PHYSICS             

Given:                            Formula: 
TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONAL MOTION vi = 3.5 m/s                d = vit + ½ at2
              
            In the study of two and three dimensional, we After doing so, we will proceed to solving. By dissecting
will be dealing with the curves, circular motion and the formula in to two, we will get two new formula that
parabolic. Movements that cannot be considered straight will be used in solving separately the range and y-max.
in motion. The concept and discipline learned in one If you are going to look closely on the unknowns the y-
dimensional motion can be used only to expound max and the range, it represents the x and the y axis of
motions in two and three dimensional motion. However, the Cartesian plane. Range represents x-axis and y-max
two and three dimensional motion cannot be used to represents the y-axis. With regards to the axis, the
describe motion in one dimensional motion, since one formula also represents the axis. Dissecting the formula
dimensional motion only moves linearly. we will get formula for the axis, R = vit, while y-max =
  ½ at2. 
Projectile Motion
             Solution for the range:  
            Projectile motion are motions that has a curve R = vit  
path from the starting to position up to the final position. R = (3.5 m/s) (2.8 sec)
This curve path is what we call trajectory. We can see R = 9.8 m         
trajectories in the likes of shooting ball in a basketball
game, getting a toss in a volleyball game, cliff jumping Solution for the y-max:
or diving and many more. There are two types of y-max = ½ at2
projectile motion that will be discussed in this topic, the y-max = ½ (9.8 m/s2) (2.8 s)2
first one is objects falling from a high ground. A formula y-max = 38.42 m
in solving this particular projectile motion problem is
nothing new.             About the solution for the range, it is a direct
d = vit + ½ at2 substitution of the velocity and the time. For the y-max,
         from a higher ground it falls down freely using the
To further understand how the formula works, acceleration equating to the gravity of the Earth, having
here is an example. all the components in line, the solution will just be a
  direct substitution and can get the answer right away. 
Example.  A tourist tries to experience the Kawasan  
Falls dive. He did a running start before jumping into the             Another projectile motion are the motions to be
water. With a speed of 3.5 m/s and it took for the tourist measured in full length and the full height. For example
2.8 seconds to land on the water, solve for the height of are the mortar that are used in war, measuring the
the falls and the distance away from the falls he earned distance and angle of elevation to hit a target, a shot in
from jumping. basketball or even a toss in a volleyball are the example
  of measuring full range and height.
Formula: d = vit + ½ at2
 
This

projectile motion are the motion that are almost the same
as the ones that fall from the top of a high place or
y-max is the term for getting the height on which the location. It also has y-max, range and an initial velocity.
object will fall. While the range is the distance of the The initial velocity is a resultant of vertical (vy) and
object from the base of the distance it falls in to.  horizontal (vx) velocities. When the object is
approaching its peak, the y-max, the initial velocity
For solving the problem, relay first the given and the gradually become zero. As it reaches the top height, the
formula.
velocity becomes zero. Y-max is the peak height on vi = 15 m/s 
which the object attained as it courses through the full  = 45°       
range, and also y-max is located in the middle of the
range. Below are the formula to be used in solving
problems regarding the y-max and the range.  Solution for a.  
t = (vi sin ) / g
Range: t = (15 m/s sin (45) / 9.8 m/s2
 R = (vi2 sin 2) / g        t = 1.08 sec 

y-max: Solution for b.

 y-max = (vi sin )2 / 2g T = 2 (vi sin ) / g
  T = 2 (15 m/s sin (45) / 9.8 m/s2
The formula shown are the ones to be used in solving T = 2.16 sec
problems of the range and of the y-max.  Both formula
rely on the gravity since both motion stays up in the air Solution for c.
until it reaches the end point of the range. Also, not y-max = (vi sin )2 / 2g
shown in the formula, the travel to reach the maximum y-max = (15 m/s sin 45)2 / 2g
height and the farthest distance is governed by time, by y-max = 5.74 meters
this, there is a formula in solving for the time. 
  Solution for d.
 Time to reach the max height:  vy = vi sin 
 t = (vi sin ) / g  vy = 15 m/s sin (45)
 t = (vi sin ) / g  vy = 10.61 m/s
 T = 2 (vi sin ) / g
Solution for e.
vx = vi cos 
Time is an essential element in the computation of the vx = 15 m/s cos (45)
range and maximum height. If there will be times that vx = 10.61 m/s
the problem didn’t provide a missing piece, always
remember that there are three formulas to get answers Solution for f.
on. To be able to understand the concept, a problem is R = (vi2 sin 2) / g
provided as an example. R = (vi2 sin 2) / g
  R = 22.96  meters
Example 1. A soccer player kicks the ball with a velocity
of 15 m/s with an angle of 45o to clear a 5 meter Solving for the time to reach the maximum height and
obstacle. Solve for the following: the total time of flight is just a direct substitution.
1. Time for the ball to reach its peak Substituting the values in the formula will give the
2. Total time of flight answer. Same goes for the vertical and horizontal
3. Maximum height component, for vx = vi cos  and vy = vi sin . For
4. Vertical velocity getting the range and the y-max, substituting the values
5. Horizontal velocity along with the gravity which has a value of 9.8 m/s2 will
6. Total distance cleared by the ball give an answer after using the designated formula for
each component. 

Uniform Circular Motion

 
            Uniform circular motion are motions moving in a
circular direction, clockwise and counter clockwise.
From the use of a steering wheel in a vehicle to the
movement of a merry-go-round in an amusement park
and even the movement of the hands of the clock, all
these examples possesses circular motion. In solving
problems with regards to the circular motion, the
formula of velocity is equals to the distance travelled
over the time.
Given:                                       
              V = d / t = 2πr / t             Relative velocity is the same as the relative
  motion but in a little different way. Mostly relative
            For the distance, it is not just a distance on a motion in two-dimension are motion that has a relation
straight line, since it is in circular motion, we will be with both object. For example is the boat in a river that is
dealing with the circumference as its distance. That is running for 20 m/s going to west while the current
why we will be needing the ‘pi’ as its constant value and rushes to north for 5 m/s. From the looks of the problem,
the ‘r’ that will act as the radius of the circle.  you might get a perpendicular relative motion. In this
  manner, it is safe to assume a Pythagorean Theorem to
            Example. A merry go round has a particular seat get the result of their relativeness.
that cannot be taken, it is located 1 meter away from the
merry go round’s edge. The ride has an estimated 10 Application of Newton's Laws of Motion
meters in diameter and observed to complete a
revolution in 25 seconds. Solve for the speed of the seat Newton’s Three Laws of Motion
cannot be taken in m/s.  
                        Law of Inertia
Given:             
D = 10 meters             The first law of motion is the law that tackle
Seat from the center = 4 meters about an object being in a steady state, meaning an
t = 25 s object that is not moving. Since it is not moving, motion
is not produced and the object stays in rest or the steady
Solution: state. 
v = 2πr / t
v = 2 (π) (4 meter) / 25             Newton’s First Laws of motion is known as the
v = 1 m/s Law of Inertia and it states that,
 
“An object at rest will remain at rest and an object in
 It is obvious that in this particular problem, the values constant motion stays in constant motion and direction
can be directly substituted to the formula to get answers. unless acted by an unbalanced force.”
But from the looks of the distance, the seat distance is  
different from the distance of the diameter. Since the             From the statement it self of Newton’s First Law
seat is a meter away from the edge, it is deemed that it is of Motion, not only the object at rest stays in rest but
only 4 meters in radius. That is why 4 meter radius is also the objects in motion will stay in motion. If another
used in computing the velocity. object had a collision, for example, a passenger in a
  motorboat. The passenger sits perfectly in a boat, since
the subject is sitting well then it is considered at rest. If
Relative Motion the boat starts moving, it will be dragged backwards
  since the boat is moving forward. Then if the boat
            Relative motion are motion that base depending suddenly stops, the passenger will move forward since
on the frame of the objects in motion, in other words, the inertia is keeping the passenger moving forward.
motion in a motion. For example, a student inside a bus This is the perfect example First Law of Motion. 
is seated at the back most part bus and is going to the  
teacher who is seated behind the driver. A student is Law of Mass and Acceleration
walking the same direction as the bus is going, in a  
speed of 8 meters per minute, while the bus is running at             This law of mass and acceleration is known as
the speed of 45 meters per minute. After a minute, as the the Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion. From the title itself,
bus moves and accumulate a distance, the student is also acceleration have a relation to the mass in producing
gathering a distance, the student’s distance acquired and motion. With regards to this, the 2nd Law of motion
the bus’s distance accrue combined is the relative motion states that,
of the student and the bus.   
 
vrelative = vbus + vstudent “The acceleration of an object is directly proportional
vrelative = 45 m/min + 8 m/min to force applied to the object and is in the same
vrelative = 53 m/min direction of the force.” 
  Force is directly proportional to the acceleration, the
Relative Velocity in Two-Dimension statement might be the most important part of the law
  and the rest is supplemental. Since you cannot produce
force without acceleration. For example, pushing a table. object. An object can weigh more or less depending on
If the table is pushed to the right, the force exerted to the the location, unlike mass, taking it anywhere, mass will
right and the direction of the table being pushed is also be mass but weight can be equal to zero or higher value.
moving to the right. Why zero? If the object will be taken into space which
  there is no gravitational acceleration, weight will
In mathematical language, force directly become zero. In mathematical terms, weight = (mass)
proportion to the force can be written as F  a, (gravity) or W = mg or W is equal to force, W = F,
indicating the ‘’ as the proportionality symbol. which also has a unit of Newton. 
Since F  a is not an equation,  can be converted to ‘=  
k’ with k as the proportionality constant, and this is Contact and Non-Contact Forces
where the mass is going to make the entrance. The  
constant k will be the mass (m). Going back to the             Force is an essential part in the study of the
equation, it will be written as F = k a will be transformed Newton’s Three Laws of Motion. Previously, we have
to F = ma. ‘F’ as the force (Newton or N), ‘m’ as the discussed that force is made up of the product of the
mass (kg) and lastly the ‘a’ as the acceleration (m/s). For mass and the acceleration or gravity for the weight.
the units, multiplying the kilogram to meter per second Force also is characterized into two, the contact and non-
will have a Newton unit for the force.  contact forces.
   
            Law of Interaction / Action-Reaction Law            
  Contact
            The 3rd Law of motion, the Law of Interaction or Force
Action-Reaction Law. In all the laws, it is the easiest to  
understand due to its shortness. The law states that,             Conta
ct forces are
“For every action, there is equal and reverse reaction.” the type that
Ever heard the saying “what goes around comes has a physical
back around”? The saying goes as far as the study of contact in
physics, moreover, with the aspect of force and its order to
application. A normal human being can exert force equal provide force
to its mass, for example, a man has a mass of 50 or effect between objects. Below are some examples of
kilograms, it is the content of the body of the man, and if contact force and where they normally occur.
it is multiplied to the gravity, we will have its weight and  
the total force it can be exerted. In definition, there is a 1. Normal Force – normal force is a contact force
difference between mass and weight. that is being exerted in a surface. It is
  perpendicular to the surface, in example, a man
            Mass vs. Weight standing on the floor. The man has a weight
  equal to the product of the mass and the gravity
Mass and weight has a difference, people often and the surface exerting a force equal to the
mistaken mass and weight is the same, but it is not. If we weight of the man.
are going to define mass, it is known as the overall 2. Friction – Friction are the sliding contact of the
content of a body, regardless of the gravitational objects that is going on a different direction as of
acceleration applied to the body. For example, a man the direction of the object. Categorized in to two
travelled to the moon which has a lesser gravitational types of friction, the static or the non-moving
pull than the Earth, but a man on Earth is the same man type of friction and kinetic or the moving type of
on the moon, meaning, if the man has a 65 kilograms friction. 
here on Earth, he has a mass of 65 kilograms also when 3. Tension – tension is another contact force that
he is on the moon. Regardless of where the person is, its are normally on ropes, strings and chains and
mass is the same, but when it comes to defining weight, other objects that pulling each other.
the game has been changed.
  Non-Contact Force
            Weight on the contrary is the overall content of  
the body of an object multiplied to the gravitational             Another type of force is the non-contact force, a
acceleration. In other words, weight is a dependent type on which creates force even without contact or
variable to the gravity of the location. In Earth that have touching one object to another. The force it is created
a gravitational acceleration of 9.81 m/s2, to get the comes from a distance and creates a force even from a
weight of an object, will be multiplied to the mass of the distance. Below are some example of non-contact force.
  only one rope, the tension has an equal value to the
 Magnetic Force weight of the person only the direction differs. Another
example will be shown.
 Gravitational Force

Free Body Diagram or FBD

             As
            Free body diagram is a method of creating a the
model of the forces in a certain object. In a simple object
that is placed on top of the table, what we see is just an
ordinary object, but placing a model or an FBD, we can
identify the forces affecting the object. FBD can be
applied in all the contact force, all we need is the proper
understanding of the object, and the forces acting on it
and lastly our imagination. Let us try identifying the
FBD of an example below. 
 
            Example. A man is pushing a long chair that has
a mass of 25 kg away from him. Draw the free body
diagram. picture shown, a man is sitting on a ledge that is being
held by two ropes. Since the ledge is being held by two
If we are to draw the FBD, we will just use arrows and ropes, the tension will be divided into two, tension 1 and
label them on what force act on which directions. tension 2. Instead the one tension will be equal to the
weight itself, the tensions will be the added so they will
As shown in the diagram, computation should always be equal to the value of the weight. 
concern vertical to vertical and horizontal to horizontal.  
Based on the diagram, the weight is equal to the normal             With the free body diagram drawn, let us have an
force exerted, since according to the third law of motion, example with values so we can try to solve and answer
for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. problems regarding the tension, friction and the three
But for the horizontal forces, the force on which mass laws of Newton.
and acceleration applied will not be equal to the
frictional force alone but also with the coefficient of Example 1:
friction. Ff = F(µ). µ (read as myu) is the symbol for
coefficient of friction, this normally appears when object A box suspended in air is supported by two parallel
is sliding on a rough surface.  ropes, both 90° from the horizontal. The box weighs 15
  kilogram. Solve for the tensions.

 
  Base
  on
        the

Another example of having a free body diagram can be

applied in the tension. An object tied to a string either
suspended or on the ground produces tension. For diagram, two tensions are directing upwards and the box
example is the diagram below. downward, since the weight is dependent on the gravity.
As shown in the picture, a person is suspended in the air Given: m = 15kg, ∅ = 90°
and a rope is holding the person down. Since there is
 F f = 441 N
Required:T 1 and T 2
∅ = 90° F app - F f = ma
600 N – 441 N = 75 kg (a)
Horizontal Component a = 2.12 m/s 2
∑x =0
T 1 cos 90 - T 2 cos 90 = 0 Having a simple free body diagram, we can identify
T 1 cos 90 = T 2 cos 90 easily the directions of forces. With this said, we can
proceed to solving the problem. Starting from the given,
mass is 75 kilograms, applied force of 600 N and the
Since cos 90 is equal to 0. It is safe to say that T 1 is coefficient of 0.6 and the problem is looking for the
equal to T 2 normal force, frictional force and the acceleration.

Vertical Component
∑ y=0
T 1 sin 90 + T 2 sin 90 = 0
T 1 sin 90 + T 2 sin 90 = W = mg
T 1 sin 90 + T 2 sin 90= 15kg(9.8m/s 2)
T 1 sin 90 + T 2 sin 90 = 147 N

Since sin 90 is equal to 1. And T 1 is equal to T 2

1 T 1 + 1 T 1 = 147 N
2T 1 = 147 N
T 1 = 73.5 N = 1 T 2

Example 2:

A man is pushing a sofa having a mass of 75 kilograms

and applying 600 N of force to the left, being the floor is
rough and having a frictional coefficient of 0.6. Solve for
the normal force ( F N ), Frictional Force (c ) and
acceleration (a).

Given:
m = 75 kg
µ = 0.6
F app = 600 N

Required:
FN = ?
Ff = ?
a =?

Answer:
F N = W = mg = 75kg (9.8m/s 2)
F N = 735 N

F f = µ F N = (0.6) (735 N)