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Analyzing Coastal Vulnerability Index Using Integrated Satellite Remote Sensing

and Geographic Information System: A Case Study of Denpasar Coastal Zone

Article  in  International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences · January 2016

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 J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci., 6(4)35-40, 2016 ISSN: 2090-4274
Journal of Applied Environmental
© 2016, TextRoad Publication
and Biological Sciences
www.textroad.com

Analyzing Coastal Vulnerability Index Using Integrated Satellite Remote

Sensing and Geographic Information System: A Case Study of Denpasar
Coastal Zone
Bambang Semedi1, Badrul Huda Husain1, Nurin Hidayati1
1
Faculty of Fishery and Marine Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Malang, East Java Indonesia
Received: December 3, 2015
Accepted: February 13, 2016
ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to determine the physical coastal vulnerability index using satellite imagery and
Geographic Information System (GIS) in coastal areas of Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. Such information is very
important in order to anticipate andreduce the impact of the environmental degradation and to use as a reference
in determining the areas that are vulnerable and not vulnerable to natural physical factors. The data sources were
satellite imagery of Landsat 8, Aster GDEM satellite imagery, TOPEX-Poseidon-Jason I-Jason II satellite
imagery, tide data, and the wave height data. The method used in this study was weighting each parameter to
determine how much impact was generated by oceanographic factors such as wave . The data were processed
using spatial analysis of GIS. The buffer study area was about 1 kilometer to the sea and 1 kilometer towards the
land. The results of this study indicated that the level of vulnerability of the coastal city of Denpasar was divided
into 5 categories, namely: highly invulnerable, covering an area of ±728,041 m2 (3.18 %), the category of
invulnerable, covering an area of ± 5,813,509 m2 (25.41 %), category medium, covering an area of ± 2,515,037
m2 (10.99 %), category vulnerable, covering an area of ± 11,842,907 m2 (51.78 %), and the class of highly
vulnerable, covering an area of ± 1,971,119 m2 (8.61 %) of the total of coastal area.
KEYWORDS: Vulnerability, Coastal Zone, Satellite Remote Sensing, GIS, Denpasar.

INTRODUCTION
The beach is part of the coastal region that is most dynamic; meaning the beach area (the shape and location)
change rapidly in response to natural processes and human activities. Utilization of beaches as residential areas is
vitally important, with70% of coastal areas around the world being areas of urban growth. Besides, the beach also
has a very large potential damage if affected by a disaster or natural activities such as currents, waves and
tsunamis. The development of science and technology has led to intense exploitation of natural resources in coastal
areas with the carrying capacity of the beach in decline. Over the last few decades it is known that erosion has
caused setbacks to the shoreline in various coastal regions that threaten the lives and livelihoods of coastal
communities in Indonesia. Factors studied in this research are the natural physical factors caused by: changes in the
shoreline, beach geomorphology, wave height, sea level rise, elevation, and tidal range.
The city of Denpasar is located in a coastal region of the most densely populated province of Bali.
Around78% of the coastal area of Denpasar serves as a hospitality area, 10% of coastal areas are used as rice
fields and 2% of coastal areas are used as ports and highways. These uses may cause changes in the shoreline
and physical damage to the coastal areas. Such changes will have an impact on coastal areas and put pressure on
the carrying capacity of the coast that will disrupt and reduce the function of the beach. High coastal dynamics
will carry implications and also threaten the survival of life as well as coastal development, especially the
development of coastal cities.
The purpose of this study is to determine the physical coastal vulnerability index using satellite imagery
and GIS in coastal areas of Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. Such information is indispensable in order to anticipate
and reduce the impact of environmental degradation and to be used as a reference in determining the vulnerable
areas and invulnerable areas to natural physical factors.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The tools used in this study are as follows:

- GPS
- Digital Camera
- Software processing: Er-Mapper, Arc GIS v9.3.
Materials used in this study are:

*Corresponding Author: Bambang Semedi, Faculty of Fishery and Marine Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Malang,
East Java of Indonesia. Email: [email protected]; fax: +62341557837; phone number:
+6285733691900.

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 Semedi, 2016

- Landsat satellite imagery (Landsat 8 ; 2015)

- Aster satellite imagery (GDEM ; 2015)
- Topex Poseidon, Jason I,Jason II Satellite imagery (1993 – 2015)
- Tidal range data (2005-2015)
- Wave height data (2013-2014)

The method used in this research is weighting each parameter to determine how much impact is generated by
oceanographic factors. Then, the data was processed using spatial analysis with a weighted overlay feature from
the results of the weighting to each parameter and integrated into a geographic information system wherethe
buffer area was about 1 kilometer to the sea and 1 kilometer towards the land. The data, including tidal range
and wave-height data respectively, were obtained from the the Geospatial Information Agency
and the Meteorological Climatology and Geophysics Agency of Indonesia; elevation data (height level of
mainland) was obtained from Aster satellite imagery GDEM 2015, the shoreline changes data were obtained
from Landsat TM 2002 and Landsat 8 OLI 2015 satellite imagery. Spatial data (satellite imagery) was processed
using software Er-Mapper V 7.1 with the procedure:
- Stacking Layer (stacking layer of satellite imagery band). This layer stacking process receipts 3 bands
(4, 2, 5) for data processing shoreline change. Band combination used is a combination of band 2.4 and
5, because these band are suitable combination to distinguish between land and sea. So that it can be
recognized if there is a line has changed because of accretion or sedimentation. In addition, this layer
stacking process also uses five bands, namely bands 1,2,3,4 and 5 which are intended for data
processing geomorphology of the coast. Each band is placed on one layer, followed by classification.
- Cropping the image aims to cut the satellite imagery in the research area.
- Masking Image. This process aims to be able to distinguish between the oceans and land byentering an
algorithm into the formula editor if (i1 / i2)> 1 then 1 else if (i3 / i2)> 1 then 1 else 2.
- Unsupervised Classification. This classification is used to classify images based on common values in
every pixel. This classification is done to determine the suitable ground check area.
- Supervised classification. This classification is used to classify the geomorphology class combined
with GPS Track. This process is performed after the Ground Check.

Spatial data (satellite imagery) processed using Arc-GIS software V 9.3 with the procedure:
- Layouting and weighting Landsat 8 OLI 2015 satellite imagery Landsat 8 OLI 2015 for
Geomorphology parameters
- Layouting, overlay, weighting Landsat TM satellite imagery and Landsat 8 OLI for shoreline change
parameters and calculated using the EPR method
- Layouting, and weighting of Aster satellite imagery GDEM 2015 for the elevation parameter
- Layouting, and weighting TOPEX- Poseidon-Jason I – Jason II satellite imagery (1993-2014) for the
sea level rise parameters.

Non-spatial data is processed using software Ms.Excell with the procedure:

- Inputing whole data into Ms.Excell for further processing (tidal range and wave height data)
- Data Sorting. The process of sorting H1 / 100 sorted from largest to smallest value for the wave height
parameter
- Data Filter. The process of selecting the data in the form of 1/3 the amount of data on the amount of
data H 1/100 to find the average significant wave height (Hs)
- Tidal Range Calculation

Variables and indicators used in coastal vulnerability assessment are as follows:

- Coastal Geomorphology: the indicator is a landform that identifies the resistance of a section of the
beach erosion and accretion due to sea level rise
- Elevation (m): the indicator is the low areas related to the weakness of a beach by the danger of
flooding and forward or retreat speed of the shoreline.
- The rate of shoreline change (m / year): the indicator is the presence of coastal erosion or accretion that
identifies how quickly a section of the shoreline has suffered erosion or accretion
- Average tidal range (m): the indicator is the tidal differencesthat contribute to the danger of flooding
the coast, where a large tidal range area will be more vulnerable than a small tidal range area
- Significant wave height (m): the indicator is the higher waves will increasingly affect the shoreline
change and geomorphological conditions of the area
- Sea-level Rise (mm / year): the indicator is the higher sea level rise will increasingly affect the
inundationthat is generated

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 J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci., 6(4)35-40, 2016

Weighting and scoring

The weights given to each parameter using a weighting according to Duriyapong (2011), while rank of
vulnerabilities according to United States Geological Survey (1999).

Table 1: Weighting and scoring of vulnerability

Vulnerability Values
(Wn)

Weight Highly Highly

Variable Invulnera
(Xn) Invulner Medium Vulnerable Vulnerable
ble
able
(5)
(1) (2) (3) (4)
> 2.0
Shoreline Change < -2.0
0.25 1.0 – 2.0 -1 – 1 -1 – (-2)
(m/yr) Erosion
Accretion Accretion Stable Erosion

0 – 5.0
Elevation (m) 0.35 ≥ 30.1 20.1- 30.0 10.1 – 20.0 5.1 – 10.0
>2
Wave Height (m) 0.29 < 0.5 0.5-1 1-1.5 1.5-2
>2
Tidal Range (m) 0.11 < 0.5 0.5-1 1-1.5 1.5-2

Table 2: Rank of vulnerability

Rank
Variable Highly
Invulnerable Medium Vulnerable Highly Vulnerable
Invulnerable
Groin, Breakwater,
Sandy Beach, Marsh
Low Cliff, Building,
Geomorphology High Cliff Medium Cliff Swamp, Mud Flat,
Alluvial Plain Estuary, Lagoon
Delta, Mangrove,
Reef
Elevation (m) > 10 6 – 9.9 4 – 5.9 2 – 3.9 <2
> 2.0 1.0 – 2.0 -1.0 – 1.0 -1.0 – 2.0 < -2.0
Shoreline (m/yr)
Accretion Accretion Stable Erosion Erosion
Tidal Range (m) < 0.5 0.5 - 1 1 – 1.5 1.5 - 2 >2
Wave Height
< 0.5 0.5 - 1 1 – 1.5 1.5 - 2 >2
(m)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Shoreline Changes
Results of shoreline change analysis using Landsat TM 2002 and Landsat 8 OLI 2015 showed that the
coastal city of Denpasar has erosion and accretion. Based on the results of overlap between the Landsat TM
2011 and Landsat 8 OLI 2015 the extent of erosion is about 258,877 m2 and accretion about 591,536 m2.

Table 3: Vulnerability based on erosion data.

Vulnerability Value
No. Location (Village) Area (m 2) Erosion (m/year)
1 2 3 4 5
1 Kesiman Petilan 32,599 -1. 55 4
2 Sanur Kaja 25,855 -2.19 5
3 Serangan 183,133 -0.55 3
4 Pedungan 17,290 -0.92 3
Total 258,877 -1.30 4

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 Semedi, 2016

Table 4: Vulnerability based on accretion data.

Location 2 Vulnerability Value
No. Area (m ) Accretion (m/year)
(Village) 1 2 3 4 5
1 Sanur Kaja 19,044 0.99 3
2 Sanur 52,519 0.67 3
3 Sanur Kauh 68,746 3.33 1
4 Serangan 197,107 0.43 3
5 Pedungan 226,764 8.32 1
6 Sesetan 13,221 1 3
7 Sidakarya 14,135 0.78 3
Total 591, 656 2.22 1

Erosion which occurs in coastal areas of Denpasar is most significant in the Village of Kesiman Petilan.
This is because of the absence of some forms of coastal protection in thisarea, such as a groin or breakwater. In
addition, erosion might bealsoca used by currents or wind-generated waves. Based on the erosion rate as shown
in Table 3, the coastal area was ranked into vulnerable values.
The accretion is mainly caused by unnatural human activities. The reclamation activities such as coastal
protection building (groin), world resort development plan (reclamation) and tourism (reclamation) arethe main
reasons causing the accretion. The results show that the rate of accretion in this area was 2.22 m / year.
Based on the identification of Landsat imagery 8 on February 10, 2015, land cover of the coastal city of
Denpasar was classified into four types as shown in Table 5.

Table 5: Land cover observed from satellite imagery.

No. Land Cover Area (m 2) Percentage (%) Degree of Vulnerability
1 Estuary; lagoon; delta 1,831
43,7 % Vulnerable
2 Building and residence 65,816
3 Sandy coast 68,692
56,2 % Highly Vulnerable
4 Mangrove forest 18,236
Total 154,575 100

Elevation
Withland heights ranging from 0-90 meters above sea level, the height difference was not too significant
due to the topography of Denpasar being relatively low-lying and flat. The area was dominated by plain areas.
Based on the data of Aster GDEM, the area was classified into several classes of vulnerability (Table 6).

Table 6: Vulnerability class based on Aster GDEM data.

Vulnerability Class
No Location Area (m 2) Total Area (m 2)
1 2 3 4 5

5 2,794,641
Coastal Zone of 4 21,271,876
1 29,296,756
Denpasar 3 4,883,906
2 346,333

Tidal Ranges
The Tide data obtained from the Indonesian Geospatial Information Agency in 2015 were calculated by
the admiralty method. In 2015 the highest tide wasas high as 1.191 meters which occurred in July, while the
lowest tide, which occurred in January,was only0.011 meters.

Wave Height
According to the analysis of wave height data from 2013 to 2014 obtained from Indonesian
Meteorological Climatology and Geophysics Agency, Surabaya and processed using Microsoft Excel. This was
categorized as vulnerable with the wave height being1.7 m.

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 J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci., 6(4)35-40, 2016

Sea Level Rise

The data received from the Topex Poseidon-Jason I-Jason II (1993-2014) satellite imagery and then,
processed numerically by using Ms.Excell shows that sea level rise was 1.74 millimeters / year

Coastal Vulnerability Index

Based on the Weighted Overlay and Weighted Sum methods of Arc-GIS 9.3 tool, relatively low erosion
occurred in Mangrove areas and the waves were relatively weak. High levels of erosion occurred in the area
which is located around the harbour and the settlement. Figure 1 shows a map of the coastal vulnerability index
generated by satellite image data processing.

Figure 1 Map of the coastal vulnerability index

39
 Semedi, 2016

CONCLUSION

Based on analysis of the satellite image data, the coastal area of Denpasar might be classified into five
categories, i.e.: 1.Highly invulnerable coastal area covering an area of ± 728,041m2 (3.18%). 2.
Invulnerable coastal area covering an area of ± 5,813,509 m2 (25.41%). 3. Medium coastal area covering an
area of ± 2,515,037 m2 (10.99%). 4. Vulnerable coastal area covering an area of ± 11,842,907 m2 (51.78%).
5. Highly vulnerable coastal area covering an area of ± 1,971,119 m2(8.61%).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors gratefully acknowledge The United States Geological Survey (USGS) for providing
satellite image data. We also thank University of Brawijaya for supporting this publication. Our special
thanks go to Ms. Jeannette Grundy of Victoria University, New Zealand, for her kind and professional
proofreading.
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