Republic of the Philippines

PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Puerto Princesa City

COMBUSTIONG ENGINEERING ME - 33

Review of Thermodynamics Cycles

CARNOT CYCLE

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Figure 1 p – V diagram for a Carnot gas power cycle.
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.

Figure 1 shows the p–v diagram of a Carnot power cycle in which the system is a gas in a piston–cylinder assembly. Figure 2
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provides details of how the cycle is executed. The piston and cylinder walls are non-conducting. The heat transfers are in the
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directions of the arrows. Also note that there are two reservoirs at temperatures TH and TC, respectively, and an insulating stand.
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Initially, the piston–cylinder assembly is on the insulating stand and the system is at state 1, where the temperature is TC. The
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four processes of the cycle are

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Process 1–2: The gas is compressed adiabatically to state 2, where the temperature is TH.
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Process 2–3: The assembly is placed in contact with the reservoir at TH. The gas expands isothermally while receiving energy QH
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from the hot reservoir by heat transfer.

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Process 3–4: The assembly is again placed on the insulating stand and the gas is allowed to continue to expand adiabatically
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until the temperature drops to TC.

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Process 4–1: The assembly is placed in contact with the reservoir at TC. The gas is compressed isothermally to its initial state
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while it discharges energy QC to the cold reservoir by heat transfer.

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For the heat transfer during Process 2–3 to be reversible, the difference between the gas temperature and the temperature of the
hot reservoir must be vanishingly small. Since the reservoir temperature remains constant, this implies that the temperature of the
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gas also remains constant during Process 2–3. The same can be concluded for the gas temperature during Process 4–1.
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For each of the four internally reversible processes of the Carnot cycle, the work can be represented as an area on Figure 1. The
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area under the adiabatic process line 1–2 represents the work done per unit of mass to compress the
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gas in this process. The areas under process lines 2–3 and 3–4 represent the work done per unit of mass by the gas as it expands
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in these processes. The area under process line 4–1 is the work done per unit of mass to compress the gas in this process.
The enclosed area on the p–y diagram, shown shaded, is the net work developed by
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the cycle per unit of mass. The thermal efficiency of this cycle is given by Eq. 1
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Figure 2. Carnot power cycle executed by a gas in a

piston–cylinder assembly.

 
                             Prepared by: Engr. Nickie Caabay 
Page 1 of 13 
                                                      Mechanical Engineer 
 
 Republic of the Philippines
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Puerto Princesa City

COMBUSTIONG ENGINEERING ME - 33

EQUATION 1 CARNOT EFFICIENCY

The Carnot cycle is not limited to processes of a closed system taking place in a piston–cylinder assembly. Figure 3 shows

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the schematic and accompanying p–V diagram of a Carnot cycle executed by water steadily circulating through a series of four

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interconnected components that has features in common with the simple vapor power plant shown in Figure 4. As the water flows

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through the boiler, a change of phase from liquid to vapor at constant temperature TH occurs as a result of heat transfer from the

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hot reservoir. Since temperature remains constant, pressure also remains constant during the phase change. The steam exiting the

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boiler expands adiabatically through the turbine and work is developed. In this process the temperature decreases to the

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temperature of the cold reservoir, TC, and there is an accompanying decrease in pressure. As the steam passes through the
condenser, a heat transfer to the cold reservoir occurs and some of the vapor condenses at constant temperature TC. Since

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temperature remains constant, pressure also remains constant as the water passes through the condenser. The fourth component

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is a pump (or compressor) that receives a two-phase liquid–vapor mixture from the condenser and returns it adiabatically

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Figure 3. Carnot vapor power cycle.

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to the state at the boiler entrance. During this process, which requires a
work input to increase the pressure, the temperature increases from TC to
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TH. The thermal efficiency of this cycle also is given by Equation 1.

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Figure 4. Simple vapor power plant.

 
                             Prepared by: Engr. Nickie Caabay 
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                                                      Mechanical Engineer 
 
 Republic of the Philippines
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Puerto Princesa City

COMBUSTIONG ENGINEERING ME - 33

Carnot Refrigeration and Heat Pump Cycles

If a Carnot power cycle is operated in the opposite direction, the magnitudes of all energy transfers remain the same but
the energy transfers are oppositely directed. Such a cycle may
be regarded as a reversible refrigeration or heat pump cycle, for
which the coefficients of performance are given by Equation 2
and 3, respectively. A Carnot refrigeration or heat pump cycle
executed by a gas in a piston–cylinder assembly is shown in

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Figure 5 .The cycle consists of the following four processes in

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series:
Process 1–2: The gas expands isothermally at TC while

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receiving energy QC

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from the cold reservoir by heat transfer.

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Process 2–3: The gas is compressed adiabatically until its

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temperature is TH.

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Process 3–4: The gas is compressed isothermally at TH while it

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discharges energy
QH to the hot reservoir by heat transfer.
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Process 4–1: The gas expands adiabatically until its
Figure 5. p–v diagram for a Carnot gas temperature decreases to TC.
.
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refrigeration or heat pump cycle.

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EQUATION 2
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EQUATION 3
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A refrigeration or heat pump effect can be accomplished in a cycle only if a net work input is supplied to the system
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executing the cycle. In the case of the cycle shown in Figure 5, the shaded area represents the net work input per unit of mass.
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Carnot Cycle Summary

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In addition to the configurations discussed previously, Carnot cycles also can be devised that are composed of processes
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in which a capacitor is charged and discharged, a paramagnetic substance is magnetized and demagnetized, and so on. However,
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regardless of the type of device or the working substance used,

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1. the Carnot cycle always has the same four internally reversible processes: two adiabatic processes alternated with two
isothermal processes.
2. the thermal efficiency of the Carnot power cycle is always given by Equation 1 in terms of the temperatures evaluated on
the Kelvin or Rankine scale.
3. the coefficients of performance of the Carnot refrigeration and heat pump cycles are always given by Equation 2 and 3,
respectively, in terms of temperatures evaluated on the Kelvin or Rankine scale.

 
                             Prepared by: Engr. Nickie Caabay 
Page 3 of 13 
                                                      Mechanical Engineer 
 
 Republic of the Philippines
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Puerto Princesa City

COMBUSTIONG ENGINEERING ME - 33
Analysis of a Carnot Heat Engine
A Carnot heat engine, shown in Fig. 6–48, receives 500 kJ of heat per cycle from a high-temperature source at 652°C and rejects heat to
a low-temperature sink at 30°C. Determine (a) the thermal efficiency of this Carnot engine and (b) the amount of heat rejected to the sink per
cycle.

Solution The heat supplied to a Carnot heat engine is given. The thermal efficiency and the heat rejected are to be determined.

Analysis (a) The Carnot heat engine is a reversible heat engine, and so its efficiency can be determined from Equation 1 to be

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Review Problems
1.) The working substance for a carnot cycle is 8 lb of air. The volume at the beginning of isothermal expansion is 9 cubic feet and the
.
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pressure is 300 psia. The ratio of expansion during the addition of heat is 2 and the temperature of the cold body is 90°F.
Draw the P-V diagram and T-S diagram. What is the efficiency of the system? Show your Solution.
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2.) A Carnot heat engine operates between a source at 1000 K and a sink at 300 K. If the heat engine is supplied with heat at a rate of
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800 kJ/min, determine (a) the thermal efficiency and (b) the power output of this heat engine. Draw P-V and T-S diagram. Show
your solution
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Answers: (a) 70 percent, (b) 9.33 kW

3.) A Carnot heat engine receives 650 kJ of heat from a source of unknown temperature and rejects 250 kJ of it to a sink at 24°C. Determine
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(a) the temperature of the source and

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(b) the thermal efficiency of the heat engine.

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Draw P-V and T-S diagram

Answers: (a) 772.2 K, (b) 61.5 %
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                             Prepared by: Engr. Nickie Caabay 
Page 4 of 13 
                                                      Mechanical Engineer 
 
 Republic of the Philippines
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Puerto Princesa City

COMBUSTIONG ENGINEERING ME - 33
OTTO CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES

The Otto cycle is the ideal cycle for spark-ignition reciprocating engines. It is named after Nikolaus A. Otto, who
built a successful four-stroke engine in 1876 in Germany using the cycle proposed by Frenchman Beau de Rochas in
1862. In most spark-ignition engines, the piston executes four complete strokes (two mechanical cycles) within the
cylinder, and the crankshaft completes two revolutions for each thermodynamic cycle. These engines are called four-

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stroke internal combustion engines. A schematic of each stroke as well as a P-v diagram for an actual four-stroke spark-

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ignition engine is given in Fig. 6(a).

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Figure 6. Actual and ideal cycles in spark-ignition engines and their P-v diagrams.
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Initially, both the intake and the exhaust valves are closed, and the piston is at its lowest position (BDC). During
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the compression stroke, the piston moves upward, compressing the air–fuel mixture. Shortly before the piston reaches
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its highest position (TDC), the spark plug fires and the mixture ignites, increasing the pressure and temperature of the
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system. The high-pressure gases force the piston down, which in turn forces the crankshaft to rotate, producing a useful
work output during the expansion or power stroke. At the end of this stroke, the piston is at its lowest position (the
completion of the first mechanical cycle), and the cylinder is filled with combustion products. Now the piston moves
upward one more time, purging the exhaust gases through the exhaust valve (the exhaust stroke), and down a second
time, drawing in fresh air–fuel mixture through the intake valve (the intake stroke). Notice that the pressure in the
cylinder is slightly above the atmospheric value during the exhaust stroke and slightly below during the intake stroke.

 
                             Prepared by: Engr. Nickie Caabay 
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                                                      Mechanical Engineer 
 
 Republic of the Philippines
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Puerto Princesa City

COMBUSTIONG ENGINEERING ME - 33
In two-stroke engines, all four functions described above are executed in just two strokes: the power stroke and
the compression stroke. In these engines, the crankcase is sealed, and the outward motion of the piston is used to slightly
pressurize the air–fuel mixture in the crankcase, as shown in Fig. 9–14. Also, the intake and exhaust valves are replaced
by openings in the lower portion of the cylinder wall. During the latter part of the power stroke, the piston uncovers first
the exhaust port, allowing the exhaust gases to be partially expelled, and then the intake port, allowing the fresh air–fuel
mixture to rush in and drive most of the remaining exhaust gases out of the cylinder. This mixture is then compressed as

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the piston moves upward during the compression stroke and is subsequently ignited by a spark plug. The two-stroke

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engines are generally less efficient than their four-stroke counterparts because of the incomplete expulsion of the exhaust

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gases and the partial expulsion of the fresh air–fuel mixture with the exhaust gases. However, they are relatively simple

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and inexpensive, and they have high power-to-weight and power-to-volume ratios, which make them suitable for

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applications requiring small size and weight such as for motorcycles, chain saws, and lawn mowers (Fig. 7).

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FIGURE 7 Schematic of a two-stroke reciprocating engine.

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The two-stroke engines are generally less efficient than their four-
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stroke counterparts because of the incomplete expulsion of the exhaust

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gases and the partial expulsion of the fresh air–fuel mixture with the
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exhaust gases.
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However, they are relatively simple and inexpensive, and they have high
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power-to-weight and power-to-volume ratios, which make them suitable

for applications requiring small size and weight such as for motorcycles,
chain saws, and lawn mowers (Fig. 8).

FIGURE 8 Two-stroke engines are commonly used

in motorcycles and lawn mowers.

 
                             Prepared by: Engr. Nickie Caabay 
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                                                      Mechanical Engineer 
 
 Republic of the Philippines
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Puerto Princesa City

COMBUSTIONG ENGINEERING ME - 33

Advances in several technologies—such as direct fuel injection, stratified charge combustion, and electronic
controls—brought about a renewed interest in two-stroke engines that can offer high performance and fuel economy
while satisfying the stringent emission requirements. For a given weight and displacement, a well-designed two-stroke
engine can provide significantly more power than its four-stroke counterpart because two-stroke engines produce power
on every engine revolution instead of every other one. In the new two-stroke engines, the highly atomized fuel spray that

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is injected into the combustion chamber toward the end of the compression stroke burns much more completely. The

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fuel is sprayed after the exhaust valve is closed, which prevents unburned fuel from being ejected into the atmosphere.

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With stratified combustion, the flame that is initiated by igniting a small amount of the rich fuel–air mixture near the

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spark plug propagates through the combustion chamber filled with a much leaner mixture, and this results in much

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cleaner combustion. Also, the advances in electronics have made it possible to ensure the optimum operation under

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varying engine load and speed conditions.

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Major car companies have research programs underway on two-stroke engines which are expected to make a
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comeback in the future.
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The thermodynamic analysis of the actual four-stroke or two-stroke cycles described is not a simple task.
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However, the analysis can be simplified significantly if the air-standard assumptions are utilized. The resulting cycle,
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which closely resembles the actual operating conditions, is the ideal Otto cycle. It consists of four internally reversible
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processes:
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1-2 Isentropic compression

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2-3 Constant-volume heat addition

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3-4 Isentropic expansion

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4-1 Constant-volume heat rejection

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FIGURE 9 T-s diagram of the ideal Otto cycle.

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The execution of the Otto cycle in a piston–cylinder device together with a P-v diagram is illustrated in Fig. 6b.
The T-s diagram of the Otto cycle is given in Fig. 9.
The Otto cycle is executed in a closed system, and disregarding the changes in kinetic and potential energies, the
energy balance for any of the processes is expressed, on a unit-mass basis, as

kJ
𝑞 𝑞 𝑤 𝑤 ∆𝑢 𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝟒
kg

 
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                                                      Mechanical Engineer 
 
 Republic of the Philippines
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Puerto Princesa City

COMBUSTIONG ENGINEERING ME - 33

No work is involved during the two heat transfer processes since both take place at constant volume. Therefore,
heat transfer to and from the working fluid can be expressed as
kJ
𝑞 𝑢 𝑢 𝑐 𝑇 𝑇 𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝟓𝐚
kg
kJ
𝑞 𝑢 𝑢 𝑐 𝑇 𝑇 𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝟓𝐛

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kg

ON
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Then the thermal efficiency of the ideal Otto cycle under the cold air standard assumptions becomes

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𝑇
𝑊 𝑞 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 1
𝑇

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𝜂 1 1 1

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, 𝑇
𝑞 𝑞 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 1

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𝑇

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Processes 1-2 and 3-4 are isentropic, and 𝑉 𝑉 and 𝑉 𝑉 . Thus,

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𝑇 𝑉 𝑉 𝑇
𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝟕𝐚
.

𝑇 𝑉 𝑉 𝑇
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Substituting these equations into the thermal efficiency relation and simplifying give
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TH
E

1
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𝜂 1 𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝟖
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,
𝑟
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Where
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𝑉 𝑉 𝑣
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𝑟 𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝟗
𝑉 𝑉 𝑣
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is the compression ratio and k is the specific heat ratio .

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Equation 8 shows that under the cold-air-standard

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assumptions, the thermal efficiency of an ideal Otto cycle depends

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on the compression ratio of the engine and the specific heat ratio of
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the working fluid. The thermal efficiency of the ideal Otto cycle
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increases with both the compression ratio and the specific heat
ratio.
This is also true for actual spark-ignition internal combustion
engines. A plot of thermal efficiency versus the compression ratio is
given in Fig. 10 for k = 1.4, which is the specific heat ratio value of air
at room temperature. For a given compression ratio, the thermal
 
efficiency of an actual spark-ignition engine is less than that of an ideal FIGURE 10
Thermal efficiency of the ideal Otto
Otto cycle because of the irreversibilities, such as friction, and other cycle as a function of compression
factors such as incomplete combustion. ratio (k =1.4). 

 
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                                                      Mechanical Engineer 
 
 Republic of the Philippines
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Puerto Princesa City

COMBUSTIONG ENGINEERING ME - 33

We can observe from Fig. 10 that the thermal efficiency curve is rather steep at low compression ratios but
flattens out starting with a compression ratio value of about 8. Therefore, the increase in thermal efficiency with the
compression ratio is not as pronounced at high compression ratios. Also, when high compression ratios are used, the
temperature of the air–fuel mixture rises above the autoignition temperature of the fuel (the temperature at
which the fuel ignites without the help of a spark) during the combustion process, causing an early and rapid burn of the

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fuel at some point or points ahead of the flame front, followed by almost instantaneous inflammation of the end gas.

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This premature ignition of the fuel, called auto-ignition, produces an audible noise, which is called engine knock.

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Auto-ignition in spark-ignition engines cannot be tolerated because it hurts performance and can cause engine damage.

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The requirement that auto-ignition not be allowed places an upper limit on the compression ratios that can be used in

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spark ignition internal combustion engines.

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Improvement of the thermal efficiency of gasoline engines by utilizing higher compression ratios (up to about

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12) without facing the auto-ignition problem has been made possible by using gasoline blends that have good
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antiknock characteristics, such as gasoline mixed with tetraethyl lead. Tetraethyl lead had been added to gasoline since
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the 1920s because it is an inexpensive method of raising the octane rating, which is a measure of the engine knock
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resistance of a fuel. Leaded gasoline, however, has a very undesirable side effect: it forms compounds during the
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combustion process that are hazardous to health and pollute the environment. In an effort to combat air pollution, the
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government adopted a policy in the mid-1970s that resulted in the eventual phase-out of leaded gasoline. Unable to use
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lead, the refiners developed other techniques to improve the antiknock characteristics of gasoline. Most cars made since
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1975 have been designed to use unleaded gasoline, and the compression ratios had to be lowered to avoid engine
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knock. The ready availability of high octane fuels made it possible to raise the compression ratios again in recent years.
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Also, owing to the improvements in other areas (reduction in overall automobile weight, improved aerodynamic design,
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etc.), today’s cars have better fuel economy and consequently get more miles per gallon of fuel. This is an example of
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how engineering decisions involve compromises, and efficiency is only one of the considerations in final design.
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The second parameter affecting the thermal efficiency of an ideal

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Otto cycle is the specific heat ratio k. For a given compression ratio,
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an ideal Otto cycle using a monatomic gas (such as argon or helium, k =

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1.667) as the working fluid will have the highest thermal efficiency. The
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specific heat ratio k, and thus the thermal efficiency of the ideal Otto
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cycle, decreases as the molecules of the working fluid get larger (Fig.
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11). At room temperature it is 1.4 for air, 1.3 for carbon dioxide, and 1.2
for ethane. The working fluid in actual engines contains larger
molecules such as carbon dioxide, and the specific heat ratio decreases
with temperature, which is one of the reasons that the actual cycles have
lower thermal efficiencies than the ideal Otto cycle. The thermal
efficiencies of actual spark-ignition engines range from about 25 to 30  
FIGURE 11
percent. The thermal efficiency of the Otto
cycle increases with the specific heat
ratio k of the working fluid. 

 
                             Prepared by: Engr. Nickie Caabay 
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                                                      Mechanical Engineer 
 
 Republic of the Philippines
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Puerto Princesa City

COMBUSTIONG ENGINEERING ME - 33
The Ideal Otto Cycle
An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. At the beginning of the compression process, air is at 100
kPa and 17°C, and 800 kJ/kg of heat is transferred to air during the constant-volume heat-addition process.
Accounting for the variation of specific heats of air with temperature, determine
(a) the maximum temperature and pressure that occur during the cycle,
(b) the net work output

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(c) the thermal efficiency, and

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(d ) the mean effective pressure for the cycle.

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Solution An ideal Otto cycle is considered. The maximum temperature and pressure, the net work output, the

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thermal efficiency, and the mean effective pressure are to be determined.

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Assumptions

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1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable.

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2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. R
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3 The variation of specific heats with temperature is to be accounted for.
.

Analysis The P-v diagram of the ideal Otto cycle described is shown in figure below. We note that the air
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contained in the cylinder forms a closed system.

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(a) The maximum temperature and pressure in an Otto cycle occur at the end of the constant-volume heat-addition
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process (state 3). But first we need to determine the temperature and pressure of air at the end of the isentropic
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compression process (state 2), using data from Table A–17:

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                                                      Mechanical Engineer 
 
 Republic of the Philippines
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Puerto Princesa City

COMBUSTIONG ENGINEERING ME - 33
The Ideal Otto Cycle

kJ
𝑇 290 𝐾 → 𝑢 206.91 ,𝑉 676.1
kg
Process 1-2 (isentropic compression of an ideal gas):

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𝑉 𝑉 1 𝑉 676.1

ON
→ 𝑉 84.51 → 𝑇 652.4 𝐾,
𝑉 𝑉 𝑟 𝑟 8

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kJ

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𝑢 475.11 data get by interpolating the values

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kg

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PV PV T V 652.4 K

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→P P 100 kPa 8 𝟏𝟕𝟗𝟗. 𝟕 𝐤𝐏𝐚
T T T V 290 K

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Process 2-3 (constant-volume heat addition):
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q u u
.

kJ kJ
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800 u 475.11
kg kg
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kJ
TH

u 1275.11 →T 1575.1 K, V 6.108

kg
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PV PV T V
D

→P P
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T T T V
D

1575.1 K
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1.7997 Mpa 1 𝟒. 𝟑𝟒𝟓 𝐌𝐏𝐚

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652.4 K
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(b) The net work output for the cycle is determined either by finding the boundary (P dV) work involved in
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each process by integration and adding them or by finding the net heat transfer that is equivalent to the net
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work done during the cycle. We take the latter approach. However, first we need to find the internal energy
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of the air at state 4.

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Process 3-4 (isentropic expansion of an ideal gas):

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r → V rV 8 6.108 48.864 → T 795.6 K, u 588.74

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Process 4-1 (constant-volume heat rejection):

q u u →q u u
kJ
q 588.74 206.91 381.83
kg
Thus,
𝐤𝐉
𝑊 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞 800 381.83 𝟒𝟏𝟖. 𝟏𝟕
𝐤𝐠

 
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                                                      Mechanical Engineer 
 
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Puerto Princesa City

COMBUSTIONG ENGINEERING ME - 33

The Ideal Otto Cycle

(c) The thermal efficiency of the cycle is determined from its definition:
kJ
418.17

LY
W kg

ON
η 0.523 or 52.3%
q kJ
800

ES
kg

OS
Under the cold-air-standard assumptions (constant specific heat values at room temperature), the thermal

RP
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efficiency would be (Eq. 8)

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1

OO
.
𝜂 1 1 𝑟 1 8 0.565 or 56.5%

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,
𝑟

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which is considerably different from the value obtained above. Therefore, care should be exercised in

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utilizing the cold-air-standard assumptions. R
FO

(d ) The mean effective pressure is determined from its definition.

.
PY

W W W
CO

MEP
V V V 1
V V 1
E

r r
TH

Where
E
AR

kPa. m
SH

RT 0.287 290 K m
kg. K
D

V 0.832
AN

P 100 kPa kg
D

Thus,
CE
DU

kJ
418.17
O

kg kPa. m
PR

MEP 1 𝟓𝟕𝟒 𝐤𝐏𝐚

RE

m 1 1 kJ
0.832 1
kg 8
TO

Discussion Note that a constant pressure of 574 kPa during the power stroke would produce the same net
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WE

work output as the entire cycle.

LO
AL
T
NO
E
AR
U
YO

 
                             Prepared by: Engr. Nickie Caabay 
Page 12 of 13 
                                                      Mechanical Engineer 
 
 Republic of the Philippines
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Puerto Princesa City

COMBUSTIONG ENGINEERING ME - 33

ASSIGNMENT -2
INSTRUCTION: Write your answer in a clean bond paper and upload the image copy on google classroom.
Computer Type written shall not accepted.

1. What four processes make up the ideal Otto cycle?

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2. How do the efficiencies of the ideal Otto cycle and the Carnot cycle compare for the same

ON
temperature limits? Explain.

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OS
3. How is the rpm (revolutions per minute) of an actual four-stroke gasoline engine related to the

RP
number of thermodynamic cycles? What would your answer be for a two-stroke engine?

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4. Are the processes that make up the Otto cycle analyzed as closed-system or steady-flow processes?

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Why?

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AS
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5. How does the thermal efficiency of an ideal Otto cycle change with the compression ratio of the
engine and the specific heat ratio of the working fluid?
R
FO
.

6. Why are high compression ratios not used in spark-ignition engines?

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CO

7. An ideal Otto cycle with a specified compression ratio is executed using (a) air, (b) argon, and (c)
E
TH

ethane as the working fluid. For which case will the thermal efficiency be the highest? Why?
E
AR
SH

8. An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. At the beginning of the compression process, air is
at 95 kPa and 27°C, and 750 kJ/kg of heat is transferred to air during the constant-volume heat-
D
AN

addition process. Taking into account the variation of specific heats with temperature, determine (a)
D

the pressure and temperature at the end of the heataddition process, (b) the net work output, (c) the
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thermal efficiency, and (d) the mean effective pressure for the cycle.
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Answers: (a) 3898 kPa, 1539 K, (b) 392.4 kJ/kg, (c) 52.3 percent,
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PR

(d ) 495 kPa
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9. The compression ratio of an air-standard Otto cycle is 9.5. Prior to the isentropic compression
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process, the air is at 100 kPa, 35°C, and 600 cm3. The temperature at the end of the isentropic
D

expansion process is 800 K. Using specific heat values at room temperature, determine (a) the
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highest temperature and pressure in the cycle; (b) the amount of heat transferred in, in kJ; (c) the
AL

thermal efficiency; and (d) the mean effective pressure. Answers: (a) 1969 K, 6072 kPa, (b) 0.59 kJ,
(c) 59.4 percent, (d) 652 kPa
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NO
E
AR
U
YO

 
                             Prepared by: Engr. Nickie Caabay 
Page 13 of 13 
                                                      Mechanical Engineer