost and quality
control. Separately note taxes anticipated for each pay item, such as, value added taxes and
customs duties.

c. Specifications for Equipment and materials

Prepare a list of all equipment and materials required to perform works. Include any special
equipment. Develop technical specifications for listed equipment and materials. Be
attentive to Standardization of major components and coordinate with local workshop
supervisors for technical advice.
d. Sustainability of the infrastructure

To ensure the sustainability of the infrastructure, the consultant shall perform the following
tasks:

- Propose a mode of management adapted and pertinent to each installation,

including the monitoring of consumption and debt recovery, depreciation,
maintenance, repairs and stakeholders engagement;

- Technical design of water points, taking into account the management aspect
(protected meter, i.e. accessible by the controller only and not the collector to avoid
possible fraud);

- Strategy for the mobilization, sensitization and training of the local communities to
ensure appropriate utilization of water, hygiene education and the utilization of
clean drinking water, responsibility and accountability in management of water
supply installations;
- To establish or to strengthen a maintenance system capable of guaranteeing the
sustainability of the works and measures related to the new management and
maintenance system that involves the private sector in financing the area of water
supply;
- To propose actions that would enable the participation of the beneficiary
population in the movement of water supply units and to promote the willingness
to pay for water supply services;
- To propose a method for regular monitoring of consumption, utilization of collected
funds, quality of water and inspection of various water supply works.

5.8 Elaboration of the Tender Documents

The Consultant shall elaborate the tender documents (TD) for the project execution works.
The TD must be clear and coherent to avoid any ambiguous interpretation. He shall work out
a framework of a contract to be negotiated.

The TD shall include and not limited to the following documents:

 The invitation to tender;

 Instructions to Bidders (ITB);
 Bid Data Sheet (BDS)
 Evaluation and Qualification Criteria;
 Bidding Forms;
 Eligible Countries;
 Employer’s Requirements;
 General Conditions (GC);
 Particular Conditions (PC);
 General technical specifications;
 Specific technical specifications;
 Bidding forms
 Bills of quantities
 The schedule of prices per unit;
 Drawings;

5.9 Carry out Resettlement Action Plan (RAP)

The investments foreseen by the project are likely to cause negative social effects in terms
of expropriation, loss of land or other socio-economic assets. Therefore, the objective of the
assignment is to undertake a detailed Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) to determine the
extent of land acquisition impacts associated with the execution of the project. The RAP will
identify the full range of people affected by the project and justify their resettlement options
after considering the alternatives that would minimize or avoid displacement. The RAP will
outline eligibility criteria for affected parties, establish rates of compensation for lost assets,
and describe levels of assistance for relocation and reconstruction of affected households.
However, any proposed changes must be in accordance with the Resettlement Policy
Framework (RPF), which is the reference framework for the preparation of RAP.
Specific objectives of the RAP are to:
 Minimize, as far as possible, involuntary resettlement, by studying all viable
alternatives and still remaining in the design of the project already approved;
 Ensure that affected persons are effectively consulted in a transparent manner and
be given the opportunity to participate in all key stages of the process of developing
and implementing involuntary resettlement and compensation activities;
 Ensure that compensation, if any, is determined in a participatory manner with the
persons in relation to the impacts suffered, and in accordance to Rwanda
expropriation law, in order to ensure that no person affected by the project is
disproportionately disadvantaged;
  Ensuring that affected persons, including vulnerable groups, are assisted in their
efforts to improve their livelihoods and their level and living environment so that
they are not left worse off than before the project.

The mission of the Consultant is to develop a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for the Project
which should take into account and refer to the studies already carried out and plans already
endorsed.
The purpose of the mission will be to develop a full RAP to (i) identify the persons affected
by the project (PAP), (ii) identify the nature, extent and value of losses (iii) propose fair and
equitable compensation measures and, if necessary, additional conditions for improving the
quality of life of the PAPs.
Following the guidelines and the National expropriation law and the other recognized
guidelines governing the involuntary resettlement the consultant will undertake following
works:
 Establish a meeting with WASAC Ltd and Gicumbi District to review works
undertaken to date and further define the role of the RAP consultants and the works
required;
 Propose and agree a working schedule for RAP preparation and related actions with
relevant institutions;
 Review the legal and institutional framework, review and update gap between
national law, and Policies in relation to involuntary resettlement;
 Review existing data and update the Social Economic Baseline Information in the
Stakeholder Engagement Plan(SEP) by detailing the project affected people, their
losses and vulnerability level;
 Review existing data and analyze the potential project social impacts and
resettlement implications through identification of People Affected by Project (PAPs),
their number, the number of household and evaluating the extent of the impacts of
the project on them;
 Review existing consultation activities carry out and document public consultation
with PAPs and relevant institutions involved in involuntary resettlement. The
participatory approach should be in line with the provisions in the Stakeholder
Engagement Plan (SEP), in particular in terms of tools and methods;
 Carry out a census and detailed inventory of PAPs properties and submit inventory
report including the names of the owners, the characteristics of the houses and if
possible photos and GPS coordinates;
 Review and where necessary revise eligibility and entitlement criteria for
compensation; prepare standards for compensation and restoration of the social and
economic base of the PAPs to replace all types of loss, as appropriate. Establish
options for culturally acceptable compensation packages, including housing,
livelihoods and cultural activities (as applicable);
 Suggest an institutional framework that designates responsibilities, provides
compensation, undertakes relocation work if needed, takes responsibility for income
restoration, manages and monitors the implementation of land acquisition and
resettlement, as appropriate. Recommend formation and training of a resettlement
unit within the executing agency, if required;
  Prepare a time frame and implementation schedule for land acquisition and
resettlement in conjunction with the agreed implementation schedule for project
components;
 Set up accessible Grievances Redress Mechanism (GRM) that ensures affordable and
accessible procedures for settlement of disputes arising from the project. The
consultant will ensure consistency between the proposed GRM in the SEP and the
RAP;
 Provide the Costs and Budget including costs for compensation, for RAP
implementation and monitoring and livelihood restoration activities (if any) and
monitoring activities. It will include also an indicative, detailed budget with land
acquisition and resettlement costs;
 Prepare a monitoring and evaluation plan, identifying the responsibilities, time frame
and key indicators in line with the RPF. This will include ongoing monitoring by key
agencies supplemented by an independent evaluation. Specify the time frame for
monitoring and reporting;
 Recommend any other relevant issues arising from the RAP preparation process that
the consultant deems will enhance the RAP quality and outcome.

 Provide the final RAP report.

6. Expected outputs

The consultant will report to the Water and Sanitation Corporation (WASAC Ltd) who
will be responsible for approving the outputs. The Consultant will submit the
following reports:

1. An Inception report written in English (both in 4 hard copies and soft copy) for
the construction of Mwange water supply system infrastructure, 1 month after the
signing of the contract. The inception report should include but not limited
Consultant’s work plan, data collection tools and methodology, project interview
guide for discussion groups, site investigation, detailed schedule for data collection
and analysis. The Inception report will be subjected to stakeholders’ validation
meeting for comments and inputs

2. Interim report (both in 4 hard copies and soft copy) for the construction of
Mwange water supply system infrastructure, two months after signing the
contract. The interim report will be subjected to stakeholders’ validation meeting
for comments and inputs. The interim report will include but not limited to design
criteria and considerations with design calculations in appendix.

3. Draft reviewed feasibility study and the Draft ESIA and draft RAP reports
with its Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), (Both in 4 hard
copies and soft copy), 4 months after signing the contract. This ESIA report will
be subjected to stakeholder’s validation meeting for comments and inputs and
will be submitted to RDB for approval.
 4. Final review of Feasibility study and Draft detailed design study (Both in 4 hard
copies and soft copy), five (5) months after signing of the contract. This draft
detailed design study will be subjected to stakeholders’ validation meeting for
comments and inputs;

5. Final detailed Design Study & drawing album, final RAP, final ESIA reports
and the Tender document (Both in 4 hard copies and soft copy) shall be submitted
six (6) months after signing of the contract. The client (WASAC Ltd) shall approve all
final reports after incorporating all comments from the stakeholders.

 All reports and communication materials developed by the consultant during this
assignment shall revert to Project Coordination Team. In addition, soft copies (GIS
data format, MS Word, PDF, Auto-card, Ms Excel, etc…), compatible to the client's
software’s format of the reports will be submitted on CDs when submitting the draft
and final reports of this assignment. Note that the engineering drawings should be
drawn using the WaterCad software. All the reports shall be in English language,
neatly bound, with an attractive outlay and shall contain the main text and annexure,
with figures/frameworks, illustrations and/or logical flow diagrams.
 The complete set of the report shall consist of:

(i) Volume I – Main Report

(ii) Volume II – Drawings/Maps
(iii) Volume III – Calculations and type designs
(iv)Volume IV– Bill of quantities and cost estimation
 Concerning the RAP report, the final report will include the signed minutes of meeting
between the consultant, district authorities and PAPs. The final report should also
be signed by the consultant and approved by Concerned stakeholders (District,
Executive secretary of cell and Sector and Consultant)

7. Approach and methodology for use in this assignment

- Organisational, technical, sampling, tests, tools, equipment and logistical aspects

including time schedule of works, planning of human resources required for this service;
- Detailed descriptive tasks assigned to each expert/ professional employed by the
Consultant;
- To produce a progressive reporting structure and model;
- Before the preparation of their proposals, the Consultants are advised to analyse the
technical and logistical conditions, which may cause difficulties to the performance of
their work.

8. Language

Official communication and reporting language shall be English.

9. Key Personnel and Inputs

The consulting firm will field an appropriate team with qualified members to undertake the
services outlined above. The team should include key experts including the team leader with
qualifications described below.
The firm is welcome to propose additional experts for efficient implementation of the
assignment. CV of other experts will not be rated for the evaluation of proposal. However,
team composition will be evaluated as part of “understanding of the terms of reference and
methodology”.

H.1 Personnel requirements for feasibility study review, technical design and
preparation of tender document
Consultants shall propose teams that are complete in all respects to deliver the required
services. While Consultants shall propose the best team to meet the anticipated needs, we
provide here below an indicative key supervision consulting team composition. Each of the
below specialists shall have a minimum of ten years related experience in their field of
expertise, and must have a proven work experience in similar assignments.
a. Team Leader

He /she shall have at least Master’s Degree in Civil Engineering or Water Supply Engineering
with 15 years of general experience and at least 10 years of experience as team leader in the
related field of expertise and he /she must have a proven work experience in similar
assignments.
b. Civil Engineer

He /she shall have at least Bsc or Masters in Civil Engineering and 8years related experience
in the field of expertise and he /she must have a proven work experience in similar
assignments.
c. Water Supply Engineer

He /she must have at least Masters in water supply engineering and 8 years of experience in
water treatment plants design, hydraulics and high pressure pipe calculations.
d. Hydrologist expert

He /she must have at least Master’s Degree in hydrology and 10years related experience in
the field of expertise and he /she must have a proven work experience in soil investigations.
e. Electromechanical Engineer

He /she shall have at least BSc Degree of electromechanical Engineering and 10 years related
experience in the field of expertise and demonstrated experience in electro-mechanical
installation and electrification of water treatment plants.
f. Environmental Expert

He /she shall have a minimum of a Master’s degree in Environment Engineering or

environmental sciences. The consultant must have a minimum of 10 years related
experience in the field of expertise and he /she must have adequate experience in conducting
a comprehensive Environmental impact assessment and analysis, as well as being able to
identify in advance the shortcomings, which might hinder the smooth implementation of the
project and the best ways to mitigate the problems.
g. Socio-Economist Expert

He /she shall have a minimum of a Master’s degree in Sociology or Economy. The consultant
must have a minimum of 10years related experience in the field of expertise and he must
have adequate experience in conducting a social and economic impact assessment of water
supply projects.
h. Water Treatment Engineer

He /she must have at least Masters in water treatment/water supply engineering and 8 years
related experience in the field water treatment process and he /she must have a proven work
experience in similar assignments.

i. Quantity survey engineer

He /she must have at least BSc. in quantity survey engineering and 10 years related
experience in the field of expertise and he /she must have a proven work experience in
similar assignments.
j. Topographic surveyor

He /she must have at least BSc. in topography and 10 years related experience in the field of
expertise and he /she must have a proven work experience in similar assignments.

k. Geotechnical Engineer

He /she must have at least Master’s Degree in Geotechnical engineering and 10 years related
experience in the field of expertise and he /she must have a proven work experience in soil
strength investigations.
N.B
A notified copy of diploma, an updated CV, availability letter signed by assigned personnel
or the authorized representative of the consulting firm are required for evaluation of
proposals.
J. List of Documents available for consultation by the Consultant

 Existing feasibility study for construction of Mwange water supply systems (2016);

 IMS Data at WASAC LTD;

 National Policy & Strategy for Water Supply and Sanitation Services (2016).
 ID Task Name Duration Start Finish Predecessors Resource Names Mar '19 Apr '19 May '19 Jun '19 Jul '19 Aug '19 Sep '19 Oct '20 Nov '20 Dec '20 Jan '20 Feb '20
1 8 15 22 29 5 12 19 26 3 10 17 24 31 7 14 21 28 5 12 19 26 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27 4 11 18 25 1 8 15 22 29 6 13 20 27 3 10 17 24 31 7
1 PROJECT DURATION 182 days Thu 4/9/20 Fri 12/18/20
2 Reconnaissance 2 days Thu 4/9/20 Fri 4/10/20 Team Leader/Social Espert/Water Supply Engineer Team Leader/Social Espert/Water Supply Engineer
3 Production of the Inception report 32 days Thu 4/9/20 Fri 5/22/20 Team Leader
4 Preparation of the Reporting Format 3 days Thu 4/9/20 Mon 4/13/20 Yousef & Alfred Yousef & Alfred
5 Collection of the Preliminary information 15 days Thu 4/9/20 Wed 4/29/20 Alfred/Fred/Faustin/Ndekezi Alfred/Fred/Faustin/Ndekezi
6 Compilation of the Report 10 days Thu 4/30/20 Wed 5/13/20 5 Yousef & Alfred Yousef & Alfred
7 Submission of the Inception Report 0 days Sun 5/17/20 Sun 5/17/20 6 Yousef & Alfred 5/17
8 Reviewing by Client and Validation 5 days Mon 5/18/20 Fri 5/22/20 7 WASAC Team WASAC Team
9 Review of the Feasibility Report 49 days Mon 5/25/20 Thu 7/30/20 5 Team Leader
10 Social Economic update 24 days Mon 5/25/20 Thu 6/25/20 Social Economic Expert
11 Developing of research tools (questinnaires and Interview Guides) 3 days Mon 5/25/20 Wed 5/27/20 Faustin Faustin
12 Data Collection 20 days Fri 5/29/20 Thu 6/25/20 Faustin Faustin
13 Stake holder engagement 5 days Fri 5/29/20 Thu 6/4/20 Faustin Faustin
14 Writing of the Social economic Report 7 days Fri 5/29/20 Mon 6/8/20 Faustin Faustin
15 Hydrological Study Review 45 days Fri 5/29/20 Thu 7/30/20 Hydrologist
16 Measurements of river flows 3 days Fri 5/29/20 Tue 6/2/20 Ndakezi Ndakezi
17 Data Collection and Deskwork studies 30 days Fri 5/29/20 Thu 7/9/20 Ndakezi Ndakezi
18 Writing of the Hydrological Reported 15 days Fri 7/10/20 Thu 7/30/20 17 Ndakezi Ndakezi
19 Preliminary Hydraulic Designs 25 days Fri 5/29/20 Thu 7/2/20 Water supply Engineer and Support Team
20 Reviewing/Develping of GIS maps( Othophoto) 10 days Fri 5/29/20 Thu 6/11/20 4 Alfred & Team Alfred & Team
21 Review/Developing contour Maps 5 days Fri 5/29/20 Thu 6/4/20 4 Alfred & Team Alfred & Team
22 Reviewing the preliminary distribution netwprk Map 20 days Fri 6/5/20 Thu 7/2/20 4,21 Alfred & Team Alfred & Team
23 Assessment of Demand needs 10 days Fri 5/29/20 Thu 6/11/20 4 Alfred & Team Alfred & Team
24 Preliminary Hydraulic Simulations for each option 5 days Fri 6/12/20 Thu 6/18/20 23 Alfred & Team Alfred & Team
25 Review of the sizes of the reservoirs 2 days Fri 6/19/20 Mon 6/22/20 4,24 Alfred & Team Alfred & Team
26 Wrting a Hydraulics review report 5 days Fri 6/19/20 Thu 6/25/20 4,24 Alfred & Team Alfred & Team
27 Preliminary Water Treatment Designs 35 days Fri 5/29/20 Thu 7/16/20 Water Treatment Engineer
28 Water quality Analysis 5 days Fri 5/29/20 Thu 6/4/20 4 Simbwa/Alfred/Paul Simbwa/Alfred/Paul
29 Reviewing the proposed Intake system 5 days Fri 6/5/20 Thu 6/11/20 4,28 Simbwa/Alfred/Paul Simbwa/Alfred/Paul
30 Reviewing the proposed Sedimetation process 5 days Fri 6/12/20 Thu 6/18/20 4,29 Simbwa/Alfred/Paul Simbwa/Alfred/Paul
31 Reviewing the proposed filtration system 5 days Fri 6/12/20 Thu 6/18/20 28,29 Simbwa/Alfred/Paul Simbwa/Alfred/Paul
32 Reviewing the Design of disinfection system 1 day Fri 6/12/20 Fri 6/12/20 29 Simbwa/Alfred/Paul Simbwa/Alfred/Paul
33 Writing of the Water Treatment Report 10 days Fri 6/19/20 Thu 7/2/20 30 Simbwa/Alfred/Paul Simbwa/Alfred/Paul
34 Submission of the Updated Feasibility Report 0 days Thu 7/2/20 Thu 7/2/20 33 Simbwa/Alfred/Paul 7/2
35 Reviewing by Client and Validation 10 days Fri 7/3/20 Thu 7/16/20 34 WASAC Team WASAC Team
36 Detailed Studies 102 days Thu 7/2/20 Fri 11/20/20 Team Leader
37 Surveying 52 days Thu 7/2/20 Fri 9/11/20 Surveyor
38 Detailed Survey of the tentative network provided by Hydraulic Engineer
30 days Thu 7/2/20 Wed 8/12/20 David David
39 Drawing the profiles of the network 20 days Thu 8/13/20 Wed 9/9/20 38 David David
40 Presentation and discussion with the Water Supply Engineer 2 days Thu 9/10/20 Fri 9/11/20 39 David David
41 Hydraulic Designs 20 days Thu 7/2/20 Wed 7/29/20 Water supply Engineer and Support Team
42 Assessment of Demand needs 10 days Thu 7/2/20 Wed 7/15/20 Alfred/Fred & Team Alfred/Fred & Team
43 Optimizing the distribution netwprk Map 20 days Thu 7/2/20 Wed 7/29/20 Alfred/Fred & Team Alfred/Fred & Team
44 Finalizing the sizes of the reservoirs 2 days Thu 7/2/20 Fri 7/3/20 Alfred/Fred & Team Alfred/Fred & Team
45 Writing the Hydraulics design report 5 days Thu 7/2/20 Wed 7/8/20 Alfred/Fred & Team Alfred/Fred & Team
46 Water Treatment Designs 10 days Thu 7/2/20 Wed 7/15/20 Water Treatment Engineer
47 Water quality Analysis 5 days Thu 7/2/20 Wed 7/8/20 Simbwa/Alfred/Paul Simbwa/Alfred/Paul
48 Design of the Intake system 5 days Thu 7/2/20 Wed 7/8/20 Simbwa/Alfred/Paul Simbwa/Alfred/Paul
49 Design of the Sedimetation process 5 days Thu 7/2/20 Wed 7/8/20 Simbwa/Alfred/Paul Simbwa/Alfred/Paul
50 Design of Chlorination system 1 day Thu 7/2/20 Thu 7/2/20 Simbwa/Alfred/Paul Simbwa/Alfred/Paul
51 Design of the filtration system 5 days Thu 7/9/20 Wed 7/15/20 47,48 Simbwa/Alfred/Paul Simbwa/Alfred/Paul
52 Sizing the treatment chambers 5 days Thu 7/2/20 Wed 7/8/20 Simbwa/Alfred/Paul Simbwa/Alfred/Paul
53 Writing of the Water Treatment Report 10 days Thu 7/2/20 Wed 7/15/20 Simbwa/Alfred/Paul Simbwa/Alfred/Paul
54 Archtectural Designs 10 days Thu 7/2/20 Wed 7/15/20 Draughtsman
55 For the Reservoirs 5 days Thu 7/2/20 Wed 7/8/20 Awwad & Draughtsman Awwad & Draughtsman
56 Valves chambers 5 days Thu 7/2/20 Wed 7/8/20 Awwad & Draughtsman Awwad & Draughtsman
57 Offices and General layout 10 days Thu 7/2/20 Wed 7/15/20 Awwad & Draughtsman Awwad & Draughtsman
58 Geotechnical Investignations 60 days Thu 7/2/20 Wed 9/23/20 Geotechnical Engineer and Team
59 Core drilling and sampling 15 days Thu 7/2/20 Wed 7/22/20 Dorminique & Africa Drillers Dorminique & Africa Drillers
60 Dynamic Cone Penetration tests 10 days Thu 7/23/20 Wed 8/5/20 59 Dorminique & Africa Drillers Dorminique & Africa Drillers
61 Trial Pits 10 days Thu 8/6/20 Wed 8/19/20 60 Dorminique & Africa Drillers Dorminique & Africa Drillers
62 Laboratory Tests 15 days Thu 8/20/20 Wed 9/9/20 61 Dorminique & Africa Drillers Dorminique & Africa Drillers
63 Writing of the Geotechnical Report 10 days Thu 9/10/20 Wed 9/23/20 62 Dorminique & Africa Drillers Dorminique & Africa Drillers
64 Structural Designs 30 days Thu 8/20/20 Wed 9/30/20 Civil Engineer
65 Structural Alaysis and Technical Calculations 10 days Thu 8/20/20 Wed 9/2/20 57,61 Awwad Awwad
66 Drawing of the stractural designs 10 days Thu 9/3/20 Wed 9/16/20 65 Awwad Awwad
67 Production of the structural report 10 days Thu 9/17/20 Wed 9/30/20 66 Awwad Awwad
68 Mechanical designs 35 days Thu 9/3/20 Wed 10/21/20 Mechanical Engineers
69 Mechanical calculations 15 days Thu 9/3/20 Wed 9/23/20 65 JMV& Jajdi Mech Eng JMV& Jajdi Mech Eng
70 Mechanical drawings 15 days Thu 9/24/20 Wed 10/14/20 69 JMV& Jajdi Mech Eng JMV& Jajdi Mech Eng
71 Mechanical Report 5 days Thu 10/15/20 Wed 10/21/20 70 JMV& Jajdi Mech Eng JMV& Jajdi Mech Eng
72 Electrical Designs 45 days Thu 9/3/20 Wed 11/4/20 Electrical Engineers
73 electrical calculations 15 days Thu 9/3/20 Wed 9/23/20 65 JMV& Jajdi Elec Eng JMV& Jajdi Elec Eng
74 Electrical Drawings 15 days Thu 9/24/20 Wed 10/14/20 73 JMV& Jajdi Elec Eng JMV& Jajdi Elec Eng
75 Electrical Report 15 days Thu 10/15/20 Wed 11/4/20 74 JMV& Jajdi Elec Eng JMV& Jajdi Elec Eng
76 SCADA System 30 days Wed 8/19/20 Tue 9/29/20 Automation Engineer
77 Design of the SCADA Network 15 days Wed 8/19/20 Tue 9/8/20 Sajdi Scada Eng Sajdi Scada Eng
78 Drawing and Report Writing 15 days Wed 9/9/20 Tue 9/29/20 77 Sajdi Scada Eng Sajdi Scada Eng
79 Developing Priced BoQ 25 days Thu 10/1/20 Wed 11/4/20 67,40 Quantity Surveyor
80 Estimates for the Civil Works 10 days Thu 10/1/20 Wed 10/14/20 67 Asaph Asaph
81 Estimates for the Pipeline works 5 days Thu 10/15/20 Wed 10/21/20 80 Asaph Asaph
82 Esitmates for the Mechanical Works 5 days Thu 10/22/20 Wed 10/28/20 81 Asaph Asaph
83 Estimates for electrical & Electronics Works 5 days Thu 10/29/20 Wed 11/4/20 82 Asaph Asaph
84 Financial and Economic Analysis 25 days Mon 10/19/20 Fri 11/20/20 Ecocomist
85 Developing of the Management Model 3 days Mon 10/19/20 Wed 10/21/20 Faustin Faustin
86 Financial Analysis 2 days Thu 11/5/20 Fri 11/6/20 79 Economist
87 Generating of Operational and Maintenance Costs 2 days Thu 11/5/20 Fri 11/6/20 Faustin Faustin
88 Economic Analysis 10 days Mon 11/9/20 Fri 11/20/20 87 Economist
89 Profit and Loss Analysis 1 day Mon 11/9/20 Mon 11/9/20 Faustin Faustin
90 Breakeven Analysis 1 day Mon 11/9/20 Mon 11/9/20 Faustin Faustin
91 Internal Rate of Return Anaysis 2 days Mon 11/9/20 Tue 11/10/20 Faustin Faustin
92 Producing Financial and Economic Analysis Report 3 days Mon 11/9/20 Wed 11/11/20 Faustin Faustin
93 Compilation of the Combined Draft Final Design Report 10 days Mon 11/9/20 Fri 11/20/20 Yousef & Alfred Yousef & Alfred
94 Submission of the Final Draft Final Design Report 0 days Fri 11/20/20 Fri 11/20/20 92,93 Yousef & Alfred 11/20
95 Reviewing by the Client and Validation 7 days Mon 11/23/20 Tue 12/1/20 94 WASAC Team WASAC Team
96 Refining the Environmental Impact Assessment Report 15 days Mon 11/2/20 Fri 11/20/20 EIA Expert
97 Site Visit by REMA Officials 2 days Mon 11/9/20 Tue 11/10/20 Dr. Runyinya Dr. Runyinya
98 Acquistion of the ToR from REMA 5 days Mon 11/2/20 Fri 11/6/20 Dr. Runyinya Dr. Runyinya
99 Data collection 10 days Mon 11/2/20 Fri 11/13/20 Dr. Runyinya Dr. Runyinya
100 Production of the EIA Report 5 days Mon 11/16/20 Fri 11/20/20 99 Dr. Runyinya Dr. Runyinya
101 Submission of AEIA Report to REMA for Approval 0 days Fri 11/20/20 Fri 11/20/20 100 Dr. Runyinya 11/20
102 Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) 25 days Mon 10/26/20 Fri 11/27/20 Valuation Expert and Team
103 Carrying out Census 10 days Tue 10/27/20 Mon 11/9/20 George & Team George & Team
104 Property Identification 20 days Tue 10/27/20 Mon 11/23/20 George & Team George & Team
105 Property Valuation 20 days Mon 10/26/20 Fri 11/20/20 George & Team George & Team
106 Filling of the Forms for PAPs Signatures 17 days Mon 10/26/20 Tue 11/17/20 George & Team George & Team
107 Producing the Valuation Report 5 days Mon 11/23/20 Fri 11/27/20 106 George & Team George & Team
108 Final Detailed Design Report 25 days Mon 11/16/20 Fri 12/18/20 Team Leader
109 Developing Tender Document and Specifications 15 days Mon 11/16/20 Fri 12/4/20 Yousef & Alfred Yousef & Alfred
110 Finalising of All Archtecturals 7 days Mon 11/23/20 Tue 12/1/20 101 Awwad & Draughsman Awwad & Draughsman
111 Finalising of the Survery Report 7 days Mon 11/23/20 Tue 12/1/20 101 David David
112 Finalising of the Hydraulic Drawings 7 days Mon 11/23/20 Tue 12/1/20 101 Alfred/Fred& Team Alfred/Fred& Team
113 Finalising of the Hydraulic simuilations 7 days Mon 11/23/20 Tue 12/1/20 101 Alfred/Fred& Team Alfred/Fred& Team
114 Finalising of the Structural Report 7 days Mon 11/23/20 Tue 12/1/20 101 Civil Engineer Civil Engineer
115 Finilising Electromechanical and Scada Reorts 7 days Mon 11/23/20 Tue 12/1/20 JMV & Sajdi Mech & Elec Engs JMV & Sajdi Mech & Elec Engs
116 Complilation of the FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT 10 days Mon 11/23/20 Fri 12/4/20 Yousef & Alfred Yousef & Alfred
117 Submission of the FINAL REPORT 0 days Fri 12/4/20 Fri 12/4/20 116,107,109 Yousef & Alfred 12/4
118 Approval of the Report 10 days Mon 12/7/20 Fri 12/18/20 117 WASAC WASAC

Project: WOrkplan for Mwangi Task Split Milestone Summary Project Summary External Tasks External Milestone Progress Deadline
Date: Sun 4/5/20

Page 1
 CONSULTANT SERVICES FOR DETAILED DESIGN FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF
MWANGE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN GICUMBI TOWN

INTERVIEW GUIDE TO LOCAL AUTHORITIES

A) Participants in the group interview

Name Title Telephone

B) ) Demographic Characteristics

1) What is the population in Gicumbi town and Peri-Urban

2) What do they consider to be the town and peri-Urban Sectors and Cells)

3) What is the population by gender

4) Livelihood/(obudehe) how many in each category?

5) Information about private and government institutions within Gicumbi town and
Peri-Urban areas, schools, health facilities, recreation centres, churches, local
authority offices, police and prisons, army facilities, etc

C) Water distribution coverage

1) How frequent is the water available to the communities the lead? (Every day,
every week, 1 in a month)

2) If not frequent yet the network is available, what do you think is the problem?

3) How far do they which the water to reach within the town?

4) Other than WASAC, which partners do you have within Gicumbi town and which
areas do they cover? (Please provide their contacts for further information)

5) Which other projects are planned on River Mwange? (Please provide contacts for
further information)
Page 1 of 2
6) Do you have a physical plan/Master plan for Gucumbi town and peri-urban
areas? If yes (please provide a copy) also please provide the road network.

7) Other maps which are required shall include fibre optic, electricity networks.

8) Mobilisation information

9) How prepared are the local authorities to offer assistance during the
implementation more especially during;

 sensitisation on proper water use and consumption,

 sensitisation on the PAPs to affected by the project and Handling of PAPs during
expropriations

 Protection against vandalism

Page 2 of 2
 CONSULTANT SERVICES FOR DETAILED DESIGN FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF
MWANGE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN GICUMBI TOWN

Interview guide to WASAC staff (WASAC Team)

A) Participants in the group interview

Name Title Telephone

B) ) Plant Operational Information

1) How much water is produced per month?

2) In brief how do you produce that water ?

3) What chemicals do you use (Alum/sudfloc/Chlorine)

4) How much do you spend on the chemicals per month ( in dry and rainy season)

5) How much you spend on electricity per month ?

6) How stable is the electricity supply ? Can you know how many hours per month
without electricity

7) How much do you spend on maintenance for the plant ?

8) How many staff members you have at the plant ? are they enough, if not who are
missing ?

9) How much do you spend on workers at the plant

C) Network Operational Information

1) How much water do you invoice per month

2) How much money is invoiced per month ?

Page 1 of 2
 3) How many connections are made per month ?

4) How much do consumers pay for connections ?

5) What components are inclusive in a house connection fees ?

6) How many staff you have in the network/ they are based on what ? Location,
network or……………………..(this is to address the question of response to network
problems)

7) Do have a water supply rotation schedule, Please give us a copy ?

8) What do you think would be the proper rotation schedule?

9) Do you have a water quality surveillance schedule? What results do you normally
get? Of not good what could be the problem?

10) How can we improve it in (9 ) above?

11) Are there other water vendors in the network? (yes/No)

12) If yes in 11 above how do they come about and at what price do they sell the water
per jerrycan?

13) In 11 above, you do you ensure their water quality to the consumers?

D) Administrative questions

1) What is the defined water consumption per capita per day for urban, peri-urban and
rural?(to help determine the water demand)

2) What is the water tarrif for pumped water?

3) DO you normally experience unaccounted for water? (What is normally the

percentage per month?

4) What can be done to reduce the loss ?

5) After invoicing the consumers, what is the pay up with the next 30 days. What
percentage of those who pay up? This is for checking the cashflow.

6) DO you have any kind of subsidy or the plant can sustain its operational and
maintenance costs?

7) What other challenges that you encounter in the water supply system.

8) How far more would you expect the new water supply system to reach (sectors and
cells)?
Page 2 of 2
CONSULTANT SERVICES FOR DETAILED DESIGN FOR THE CONSTRUCTION
OF MWANGE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN GICUMBI TOWN

QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE INTERVIEWS FOR PROSPECTIVE CONSUMERS

Instruction: The Enumerator to read the question to the respondent and tick or write as
appropriate

A) House hold characteristics

1- Amazina yombi:
2- Umwaka yavutsemo:
3- Igitsina:
4- Stati y’umuryango: yarashatse- yaratandukanye – yarapfakaye –ntiyashatse
5- Umurimo akora (Profession):
6- Umubare w’abantu baba mu rugo:

6.1- Umubare w’abagize umuryango hakurikijwe ibigero byabo:

1- Umubare w’abafite hagati ya 0 n’imyaka 5

2- Umubare w’abafite hagati ya 6 n’imyaka 21

3- Umubare w’abafite hagati ya 22 n’imyaka 65

4- Umubare w’abafite hejuru y’imyaka 65

B) LIVELIHOOD (imibereho)

6.2- Umubare w’abakora imirimo ikurikira: Ubuhinzi – Ubworozi –Uburezi –Ubuvuzi –

Ubucuruzi –Ububaji –Abasudira – Ubwubatsi – Abakanishi –Abogosha- Abadoda- Abakora
ibindi – Abadakora (chômeurs)

C) WELFARE INDICATORS (ubudehe)

7- Uri mukiciro cya kangahe cy’ubudehe?

8- Winjiza amafaranga angahe buri kwezi ? 1- 0 Frw ; 2- 1 – 30.000 Frw; 3- 30.001 –

100.000 Frw 4- ˃ 100. 000 Frw

9- Uzigama angahe buri kwezi ? 1- 0 Frw ; 2- 1 – 30.000 Frw; 3- ˃ 30.001 Frw

10- Inzu utuyemo n’iyawe ? Yego / Oya

11- Utuye ahagana hehe? 1- Mu cyaro; 2- Mu Umudugudu; 3 Mu mujyi

ahatunganyijwe; 4– Mu mujyi ahakiboneka Akajagari

Page 1 of 4
 12- Ubwoko bw’ubwiherero: 1- Ubwiherero bwa kizungu (Flush toilet); 2- Ubwiherero
busanzwe ( Pit latrine); 3- Ubwiherero budatindishije béton (Inadequat pit latrine) 4-
Ubwiherero butubakiye ( Bush)

D) HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE

13- Niba ucumbitse, wishyura angahe ku kwezi ?

14- Inzu utuyemo icanirwa n’amashanyarazi? ( ya REG, solaire, ……)

15- Mu gutegura amafunguro yo mu rugo, mukoresha ubuhe buryo muri ibi bikurikira: 1-
Amakara, 2- Gaz, 3- Byombi , 4- Inkwi

16- Wishura amafaranga angana iki ku byo utungishije umuryango wawe ku kwezi? (How
much do you spend on other items in a month?)

E ) WATER ACCESSIBILITY AND AVAILABILITY

17- Amazi uvoma uyakura muri metero zingahe z’urugo rwawe? 1- 0 m; 2- 300m; 3-
500m; 4- ˃ 500m

18- N’iyihe mpamvu yatumye utazana umuyoboro w’amazi mu rugo rwawe ? 1- Nta
muyoboro w’amazi unyura hafi y’urugo rwanjye; 2- Nta mafaranga mfite yo
kwishyura iryo fatabuguzi; 3- Ntuye mu nzu y’ubukode 4- Ibindi (bivuge)

19- Niba udafite amazi mu rugo kandi udakodesha, wakwifuza ko WASAC iyahakugereza
ku mwenda wagenda wishyura buri kwezi ku mwaka?

20- Niba ufite amazi mu rugo utuyemo, amazi abageraho inshuro zingana iki? 1- Buri
munsi; 2- Nibura umunsi umwe mu cyumweru; 3- Nibura umunsi umwe mu kwezi; 4-
Rimwe na rimwe

21- Amazi ukoresha mu rugo aturuka hehe ( Main sources of drinking water) ? (1- Rubine
yo mu rugo; 2- Iriba rusange hanze y’urugo; 3- Iriba rusange ritunganyije (Borehole,
Canon…), 4- Amazi y’isoko idatunganyije); 5- Uruzi/Ikiyaga ; 7- Amazi y’imvura

22- Mujya mugura amazi atemberezwa n’abandi bacuruzi bayo cyangwa se

abanyamagare? Yego/Oya

23- Ijerikani y’amazi bayibagurisha ku mafaranga angahe?

24- Waba uzi impamvu zituma mutabona amazi buri munsi? Yego/Oya

25- Niba igisubizo ari yego, vuga nibura impamvu 3 zibitera:

26- Waba ugezwaho ku gihe n’Ubuyobozi bwa WASAC amakuru arebana n’ibibazo
by’amazi ku muyoboro wanyu muri aka karere mutuyemo? Yego/ Oya

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27- Waba utunze no za telefoni z’abakozi b’amazi ba WASAC muri aka karere
utuyemo? Yego/Oya

28- Iyo umuyoboro w’amazi yanyu wononekaye, umukozi wa WASAC aza kuyafunga
hashize igihe kingana iki? 1- Iminota 30; 2- Hagati y’iminota 30 n’isaha; 3- Hagati
y’isaha n’atatu; 4- Hejuru y’amasaha 3

29- Iyo umukozi wa WASAC amaze gufunga amazi yamenekaga ku muyoboro wagize
ikibazo, bifata igihe kingana iki kugira ngo umuyoboro wongere uhabwe amzi? 1-
Munsi y’iminota 30; 2- Hagati y’iminota 30 n’isaha; 3- Umunsi wose 4- Icyumweru

30- Kubafite amazi mu rugo rwabo, tanga ikigereranyo cy’umubare wa m 3 z’ amazi

mukoresha mu kwezi kumwe?

31- Mwishyura fagitire za WASAC nyuma y’iminsi ingahe mumaze kubona fagitiri
yanyu? 1- Iminsi 15; 2- hagati y’iminsi 15 na mirongo itatu (30); 3- Hejuru y’iminsi
mirongo itatu.

32- Umuyoboro w’amazi uramutse unyujijwe iruhande rw’aho mutuye, hitamo uburyo
bubereye umuryango wawe mwakoresha mu kuyazana mu rugo? 1- Kuvoma kw’iriba
rya WASAC, 2- Kuyashyira mu rugo

33- Ugereranyije, ijerikani y’amazi igurishwa angahe kw’iriba rusange muvomaho ?

34- Ubona ijerikani ikwiriye kugurishwa angahe kw’iriba rusange?

35- Abavoma ku mariba rusange bahura n’ibihe bibazo? 1- Umurongo muremure

w’abavomyi; 2- Amazi ntaboneka buri gihe; 3- Urugendo hejuru ya 300 m; 4- Ibindi

36- Iriba rusange ry’amazi muvomaho ricungwa nande? 1- Rwiyemezamirimo; 2- Komite

y’iriba; 3- Ubundi buryo (Buvuge)

37- Ibibazo bijyanye no gusana ibyangiritse kw’iriba rusange muvomaho bikemurwa

nande ?

38- Abatishoboye bo mu umudugudu wanyu ( Abakecuru/Abasaza b’incike, Imfubyi

zibibana, Abamugaye, ……..) bo babona amazi yo gukoresha gute? 1- Barasonerwa
kw’iriba; 2- Bagenerwa ijerikani buri munsi; 3- Bishyurirwa n’ubuyobozi (Social); 4-
Birwanaho

G) Water safety survey

39- Ese WASAC ijya ibamenyesha ubuziranenge bw’amazi ibagezaho (Water quality)?
Yego/Oya

40- Niba ari “Oya”, mwifuza ko byajya bikorwa gute? : 1- Rimwe ku gihembwe; 2-
Rimwe mu mezi 6; 3- Rimwe ku mwaka.

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41- Mu mezi atandatu ashize, n’izihe ndwara muri izi zikurikira ziterwa no gukoresha
amazi mabi umuryango wawe wahuye nazo: 1- Impiswi isanzwe; 2- Impiswi ivanze
n’amaraso; 3- Cholera; 4- Fièvre Thyphoïde ; 5- Izindi ndwara (zivuge).

42- Umuryango wawe ujya utandukanya buri gihe ibishingwe bibora n’ibitabora? Yego/
Oya

43- Umuryango wawe wikiza gute ibishingwe bitabora? 1- Tubyijyanira ku kimpoteri

rusange cyabugenewe; 2- Twishyura buri kwezi kampani (company) ibidutwarira; 3-
Ahandi (Havuge).

-End for Household questionnaire-

Page 4 of 4
CONSULTANT SERVICES FOR DETAILED DESIGN FOR THE CONSTRUCTION
OF MWANGE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN GICUMBI TOWN

QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE INTERVIEWS FOR PROSPECTIVE CONSUMERS

A) House hold characteristics

1- Names:
2- Date of birth:
3- Gender:
4- Marital status: Married- Single – Divorced –Widower -Window
5- Professional activity:
6- Number of people in your household:

6.1- Number of people in your household basing to their Age group:

1- Number of people between 0 - 5 years

2- Number of people between 6 – 21years

3- Number of people between 22 – 65years

4- Number of people above 65years

B) LIVELIHOOD.

6.2- - Number of people working in the following Fields:

-Crop production: – Livestock production: – Education:

– Healthcare : –Trading : – Bars and restaurant :
– Engineers : -Mechanics : –Hair cleaner :

- Sewing : – Joinery: - Un employment :

-Specify other activities if any :

C) WELFARE INDICATORS (ubudehe)

7- Which category of ubudehe program do you belong?

-Category I -Category II -Category III -Category IV

8- What is your Income earnings per month? 1- 0 RWF; 2- 1 – 30.000 RWF;

3- 30.001 – 100.000 RFW 4- ˃ 100. 000 RWF.

9- How much money do you save per month? 1- 0 RWF; 2- 1 – 30.000 RWF;
3- ˃ 30.001 RWF.

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 10- Do you live in your own house? Yes / No

11- Where do you live among these situations? 1- Dispersed Housing; 2- Clustered
rural settlements; 3- Planned Urban Housing; 4- Informal settlements.

12- Types of toilet facilities: 1- Flush toilet; 2-Pit latrine; 3-Inadequat pit latrine;
4- Bush

D) HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE.

13- If you are a tenant, how much money do you spend for house rent in rwf per month?

14- Is your house access the electricity power connection? Yes/No ( Supplied by REG or
solar)

15- Which method do you use in cooking food at home from the following methods:
1- Charcoal; 2- Gaz; 3- Both; 4- Firewood,

16- How much money do you spend for family consumption per month in rwf?

E ) WATER ACCESSIBILITY AND AVAILABILITY

17- What is the distance travelled in metres from at home for fetching water?
1. 0 m; 2- 300 m; 3- 500 m; 4- ˃ 500m.

18- Why do you not access water connection at home? 1-Water lines does not reach
here; 2-It reaches but I can’t afford connection cost; 3- I am a tenant; 4-Specify
others .

19- If you live in your own house without water connection at home, do you wish water
connection by WASAC on credit, which will be paid on monthly basis within one
year?

20- For those with water connections at home, How frequent do you receive water?
1- Everyday; 2- At least Once in a week; 3- At least once in a month;
4- No specific program is known.

21- What is the Main sources of drinking water at home?

1- Pipe-borne water in the compound; 2- Public tap out of the compound
3- Protected spring/well (Borehole, Canon), 4- unprotected spring well;
5- River/Lake (surface water), 7-Rainwater.

22- Are there other water vendors or bicycle vendors? Yes/No

23- If yes, how much do you buy a jerrycan of water from them?

24- Do you know the reasons why you don’t receive water every day?(yes/No)

25- If yes state only three reasons for that situation.

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26- Do you get updated information on water situation from WASAC Representative in
this District? (Yes/No)

27- DO you have contacts for WASAC Representative in this area? (Yes/No))

28- At what time required for repairing the damaged water pipeline by WASAC?
1- Within 30 mns; 2- between 30mns and 1hr; 3- between 1hr and 3hrs;
4- Above 3hours

29- When WASAC Representative closes waterfall on damaged pipeline, How long it
takes in order pipeline access water? 1-below 30mins; 2- between 30mins and
1hr; 3- Hole day; 4- A week.

30- For those with water connection at home, give a comparison of m3 of water used per
month?

31- For how long to pay WASAC receipts after receiving them? 1- Within 15 days.
2- between 15 days and 30 days. 3- Above 30 days.

32- Assume That water pipeline passes a round your home, choose the best way to use
for fetching water ? 1- Fetching water from public tap, 2-Use of water connection at
home

33- By comparison, what is the price of a jerrycan from the public water tap?

34- According to you, what is the best price of a jerrycan from public water tap?

35- What are the problems which are likely to happen for people using the public water
tap? 1- Long line of people looking for water; 2-Unconstant water available;
3- Long distance above 300 m; 4- Specify others.

36- Who is the public water tap controller? 1- Private; 2- Public water tap committee;
3- Specify other ways

37- Who is the responsible for repairing damaged facilities at public water tap?

38- How do vulnerable people from your village (vulnerable families, disabled persons,
Orphans….) access water for use from public water taps? 1- They are tolerated at
water tap without fees ; 2- They are allowed one jerrycan per capita and per day;
3- They are sponsored by Government; 4- They fight for their own

G) Water safety survey

39- Is WASAC communicating regularly the water quality supplied to you? Yes/No

40- If “No”, How do you wish to happening? : 1- Once quarterly; 2-

Once in 6 month; 3- Once in a year.

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41- In last 6 months, which of the following diseases caused by using poor water in your
family experienced? : 1- Diarrhoea; 2- Bloody diarrhoea ; 3- Cholera;
4- Typhoid fever ; 5 – Specify other diseases.

42- Is your family separating decayed and undecayed waste products every day? Yes/ No

43- How do your family manage undecayed waste products from your compound?
1- We collect them into planned public dustbin; 2- We pay selected company to
collect them per month; 3- Specify other ways if any.

THANK YOU!

-End for Household questionnaire-

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 CONSTRUCTION OF MWANGE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN GICUMBI CITY AND ITS RURAL
SURROUNDING AREAS

PROPOSAL OF TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT

ASSESSMENT (ESIA) STUDY RELATED TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF MWANGE WATER SYSTEM IN
GICUMBI CITY AND ITS RURAL SURROUNDING AREAS, NORTHERN PROVINCE.

1. INTRODUCTION
WASAC is submitting a project brief and the proposal of Terms of Reference (ToRs) to RDB/One
Stop Center Division to request for approval of initiating an Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment (ESIA) related to the “Construction of Mwange Water System in Gicumbi City and
its Close Surrounding Rural Areas”.
In line with the national target to accelerate water and sanitation coverage from very low levels
in 2005 of 41% and 48% respectively to 100% coverage by 2018, the Government of Rwanda
through WASAC Ltd would like to hire a consultant who will conduct the Detailed Design,
Review of the existing Feasibility Study, Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA)
report, Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) report and Tender Document for the construction of
Mwange Water Treatment Plant, Water Supply System infrastructure and other auxiliary
infrastructures in order to increase the access to portable water supply in Gicumbi town and its
close surrounding rural areas.
2. PROJECT BRIEF
The current drinking water supply in Gicumbi city is done through the catchment area of
Nyamabuye water springs located about 500 m from the treatment plant of Nyamabuye.
Twenty-four (24) natural water springs are collected to serve this plant. The minimum flow of
these springs is about 40 m3/h. Starting from the collection structure, water is conveyed by
gravity to the raw water tank of Nyambuye treatment plant implemented at GL 1947 m with
nominal capacity of 50 m3/h. The treated water is discharged through two independent axes:
the first one (DN 150 mm on 3,500 m length) to the tank of Gicumbi city (800 m3), implemented
at GL 2 269m; the second one (iron pipe DN 80 mm on 1,250 m length) to the tank of Rukomo
(80 m3) implemented at GL 2 225m. The distribution network in Gicumbi city is about 70 km
length of galvanized steel pipes, ductile iron pipes, PE and PVC pipes of diameters between 225
mm and 1/2".
The growth of the population of Bicumbi city has shown, since 2010 to 2020, a progressive
deficit balance of drinking water demand of 249 m3/h for 2020 that should be 500 m3/ in the
targeted project horizon of 2030.
WASAC intends to fill that deficit balance of drinking water in Bicumbi City, i.e. Administrative
Sectors of Byumba, Kageyo and Rukomo and in its close surrounding rural area i.e.
Administrative Sector of Nyamiyaga by implementation of a water intake on Mwange river

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 CONSTRUCTION OF MWANGE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN GICUMBI CITY AND ITS RURAL
SURROUNDING AREAS

where a flow of 500 m3/h will be drawn from. From the river Mwange to Gicumbi city, three
pumping stations in line are required: one pumping station of raw water (SP 1) at the water
intake, another pumping station of treated water at the treatment plant (SP 2) and the last
intermediate pumping station (SP 3) at Gatiba (500 m3). From Gatiba pumping station, the
treated drinking water is sent to Nyabitekeri twinned tanks (2*1,500 m3) for a connection by
gravity to the main tank of Gicumbi city (800 m3) from which a water reticulation network will
be designed throughout Bicumbi City (Sectors of Byumba, Kageyo and Rukomo) and its close
surrounding areas (Sector of Nyamiyaga).
Beside the civil works for Intake structure, Water treatment plant, Water tanks and Pipeline,
there will be development of access runway for inaccessible places. The choice of runway
should take account of the complexity of the terrain as well as the connection to the existing
road networks. The implementation of all mentioned works throughout the landscape to meet
the needs of drinking water for Gicumbi city population calls for an Environmental and Social
Impact Assessment (ESIA) to ensure the equilibrium between the project implementation
(Drinking Water Supply System in Bicumbi City and close surrounding rural area) and the
promotion of the existing physical-socio-economic environment.
3. PROPOSED TERMS OF REFERENCE (ToRs)
3.1. Scope of Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Report
The purpose of the ESIA document is to highlight for the public of Bicumbi City and its close
surrounding areas and for the decision making institutions, the compatibility of the existing
environment and the proposed development of Construction of Mwange Water System in
Gicumbi City and its Close Surrounding Rural Areas. Particularly, the study will focus on the
potential disturbance of the environment that should be caused by works related to the
construction of Diversion intake, Water treatment plant, Pipeline network, Water tanks and
other auxiliary infrastructures for the proposed option or for any relevant and efficient
alternative that can fulfill the same objective.
Thus, WASAC, the developer, will prepare and submit to RDB/One Stop Center Division an ESIA
report to describe the environmental effects (impacts/mitigation measures) of the above
proposed Project and associated activities. The final submission will be based upon the
following Terms of Reference and issues that should be raised during the mandatory public
consultation process in accordance with the Environmental Organic Law No 04/2005 of
08/04/2005 determining the modalities of protection, conservation and promotion of
environment in Rwanda.
3.2. Public Consultation
For the sensitivity of the project “Construction of Water Supply System in Bicumbi City and its
close surrounding areas”, WASAC, through a Consulting Firm, must provide the public with
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 CONSTRUCTION OF MWANGE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN GICUMBI CITY AND ITS RURAL
SURROUNDING AREAS

opportunities to obtain information about the implementation of the project and will identify
fairly their concerns. The public consultation program is to communicate with those members
of the public who may be affected by the Project and to provide them with an opportunity to
participate in the Environmental Impact Assessment process. Hence, the ESIA report will
document public concerns or suggestions and demonstrate how they have been addressed. All
stakeholders should be consulted, as well.
3.3. Concrete assignment for ToRs elaboration
3.3.1. Description of the Proposed Project
Provide a detailed description of the relevant parts/components of the project using maps of
appropriate scale where necessary and include the following information:
 Project justification and objective;
 Location and General layout, size, and capacity;
 Pre-construction activities;
 Construction activities;
 Schedule of activities;
 Facilities and services;
 Operation and maintenance activities;
 Required offsite investments;
 Equipment and staffing.
3.3.2. Description of the current environmental site status
Assemble, evaluate, and present baseline data on the relevant environmental characteristics of
the study area. Include information on any anticipated changes that can occur before the
project commence. Present environmental characteristics of the study area either on a map or
through pictures to facilitate the understanding.
I. Physical environment:
Geology; topography; soils; climate and meteorology; ambient air quality; surface and
groundwater hydrology (i.e Gatandara River, …); water quality.
II. Biological environment:
Flora; fauna; rare or endangered species; ecologically important or sensitive habitats,
species with potential to become nuisances, vectors, or dangerous in the project site
and the potential area of the project influence.
III. Socio-cultural and economic environment:
Population; land use; planned development activities; community structure;
employment; distribution of income, goods and services; recreation; public health;

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 CONSTRUCTION OF MWANGE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN GICUMBI CITY AND ITS RURAL
SURROUNDING AREAS

3.3.3. Description and analysis of the policy and the legislative, regulatory and institutional
framework
Describe the pertinent regulations and standards at international, national, regional and local
levels that govern environmental quality, health and safety, protection of sensitive areas,
protection of endangered species and land use control. Then review and analyze relevant laws,
regulations and guidelines that govern the conduct of the assessment or specify the content of
the report, including international treaties, national laws and/ or regulations and/ or guidelines
on environmental reviews and impact assessments.
List down institutions with their respective roles in making sure that: a) ESIA process will be
respected; b) project implementation and operation applying the mitigation measures as
elaborated in the ESIA report.
3.3.4. Determination of the Potential Impacts of the Proposed Project

Impact prediction involves forecasting the likely changes in the environment that will occur as a result of
the development. Distinguish between positive and negative impacts, direct and indirect
impacts, immediate and long-term impacts. Identify impacts that are unavoidable or
irreversible. Wherever possible, describe impacts quantitatively in terms of the affected
environmental components (e.g. area, number) and environmental costs and benefits. Assign
economic values when feasible. Characterize the extent and quality of available data, explaining
significant information deficiencies and any uncertainties associated with the predicted
impacts. The engineering plans should reflect "best practice" to ensure that potential negative
environmental impacts are minimized through measures to limit the number of people to be
displaced and/or goods to be affected.

3.3.5. Analysis of the Alternatives to the Proposed Project

Identify and examine, in the course of developing the proposed project, other potential
alternatives which could achieve the same objectives. The concept of alternatives extends to
siting, design, technology selection, construction techniques and phasing, and operating and
maintenance procedures. Compare alternatives in terms of potential environmental impacts;
capital and operating costs; suitability under local conditions; and institutional, training, and
monitoring requirements. When describing the impacts, indicate which are irreversible or
unavoidable and which can be mitigated. Try to quantify the costs and benefits of each
alternative, incorporating the estimated costs of any associated mitigating measures. Include
the 'no project' alternative to demonstrate environmental conditions without the project.

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 CONSTRUCTION OF MWANGE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN GICUMBI CITY AND ITS RURAL
SURROUNDING AREAS

3.3.6. Elaboration of Environment and Social Management Plan (ESMP) to mitigate negative
impacts
The Environmental Management Plan focuses on three generic areas: a) mitigation measures
(Phases of installation and execution of the project); b) institutional strengthening and training
and; c) monitoring. The emphasis on each of these areas depends on the context-specific
project needs.
 Mitigation of environmental impact:
Recommend feasible and cost-effective measures to prevent or reduce significant negative
impacts to acceptable levels. Quantify the impacts and estimate the costs of the mitigation
measures. Consider compensation to affected parties for impacts that cannot be avoided. The
plan should include proposed work programs, budget estimates, schedules, staffing and
training requirements and other necessary support services to implement the mitigation
measures. Summarize the environmental impacts and mitigation measures using a map at the
same scale as that of the road design.
 Institutional strengthening and training:
Identify institutional needs to implement environmental assessment recommendations. Review
the authority and capability of institutions at local, provincial, and national levels and
recommend how to strengthen the capacity to implement the environmental management and
monitoring plans. The recommendations may cover such diverse topics as new laws and
regulations, new agencies or agency functions, inter-sectoral arrangements, management
procedures, training, staffing, operation and maintenance training, budgeting, and financial
support.
 Monitoring:
Prepare detailed arrangements to monitor the implementation of mitigation measures and the
impacts of the project during construction and operation. Include in the plan an estimate of
capital and operating costs and a description of other required inputs (e.g., training and
institutional strengthening).
3.3.7. Facilitation and organization of public consultations, in accordance with the provisions of
the General ESIA guidelines and other attendant legislation.
- Law No 48/2018 of 13/08/2018 Determining Modalities for Protecting, Conserving and
Promoting the Environment;
- Organic Law No 04/2005 of 08/04/2005 Determining the Modalities of Protection,
Conservation and Promotion of Environment in Rwanda and;
- Ministerial Order No 003/2008 of 15/08/2008 Relating to the Requirements and Procedure
for Environment Impact Assessment).

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 CONSTRUCTION OF MWANGE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN GICUMBI CITY AND ITS RURAL
SURROUNDING AREAS

3.3.8 Prepare the ESIA Report:

The EIA report should be concise and limited to significant environmental issues. The main text
should focus on findings, conclusions, and recommended actions supported by summaries of
the data collected and citations for any references used in interpreting data. Detailed data
should be presented in appendices or in a separate volume.
The ESIA report should reflect the following structure:
 Executive Summary;
 Introduction;
 Presentation of the developer and his consultant
 Policy, Legal, and Administrative Framework;
 Description of the Proposed Project and its objective;
 Description of the existing Environment;
 Significant Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures;
 Analysis of the Alternatives;
 Emergency Plan;
 Environmental & Social Management Plan (Execution and Monitoring Plan);
 Conclusion and recommendation
 List of References;
 Appendices:
 Terms of reference;
 List of the ESIA team including consulting team (interdisciplinary analysis);
 Records of Interagency and Public/ NGO Communications;
 Data and Unpublished Reference Documents.
Word and PDF soft copies of the ESIA report shall be uploaded to RDB/ESIA registration online
system for review and request for Environmental and Social Impact Assessment certificate.

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VALIDATION MEETING FOR THE INCEPTION REPORT FOR
DETAILED DESIGNS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF MWANGE
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN GICUMBI TOWN
Date: 13th May 2020

Venue: WASAC Board room

The meeting was opened and chaired by Eng. Murekezi Dominique

Members introduced themselves and the meeting there were representatives from WASAC,
Gicumbi District and JV SAJDI/CAVCION Consultants who are carrying out the study.
The Presentations of the Inception Report was made by the Consulting team. It included, the recap
of the objectives in terms of reference which included updating of the feasibility study which and
been done in 2020 as well as making the detailed designs for the implementation of the project.

During the presentation the consultants started by highlighting the key findings of the earlier
feasibility study which need to be updated.

Furthermore the consultants presented the methodology per component of the study from Social
&Economic study, the Technical designs, the Environmental studies and the financial and Economic
analysis.

The key challenge which was presented was the fact that on river Mwange, there is already a power
plant being constructed by REG Company which was consuming all the water of the known base
flow.
At the end of the presentation the participants were given time to make their comments and ask
questions as presented in the table below;

Comment Response
The consulting team was to be more elaborate The point was noted by the Consultants
while presenting the financial and economic
analysis to show the different scenarios such
in case of subsidy or no subsidy and re
respective break-evens, depreciation rates as
per the MINICOFIC guidelines
The status of the existing water infrastructure The feasibility report will cover it in detail
More details on the capacity and willingness The questionnaire will be updated to bring it
for the subscribers to pay needs to come out out clearly
better in the research
Access to water needs to be more clear from 0 The questionnaire needs to be more elaborate
distance to 0.5 Km
Source of the population table It was from the feasibility study but the source
will be included in the inception report
Use of current date on water and sanitation The review was from desk study but more
information will obtained during the study
since offices are now open
In order to address the problem of water The team will investigate their feasibility and
source, to use River Kagogo and other come up with a report for decision making.
alternative if any
In order to address the problem of water The team will investigate their feasibility and
source, to use River Mwange downstream and come up with a report for decision making.
Nyamabuye II and other alternative if any
The question of the purpose of the reservoirs It was explained that the reservoirs are the
at the refugee camp main from which subsidiary ones will be
supplied
It was advisable to use average maximum It was noted by the consultants
flood events instead of ultimate one
The issue of value for money was also The Consultants noted and it will be clearly
mentioned analysis during the study
The issue of linking the existing water supply It was noted and some of the network details
system to the new one are being collected
When using WATERCAD to show flows and This wanted by the team and some of it is
geometric network considerations already captured in the inception report
The scope of the project to follow Gicumbi tow It was noted and the team will be in contact
Masterplan which stretches beyond the three with District line officials
sectors which adds part of Nyamiyaga sector
To refer to the new Ministerial Order of 2018 It was noted by the team
for EISA study
The issue of use of advance technology in the The inception report highlighted the different
design was asked options for automation of the operations of the
plant.
Issues of expropriation to be carried out by the It was covered under RAO in the inception
study Report
The issue of WATER quality provided by other The link between other service providers and
service providers WASAC especially on quality will be detailed
The Gicumbi leadership plan of access water The Consultants to contact the district line
by the citizens officials
Details about the impact of the project to the The team to work with health officials for the
health of population in aspect to waterborne information
diseases
Gender issues to be addressed during the To be covered by the team.
study
To get information of how much waster do Details to be obtained for urban and rural
each person access compared with the per settlements
capita consultation
At eh end of the presentation the Chairman asked the participants as the whether they could accept
the Report.

The team for WASAC and the Gicumbi District accepted the report and give the consultants 7 days
to address the comments and submitted the revised Inception Report.

Report Prepared by:…………………………………………………………………….. WASAC

Verified by:……………………………………………………………………………………. JV SAJDI/CAVICON

Consultants

VERIFIED BY…………………………………………………………………………………….for GICUMBI District

Approved by : Dominique MUREKEZI/Chairman of the meeting/WASAC

APPENDIX G: INCEPTION REPORT VALIDATION MEETING COMMENTS INCORPORATION
The comments raised during the Response Comment Incorporation into final Inception Report
validation meeting have been
incorporated into the final inception
report as explained below:
The consulting team was to be more The point was noted by the Chapter 11 – Financial & Economic analysis has been updated to
elaborate while presenting the financial Consultants include MINECOFIN guidelines and indicators.
and economic analysis to show the
different scenarios such in case of
subsidy or no subsidy and re respective
break-evens, depreciation rates as per
the MINICOFIC guidelines
The status of the existing water The feasibility report will cover The existing water supply system(s) will be surveyed and
infrastructure it in detail integrated into the proposed water supply system and detailed
in the feasibility study report.
More details on the capacity and The questionnaire will be Questionnaires have been updated to include Ability-to-pay and
willingness for the subscribers to pay updated to bring it out clearly Willingness-to-pay indicators. See appendix C.
needs to come out better in the research
Access to water needs to be more clear The questionnaire needs to be Questionnaires have been updated accordingly. See appendix C.
from 0 distance to 0.5 Km more elaborate
Source of the population table It was from the feasibility study Current data from stakeholder consultations and EICV4 & 5 will
but the source will be included in be used and obsolete data removed.
the inception report
Use of current date on water and The review was from desk study Current data from stakeholder consultations and EICV4 & 5 will
sanitation but more information will be used and obsolete data removed. See section 3.6.3
obtained during the study since
offices are now open
In order to address the problem of water The team will investigate their The scope of alternative water sources will be extended to other
source, to use River Kagogo and other feasibility and come up with a river sources including River Kagogo and others.
alternative if any report for decision making.
In order to address the problem of water The team will investigate their The scope of alternative water sources will be extended to other
source, to use River Mwange feasibility and come up with a river sources including River Kagogo and others.
downstream and Nyamabuye II and report for decision making.
other alternative if any
The question of the purpose of the It was explained that the The existing water supply system(s) will be surveyed and
reservoirs at the refugee camp reservoirs are the main from integrated into the proposed water supply system and detailed
which subsidiary ones will be in the feasibility study report.
supplied
It was advisable to use average It was noted by the consultants Detailed hydrological assessment of existing data will be
maximum flood events instead of conducted.
ultimate one
The issue of value for money was also The Consultants noted and it will Chapter 11 – Financial & Economic analysis has been updated to
mentioned be clearly analysis during the include MINECOFIN guidelines and indicators.
study
The issue of linking the existing water It was noted and some of the The existing water supply system(s) will be surveyed and
supply system to the new one network details are being integrated into the proposed water supply system and detailed
collected in the feasibility study report.
When using WATERCAD to show flows This wanted by the team and WaterCAD software will be used for the water network
and geometric network considerations some of it is already captured in modelling and all the output parameters (including the
the inception report geometric, hydraulic,) will be reported in the final design report.
The scope of the project to follow It was noted and the team will be Figure 3.3 defining the project scope has been added.
Gicumbi tow Masterplan which in contact with District line
stretches beyond the three sectors officials
which adds part of Nyamiyaga sector
To refer to the new Ministerial Order of It was noted by the team 1. All reference to Ministerial Order No. 003/2008 of
2018 for EISA study 15/08/2008 has been replaced with 001/2019 of
15/04/2019.
2. The project EIA TOR added in appendix D.

The issue of use of advance technology The inception report highlighted A new chapter 13 – Automation has been added to address
in the design was asked the different options for Automation & control of the water treatment plant.
automation of the operations of
the plant.
Issues of expropriation to be carried out It was covered under RAO in the Chapter 6 details the proposed Resettlement Action Plan
by the study inception Report procedure.
The issue of WATER quality provided by The link between other service Water quality analyses will be conducted for all proposed water
other service providers providers and WASAC especially sources. The water quality will be in conformance with the
on quality will be detailed WASAC quality testing protocol and standards.
The Gicumbi leadership plan of access The Consultants to contact the Existing water supply systems will be reviewed and integrated
water by the citizens district line officials into the proposed project.
Details about the impact of the project to The team to work with health Stakeholder consultations with the MINISANTE and other health
the health of population in aspect to officials for the information and sanitation stakeholders will be conducted. Project health
waterborne diseases impacts will be included in the EIA.
Gender issues to be addressed during To be covered by the team. Gender mainstreaming in the project during the stakeholder
the study consultations and project design will be a key focus.
To get information of how much water Details to be obtained for urban Per capita water consumption will be computed and used in the
do each person access compared with and rural settlements project design.
the per capita consultation
NOTES:
1. New Chapter 13 – Plant Automation has been added.
2. Socio-economic situational data has been added.
3. Section 1.7 – Inception Report Validation has been added.