PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

University RD. Poblacion, Muntinlupa City
SELF LEARNING MODULE IN INDIVIDUAL AND DUAL SPORTS
Year BSPSYCH, BAPOLSCI, Course
2ND Year Section PE 03
Level BACOM Code

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS FOR

INDIVIDUAL AND DUAL SPORTS

P.E 03

Compiled by:

HAROLD DEO B. CRISTOBAL, MA.Ed, LPT

FACULTY
 Week 3&4
Module 2
FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS IN ATHLETICS
(TRACK AND FIELD)

After finishing this module, you should be able to:

 Demonstrate the fundamental skills of athletics with mastery, correctness

and ease of movement.

Activity: Name the following famous athletes in athletics and write the information you know
about them. Write it on the space provided.

1. Name: USAIN BOLT

Usain St Leo Bolt, OJ, CD (born August 21, 1986) is
a retired Jamaican sprinter in 2017, widely
considered to be the biggest sprinter of all time. The
3. Name: RYANholder of the three-distance world record and an 11-
CROUSER
time world
U.S. Shot putter and discuschampion.
thrower. (Born: 18
December 1992 at Portland). Crouser achieved the
gold medal at the Rio de Janiero 2016 Olympics,
setting the world record for the Olympic Games.
Ryan Crouser after his final round of 22.90 m at the
Doha 2 IAAF World Championships.

2. Name: RUTH BEITIA

She's a retired high jumper who is currently the
reigning women's high jump Olympic Champion.
(Born in Spain, date of birth 1 April 1979, height: 1.91
m). She was also a politician in the People's Party
and a member of the Cantabrian Parliament.
Activity: Try the following activities, record your score, and answer the following questions. Write
it on the space provided.

Note: Before you start the activity, make sure that you perform proper warm up activity. It will
help you to perform the activity easily and to avoid muscles fatigue and shortness of breath.
Wear proper sporting attire (rubber shoes, sport shirt and shorts)

1. 100 M Sprint/Run Time: 22 seconds

a. Did you finish the task? How you finished it?

Yes, I finished the 100 Meter Sprint within 15 seconds by running around our
neighborhood
b. Describe your body position while doing the task.
My body position while doing the Sprint was keeping my back straight, and head neutral
with my spine so that it keeps my head above my shoulders and looking straight ahead.
c. Which other reactions did you feel like faster breathing, sweltering, warming up, etc.?
During and after doing the task, I felt a lost of breathness and sweltering all over my
body.

2. Long Jump Distance: 0.60 meter

a. Did you finish the task? How you finished it?

Yes, I finished the task in our front yard by running up with consistency and speed then
jump with full force.

b. Describe your body position while doing the task.

My body position while doing the Long Jump was keeping the torso upright and moving
the hips forward and concentrating on my foot placement before taking-off.
c. Which other reactions did you feel like faster breathing, sweltering, warming up, etc.?
After the success of doing long jump my body felt relaxed, breathe and eased from an
extensive jump.

3. Shot Put Distance: 1.2 meters

Alternative: Get a Stone weighing 3kgs (Women) and 5kgs for (Men)
 a. Did you finish the task? How you finished it?

Yes, I finished the task iniside our subdivision by doing the rotational throw then
released the stone.

b. Describe your body position while doing the task.

With the feet out wide the back leg bent down facing towards at the back. While ready to
twist round quickly leading with the elbow pushing.
c. Which other reactions did you feel like faster breathing, sweltering, warming up, etc.?
I felt dizzy and my upper body hurts by the force of twisting round after releasing the
stone.

Activity: Follow the instruction given to the following activities listed below, record your
score, and answer the following questions. Write it on the space provided.
Note: Before you start the activity, make sure that you perform proper warm up activity. It will
help you to perform the activity easily and to avoid muscles fatigue and shortness of breath.
Wear proper sporting attire (rubber shoes, sport shirt and shorts).

1. 100 M Sprint/Run Time: 22 seconds

If you have an access in the internet you can watch it on YouTube using this URL link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3FOTIPJJb5Y

a. Shoulders/head: Keep your shoulders down and relaxed and your head upright in
line with the rest of the body. Keep the shoulders straight and avoid lateral rotation.

b. Hips: Pretend you are being pulled upwards by a string at the top of your head to
achieve hip height. A strong mid-section is needed to keep them there and prevent
collapse on impact.

c. Knees: Push your knees forwards and up high. This will generate more power,
encourage a longer stride and cover more distance.

d. Feet: When the foot is coming towards the ground, lift the toes up towards the shin
so your foot is horizontal. You should land on the midfoot, with the foot underneath
the body, not in front.

e. Arms: Arms should be loosely held at right angles and driven back at the elbow as
far as possible. On the swing back forwards, pump your hands to shoulder level.

f. Heels: These should come off the floor and travel high in an arc towards the bum,
almost flicking it, before travelling through to the front.

 Is there a difference in your performance

No, because I read the module to have some information before I do the task.
 Does the information given help you to perform better? Why or why not?
Yes , it helps me, particularly for those who are not sufficiently skilled in athletics, and it
helps me to acquire more experience to get it right.
 How you able to explain the proper body position in running?
 Always keep your body's posture, look on your running way and be focused so you will
not get hurt or injured.

2. Long Jump Distance: 0. 60 meter

If you have an access in the internet you can watch it on YouTube using this URL link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yS9IX1Qm0CQ

Acceleration Drills

Wall Series
a. Start with your hands against a wall or fence with their torso leaning from the
ankle at 45 degrees with one knee up.  Adjust them as needed. Let you “feel” the
straight line from their head through their shoulders, hips, knees and finally feet.
Repeat the drill without aligning yourself
b. From position A, take 3 or 5 steps in place (walking, marching and finally running)
watch that their feet land in the same position you start in. Repeat watching and
cueing the straight line from head to toe.
c. Repeat the drill keeping lined up but gradually getting more upright with each foot
contact, so you end up standing.

Teaching the Rocking Start

You will begin with your takeoff foot forward and rock back so most of their weight is
on the rear leg. Make sure that you swing your arms in opposition to their legs when
pushing out of this position and “rocking” back over their front leg. All forces should
be directed horizontally into the ground. By starting in this position you can able to
use momentum generated from the rock to aid the start. It helps insure a consistent
reliable, start that leads to an accurate approach. 
Coaching Cues for Acceleration Work
Push, lean from the ankle. You must be patient while executing this part of the
approach, allowing the foot contact with the ground to gradually stand them up.

Maximum Speed
Speed can be worked on with running drills, sprints of various intensities and
distances, hill running, over speed towing, approaches with or without a takeoff and
other sophisticated methods. The key elements of speed as they relate to the jumps
are maintenance of posture and pelvic position through to the end of the approach.

The Takeoff

To effectively set up a takeoff, the cyclic running pattern and heel recovery will be broken
on the last two steps of the approach. The penultimate (next to last) step is a full foot
contact with a rocking action. This is the longest step of the entire approach. Foot contact
will still be underneath the body like the previous steps. The recovery of the heel will be
over the ankle or mid calf only. Attempting to run over this step while the foot is still on
the ground is a great cue. The takeoff step will be similar to the penultimate in ground
contact (full foot, rocking action) and stepping over the ankle instead of heel to butt, but it
will be shorter in length. Ground contact will be a little in front of the body. Again
 continuing to move the body past the takeoff foot while it is on the ground is a good cue.
Try to have the athlete anticipate the takeoff steps so they have their ankle and thigh
braced and prepared.

Takeoff Drills

Skipping of All Varieties

In particular, power skips and single leg skips where left or right foot takeoffs are
emphasized.

Continuous Takeoffs
An athlete runs at anywhere from 50-75% effort, exaggerating the heel to butt running
action for 3-5 steps followed immediately by the penultimate and take off step action with
a “pop up” then running out of the pop up immediately into another 3-5 step running
action and takeoff sequence. These can be done with small obstacles or overhead
targets like basketball nets at the same or different distances apart to help teach
“steering” during the approach.

Approaches with a “Pop-up”

These can be short or full approach runs and the athlete should be instructed to continue
to run through the pit after “popping up”.

The Landing

Often this or technique in the air is the technical focal point for coaches and athletes.
Controlling or limiting forward rotation is the goal of all in the air action. Much of the jump
distance is already determined by the approach and takeoff actions. There are some
drills listed below which address these areas.

Landing Drills

Standing Long Jump Series

1. Begin with a standard SLJ with an upright landing
2. SLJ with a squat landing
3. SLJ with a kicking leg action and rolling of buttocks to where the feet touch down
4. Walk in version of these exercises with a single leg takeoff
a. Knee Landing - Athlete will approach the pit like in Continuous takeoff drill above, but
upon takeoff will land in the pit on the takeoff knee and the swing leg foot (lunge
position). Gradually get the athlete to move further away and run in faster. Vertical
emphasis.
b. Short Approach Jumps - Progress from slow to fast, learning to bring the takeoff leg
forward and extended so that both feet are together and the athlete learns how to get
their buttocks to where their feet landed.

 Is there a difference in your performance?

No, I have some knowledge of it, since I played it when I was a child.
 Does the information given help you to perform better? Why or why not?
Yes, it really helps a lot when we have the information of how we're going to do, so we
can do it properly.
  How you able to explain the proper body position in Jumping?
By bending your knees and swing your arm together, then hop and tip your foot.

3. Shot Put Distance: 1.2 meters

Alternative: Get a Stone weighing 3kgs (Women) and 5kgs for (Men)

If you have an access in the internet you can watch it on YouTube using this URL link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_eKlMTqg2JU

Grip

Grab the shot put with both hands, fingers interlocked, with the entire inside surface of all
fingers of both hands in contact with the shot. Fingers are interlocked with the sides of
each finger touching the finger of the adjacent hand. Now remove one hand, and you
have perfect finger spacing. Any wider than that and you risk pushing the shot of one
finger, which could hyperextend and sprain finger (usually the middle or ring finger). On
the other extreme, if you have your fingers too close together, the shot is more likely to
roll off above the little finger or below the pointing finger. The shot should be in contact
with the upper palm at the base of the fingers (the pads just below the fingers that
sometimes get callouses when doing power cleans). However, the shot should not be in
the cup of the palm below these pads.

Placement
 
You have to hold the shot against the neck with the thumb pointing down. The
position on the neck can be somewhere below the ear lobe to somewhere below the
jawbone. The right elbow must be out, away from the body. It never should be down,
close to the torso. The elbow out helps to keep the shot pushed against the neck.

Foot Position
 
It is helpful to get a 4'x 8' piece of plywood for indoor practice. It describes where to
paint targets inside the circles for foot placement. The feet should be a little wider
than shoulder width, with the heels off the ground. The right foot is in the middle of
the circle, and the right foot is a few inches back from the toeboard, and a few inches
left of center. The entire body is facing the side. To get the body into position, first do
a side lunge over the right foot. The right foot should be "loaded" (most of the
bodyweight placed on it, and bent about 45 degrees). The left leg should be only
slightly bent--almost straight. Finally turn the shoulder line to the back. To test your
position, if you (hypothetically) dropped your shot from a stationary power position, it
would land several inches behind your right foot.

Power Position, Delivery & Follow-Through

When the shot is thrown with an approach, the thrower must transition through this
power position. However, you may also do a standing throw starting from the power
 position. For the standing throw, lead with the hips. The hipline come around from
the side to the front. Block the hips when the hips are level and square in the
direction of the throw (middle of sector). Block the hips with the left leg almost
straight. Right leg drive continues body momentum over the left leg. There are
sources of stretch reflex in the power position. The major source is the separation of
the hip line from the shoulder line. This is maximized by driving the hips up and
forward with the right leg. This stores rotational stretch in the torso. In the reflex, the
shoulders follow the hips. Another minor source of stretch reflex comes with the left
arm. In the start of the power position, the shoulders face back, and the chest is
closed. When the shoulders follow the hips, the thrower should also actively open the
chest to the direction of the throw by moving the left arm out and back. This stretches
the chest, and the reflex from the left elbow to strike back (not unlike a martial arts
elbow strike to an imaginary target behind the left side) is for the right shoulder to
come forward. The arm punches through as a reaction to the shoulders. When the
arm is extended, the wrist and fingers follow through with the thumb pointing down
and the fingers turned out to the side.

 Is there a difference in your performance?

No, there's no differences in my performance.

 Does the information given help you to perform better? Why or why not?
Yes, it gives me the right information and the idea of how to do it correctly.
 How you able to explain the proper body position in throwing?

You're going to have to stand throwing from the power position and leading with the
hips. Block the hips with the left leg and the right leg.

Track and Field Events

Track and field events are divided into three broad categories: track events, field events,
and combined events. The majority of athletes tend to specialize in just one event (or event
type) with the aim of perfecting their performances, although the aim of combined events
athletes is to become proficient in a number of disciplines. Track events involve running on a
track over a specified distances and—in the case of the hurdling and steeplechase events—
obstacles may be placed on the track. There are also relay races in which teams of athletes run
and pass on a baton to their team member at the end of a certain distance. There are two types
of field events: jumps and throws. In jumping competitions, athletes are judged on either the
length or height of their jumps. The performances of jumping events for distance are measured
from a board or marker, and any athlete overstepping this mark is judged to have fouled. In the
jumps for height, an athlete must clear their body over a crossbar without knocking the bar off
the supporting standards. The majority of jumping events are unaided, although athletes propel
themselves vertically with purpose-built sticks in the pole vault.

The throwing events involve hurling an implement (such as a heavy weight, javelin or
discus) from a set point, with athletes being judged on the distance that the object is thrown.
Combined events involve the same group of athletes contesting a number of different track and
field events. Points are given for their performance in each event and the athlete and/or teams
with the greatest points total at the end of all events is the winner.

Combined
TRACKS FIELD Events
Middle Long
Sprints Hurdles Relays Jumps Throws
Distance Distance
Long
Shot put
60m hurdles jump
4×100m Discus
60m 100m hurdles Triple
800m relay throw Pentathlon
100m 5000m 110m hurdles jump
1500m Hammer Heptathlon
200m 10,000m 400m hurdles High Decathlon
3000m 4×400m throw
400m 3000m jump
relay Javelin
steeplechase Pole
throw
vault

RUNNING EVENTS

Sprinting events are focused around athletes reaching and sustaining their quickest
possible running speed. Three sprinting events are currently held at the Olympics and outdoor
World Championships: the 100 metres, 200 metres, and 400 metres. These events have their
roots in races of imperial measurements that later changed to metric: the 100 m evolved from
the 100-yard dash. The 200 m distances came from the furlong (or 1/8 of a mile), and the 400 m
was the successor to the 440 yard dash or quarter-mile race. At the professional level, sprinters
begin the race by assuming a crouching position in the starting blocks before leaning forward
and gradually moving into an upright position as the race progresses and momentum is gained.
Athletes remain in the same lane on the running track throughout all sprinting events, with the
sole exception of the 400 m indoors. Races up to 100 m are largely focused upon acceleration
to an athlete's maximum speed. All sprints beyond this distance increasingly incorporate an
element of endurance.[

The most common middle-distance track events are the 800 metres, 1500

metres and mile run, although the 3000 metres may also be classified as a middle-distance
event.  The 880-yard run, or half mile, was the forebear of the 800 m distance and it has its roots
in competitions in the United Kingdom in the 1830s. The 1500 m came about as a result of
running three laps of a 500 m track, which was commonplace in continental Europe in the 20th
century.
Runners start the race from a standing position along a curved starting line and after
hearing the starting pistol they head towards the innermost track to follow the quickest route to
the finish. In 800 m races athletes begin at a staggered starting point before the turn in the track
and they must remain in their lanes for the first 100 m of the race. This rule was introduced to
reduce the amount of physical jostling between runners in the early stages of the race.
Physiologically, these middle-distance events demand that athletes have
good aerobic and anaerobic energy producing systems, and also that they have strong speed
endurance.

There are three common long-distance running events in track and field
competitions: 3000 metres, 5000 metres and 10,000 metres. The latter two races are both
Olympic and World Championship events outdoors, while the 3000 m is held at the IAAF World
Indoor Championships. The 5000 m and 10,000 m events have their historical roots in the 3-mile
and 6-mile races. The 3000 m was historically used as a women's long-distance event, entering
the World Championship programme in 1983 and Olympic programme in 1984, but this was
abandoned in favour of a women's 5000 m event in 1995. Marathons, while long-distance races,
are typically run on street courses, and often are run separately from other track and field
events. In terms of competition rules and physical demands, long-distance track races have
much in common with middle-distance races, except that pacing, stamina, and race tactics
become much greater factors in performances

Relay races are the only track and field event in which teams of runners directly compete
against other teams. Typically, a team is made up of four runners of the same sex. Each runner
completes their specified distance (referred to as a leg) before handing over a baton to a
teammate, who then begins their leg upon receiving the baton. There is usually a designated
area where athletes must exchange the baton. Teams may be disqualified if they fail to
complete the change within the area, or if the baton is dropped during the race. A team may also
be disqualified if its runners are deemed to have willfully impeded other competitors. Relay
races emerged in the United States in the 1880s as a variation on charity races
between firefighters, who would hand a red pennant on to teammates every 300 yards. There
are two very common relay events: the 4×100 metres relay and the 4×400 metres relay. Both
events entered the Olympic programme at the 1912 Summer Games after a one-off
men's medley relay featured in 1908 Olympics. The 4 × 100 m event is run strictly within the
same lane on the track, meaning that the team collectively runs one complete circuit of the track.
Teams in a 4 × 400 m event remain in their own lane until the runner of the second leg passes
the first bend, at which point runners can leave their lanes and head towards the inner-most part
of the circuit. For the second and third baton change overs, teammates must align themselves in
respect of their team position – leading teams take the inner lanes while teammates of the
slower teams must await the baton on outer lanes.

Races with hurdles as obstacles were first popularized in the 19th century in England.
The first known event, held in 1830, was a variation of the 100-yard dash that included heavy
wooden barriers as obstacles. A competition between the Oxford and Cambridge Athletic Clubs
in 1864 refined this, holding a 120-yard race (110 m) with ten hurdles of 3-foot and 6 inches
(1.06 m) in height (each placed 10 yards (9 m) apart), with the first and final hurdles 15 yards
from the start and finish, respectively. French organisers adapted the race into metric (adding
28 cm) and the basics of this race, the men's 110 metres hurdles, has remained largely
unchanged. The origin of the 400 metres hurdles also lies in Oxford, where (around 1860) a
competition was held over 440 yards and twelve 1.06 m high wooden barriers were placed along
the course. The modern regulations stem from the 1900 Summer Olympics: the distance was
fixed to 400 m while ten 3-foot (91.44 cm) hurdles were placed 35 m apart on the track, with the
first and final hurdles being 45 m and 40 m away from the start and finish, respectively.
Women's hurdles are slightly lower at 84 cm (2 ft 9 in) for the 100 m event and 76 cm (2 ft 6 in)
for the 400 m event.

JUMPING EVENTS
The long jump is one of the oldest track and field events, having its roots as one of the
events within the ancient Greek pentathlon contest. The athletes would take a short run up and
jump into an area of dug up earth, with the winner being the one who jumped farthest. Small
weights (Halteres) were held in each hand during the jump then swung back and dropped near
the end to gain extra momentum and distance. The modern long jump, standardized in England
and the United States around 1860, bears resemblance to the ancient event although no
weights are used. Athletes sprint along a length of track that leads to a jumping board and
a sandpit. The athletes must jump before a marked line and their achieved distance is measured
from the nearest point of sand disturbed by the athlete's body. The athletics competition at the
first Olympics featured a men's long jump competition and a women's competition was
introduced at the 1948 Summer Olympics. Professional long jumpers typically have strong
acceleration and sprinting abilities. However, athletes must also have a consistent stride to allow
them to take off near the board while still maintaining their maximum speed. In addition to the
traditional long jump, a standing long jump contest exists which requires that athletes leap from
a static position without a run-up. A men's version of this event featured on the Olympic
programme from 1900 to 1912.

The triple jump takes place on a track heading towards a sandpit. Originally, athletes
would hop on the same leg twice before jumping into the pit, but this was changed to the current
"hop, step and jump" pattern from 1900 onwards. There is some dispute over whether the triple
jump was contested in ancient Greece: while some historians claim that a contest of three jumps
occurred at Ancient Games. Others such as Stephen G. Miller believe this is incorrect,
suggesting that the belief stems from a mythologized account of Phayllus of Croton having
jumped 55 ancient feet (around 16.3 m). The Book of Leinster, a 12th-century Irish manuscript,
records the existence of geal-ruith (triple jump) contests at the Tailteann Games.

The men's triple jump competition has been ever-present at the modern Olympics, but it
was not until 1993 that a women's version gained World Championship status and went on to
have its first Olympic appearance three years later. The men's standing triple jump event
featured at the Olympics in 1900 and 1904, but such competitions have since become very
uncommon, although it is still used as a non-competitive exercise drill.
 The first recorded instances of high jumping competitions were in Scotland in the 19th
century. Further competitions were organized in 1840 in England and in 1865 the basic rules of
the modern event were standardized there. Athletes have a short run up and then take off from
one foot to jump over a horizontal bar and fall back onto a cushioned landing area. The men's
high jump was included in the 1896 Olympics and a women's competition followed in 1928.

Jumping technique has played a significant part in the history of the event. High jumpers
typically cleared the bar feet first in the late 19th century, using either the Scissors, Eastern cut-
off or Western roll technique. The straddle technique became prominent in the mid-20th century,
but Dick Fosbury overturned tradition by pioneering a backwards and head-first technique in the
late 1960s – the Fosbury Flop – which won him the gold at the 1968 Olympics. This technique
has become the overwhelming standard for the sport from the 1980s onwards. The standing
high jump was contested at the Olympics from 1900 to 1912, but is now relatively uncommon
outside of its use as an exercise drill.

Pole Vault, in terms of sport, the use of poles for vaulting distances was recorded in
Fierljeppen contests in the Frisian area of Europe, and vaulting for height was seen at
gymnastics competitions in Germany in the 1770s. One of the earliest recorded pole vault
competitions was in Cumbria, England in 1843. The basic rules and technique of the event
originated in the United States. The rules required that athletes do not move their hands along
the pole and athletes began clearing the bar with their feet first and twisting so that the stomach
faces the bar. Bamboo poles were introduced in the 20th century and a metal box in the runway
for planting the pole became standard. Landing mattresses were introduced in the mid-20th
century to protect the athletes who were clearing increasingly greater heights.

THROWING EVENTS

Shot Put- The term "shot" originates from the use of round shot-style ammunition for the
sport. The modern rules were first laid out in 1860 and required that competitors take legal
throws within a square throwing area of seven feet (2.13 m) on each side. This was amended to
a circle area with a seven-foot diameter in 1906, and the weight of the shot was standardised to
16 pounds (7.26 kg). Throwing technique was also refined over this period, with bent arm throws
being banned as they were deemed too dangerous and the side-step and throw technique
arising in the United States in 1876.

The discus throw, athletes compete to throw a heavy disc the farthest. In standard
competitions, athletes throw the disc from a set circular arc and take turns in a series of throw,
with the singular best effort deciding the victor. As one of the events within the ancient
pentathlon, the history of the discus throw dates back to 708 BC. In ancient times a heavy
circular disc was thrown from a set standing position on a small pedestal, and it was this style
that was revived for the 1896 Olympics. This continued until the 1906 Intercalated Games in
Athens, which featured both the ancient style and the increasingly popular modern style of
turning and throwing. By the 1912 Olympics, the ancient standing throw style had fallen into
disuse and contests starting within a 2.5 m squared throwing area became the standard. The
discus implement was standardised to 2 kg (4.4 pounds) in weight and 22 cm (8 inches) in
diameter in 1907. The women's discus was among the first women's events on the Olympic
programme, being introduced in 1928. The first modern athlete to throw the discus while rotating
the whole body was Czech athlete Frantisek Janda-Su, who invented the technique when
studying the position of the famous statue of Discobolus and won the 1900 Olympic silver
medal.

Javelin Throw- as an implement of war and hunting, javelin throwing began in

prehistoric times. Along with the discus, the javelin was the second throwing event in the ancient
Olympic pentathlon. Records from 708 BC show two javelin competition types co-existing:
throwing at a target and throwing the javelin for distance. The modern event derives from the
latter type. In ancient competitions, athletes would wrap an ankyle (thin leather strip) around the
javelin that acted as a sling to facilitate extra distance. The javelin throw gained much popularity
in Scandinavia in the late 19th century and athletes from the region are still among the most
dominant throwers in men's competitions. The modern event features a short run up on a track
and then the thrower releases the javelin before the foul line.

The first Olympic men's javelin throw contest was held in 1908 and a women's
competition was introduced in 1932. The first javelins were made of various types of wood, but
in the 1950s, former athlete Bud Held introduced a hollow javelin, then a metal javelin, both of
which increased throwers performances. Another former athlete, Miklós Németh invented the
rough-tailed javelin and throws reached in excess of 100 m – edging towards the limits of stadia.
The distances and the increasing number of horizontal landings led the IAAF to redesign the
men's javelin to reduce distance and increase the implement's downward pitching moment to
allow for easier measurement. Rough-tailed designs were banned in 1991 and all marks
achieved with such javelins were removed from the record books. The women's javelin
underwent a similar redesign in 1999. The current javelin specifications are 2.6 to 2.7 m in
length and 800 grams in weight for men, and 2.2 to 2.3 m and 600 g for women.

Hammer Throw- The earliest recorded precursors to the modern hammer throw stem
from the Tailteann Games of ancient Ireland, which featured events such as throwing either a
weight attached to a rope, a large rock on a wooden handle, or even a chariot wheel on a
wooden axle. Other ancient competitions included throwing a cast iron ball attached to a
wooden handle – the root of the term "hammer throw" due to their resemblance to the tools. In
16th century England, contests involving the throwing of actual blacksmith's Sledgehammers
were recorded. The hammer implement was standardised in 1887 and the competitions began
to resemble the modern event. The weight of the metal ball was set at 16 pounds (7.26 kg) while
the attached wire had to measure between 1.175 m and 1.215 m. The men's hammer throw
became an Olympic event in 1900 but the women's event – using a 4 kg (8.82 lb) weight – was
not widely competed until much later, finally featuring on the women's Olympic programme in
2000.

COMBINED EVENTS

Combined (or multi-discipline) events are competitions in which athletes participate in a

number of track and field events, earning points for their performance in each event, which adds
to a total points score. Outdoors, the most common combined events are the men's decathlon
(ten events) and the women's heptathlon (seven events). Due to stadium limitations, indoor
combined events competitions have a reduced number of events, resulting in the men's
heptathlon and the women's pentathlon. Athletes are allocated points based on an international-
standard points scoring system, such as the decathlon-scoring table. The Ancient Olympic
pentathlon (comprising long jump, javelin, discus, the stadion race and wrestling) was a
precursor to the track and field combined events and this ancient event was restored at the 1906
Summer Olympics (Intercalated Games). A men's all-around was held at the 1904 Summer
Olympics, contested between five American and two British athletes.

EVENT TRACK FIELD

Men 100 400 1500 110 m Long High Pole Shot Discus Javelin
Decathlon m m m hurdles jump jump vault put throw throw
Women 200 800 100 m Long High Shot Javelin
Heptathlon m m hurdles jump jump put throw
Men’s
60 1000 60 m Long High Pole Shot
Heptathlon
m m hurdles jump jump vault put
(Indoor)
Women’s
800 60 m Long High Shot
Pentathlon
m hurdles jump jump put
(indoor

Quiz: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on the space provided.

1. Which of the following Track & Field Events would be considered Anaerobic? 1. B
A. Shot Put B. Marathon C. 3,000 Meter run D. 10,000 Meter run

2. How many members make up a relay team in a Track and Field relay race? 2. D
A. Five B. Three C. Six D. Four

3. What is the distance of the inner track of track oval? 3. D

A. 800m B. 600m C. 500m D. 400m

4. Which of the following is proper running form? 4. B

A. Left Arm moves with the Left Leg C. Right Arm moves with Right Leg
B. Left Arm moves with Right Leg D. Your arms stay at your side

5. How many laps around a track do you have to run 10,000m run? 5. D
A. Ten B. Fifteen C. Twenty D. Twenty Five

6. How many lanes are there on an Olympic track? 6. B

 A. 5 B. 8 C. 10 D. 12

7. One of the events in the Olympic Games in ancient Greece was _____. 7. A
A. Discus Throw B. Steeplechase C. pole-vault D. Triple Jump

8. In which track and field competitions is a foul line used? 8. C

A. some running and all jumping events C. some jumping and all throwing events
B. some throwing and all jumping events D. all throwing and some running events

9. The training process for the long jump is: ________________. 9. C

A. standing jump, three-step jump, running jump
B. three-step jump, standing jump, running jump
C. standing jump, running jump, three-step jump
D. running jump, three-step jump, standing jump

10. The athlete must enter and exit out of what half of circle? 10. B
A. Front B. Back C. Right D. Doesn’t matter

RUBRIC FOR SKILL PERFORMANCE IN ATHLETICS

No Needs
Adequate Quality Exemplary
Criteria Performance Improvement
50 points 80 points 100 points
0 point 20points
Student
Student has
sometimes Student has
excellent
uses correct good form &
Student rarely form &
100M Sprint No body mechanics.
completed mechanics
30% Performance mechanics Event
sprint distance. and
and successfully
successfully
completed completed.
completed.
event.
 Student Student has
Student rarely Student has
uses correct excellent
jumped over good form &
body form &
Long Jump No the minimum mechanics.
mechanics. mechanics
30% Performance distance using Event
Student and
proper successfully
succeeds in successfully
footwork. completed.
jumping. completed.

Student Student has

Student has
Student rarely uses correct excellent
good form &
shot putted body form &
Shot Put No mechanics.
over the mechanics. mechanics
30% Performance Event
minimum Student and
successfully
distance. succeeds in successfully
completed
putting. completed.

3 event
Over-all finished with
Performance observable
No Only 1 event 2 events 3 events
and willingness
Performance finished finished finished
Participation to perform
10% the activities
perfectly.

Note: Record your Performance using a video recording device and save it in flash drive or in
CD. Properly labeled with your name, year, section, course and professor name.

Rubrics for Module Assessment

No Needs
Adequate Quality Exemplary
Answer Improvement
50 points 80 points 100 points
0 point 20points
Answers are
Answers are Answers are
not Answers are
partial or comprehensive
comprehensive accurate and
incomplete. , accurate and
Did not or completely complete.
Content Key points complete. Key
answer stated. Key Key points
20% are not clear. ideas are
question. points are are stated
Question not clearly stated,
addressed, but and
adequately explained, and
not well supported.
answered. well supported.
supported.
Organizatio Did not Organization Inadequate Organization Well organized,
n 50% answer and structure organization or is mostly coherently
(Answers are question. detract from development. clear and developed, and
clearly the answer. Structure of the easy to easy to follow.
thought out answer is not follow.
and easy to follow.
 articulated.)
Displays one
to three
Displays three Displays no
Displays over errors in
Writing to five errors in errors in
five errors in spelling,
Convention spelling, spelling,
spelling, punctuation,
30% punctuation, punctuation,
Did not punctuation, grammar,
(Spelling, grammar, and grammar, and
answer grammar, and
punctuation, sentence sentence
question. and sentence sentence
grammar, structure. structure.
structure. structure.
and complete Utilizes proper Utilizes proper
Does not cite Utilizes
sentences.) citation of citation of
sources. proper
sources. sources.
citation of
sources.

Grade Computation:

Module Assessment

Content: _______ Score x .20= ______

Organization _______ Score x .50= ______
Writing Convention _______ Score x .30= ______

Skill Performance

100M Sprint ______Score x .30= ______

Long Jump ______Score x .30= ______
Shot Put ______Score x .30= ______
Overall Performance ______Score x .10= ______

Module Assessment + Video Athletics Skills

2

OVER ALL MODULE GRADE: ______________________

Prepared by:

HAROLD DEO B. CRISTOBAL, MA.Ed, LPT

Faculty

Consultation: The professor is available by telephone or by email if you need additional support
and coaching. 099569759090 Globe/ [email protected]