CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION

PRACTICE EXERCISES:

A. CHOOSE THE LETTER THAT CORRESPONDS TO THE CORRECT

ANSWER:
1. It is often called “The Central Science” because it connects to the other
natural science such as astronomy, physics, material science, biology, and
geology.

a. Matter b. Science c. Chemistry d. Biology

2. They are known for their relentless pursuit of the “philosophers stone”
and a way to turn base metals into gold are associated with the occult, but
much of what they did was a “real science”.

a. Paracelus b. Alchemist c. Greek Fheony d. Phlogiston

3. He formulated the idea of an elevated substance, the earth, air, fire, and
water which constituted all matter.

a. Democritus b. Empedocles c. Aristotle d. Darwin

4. It is a theory about the “burning up” or an additional fire like element.

a. Darwis Fheory b. Phlogiston Fheory c. Atomic Fheory

d. Boyle’s Law

5. According to this scientist “a matter is neither created nor destroyed, it is

only transformed”.

a. Aristotle b. Dalton c. Einstein d. Lavoisier

B. STATES AND DEFINE ALL THE CHEMICAL LAWS.

C. GIVE THE FIVE MAIN BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY AND ITS

DEFINITIONS.
 MATTER

PRACTICE EXERCISES:

I. A. State whether each property is Physical or Chemical change:

a. An iron rail is attached to a magnet.

b. Chemical lighter fluid is ignited with a match.
c. A bronze statue develops a green coating (patina) over time.
d. A block of wood floats on water.

B. Indicate whether each sample of matter listed is a substance or a mixture,

and, if mixture, whether homogeneous or heterogeneous.

a. a wooden beam
b. red ink
c. deionized water
d. freshly squeeze orange juice

C. What type of change – Physical or Chemical – is a necessary to bring

about the following separations? (refer to a listing of elements)

a. sugar and sand c. pure water from seawater

b. iron from iron oxide (rust) d. water and sand

II. 1. What are the properties of metals? Of non-metals?

2. a. How many elements are known?

b. How many are known prior to the beginning of Atomic Age?

3. a. List five familiar substances that are elements.

b. List five that are compounds.
c. List five familiar mixtures.

4. Write the symbols for the following elements:

a. aluminum e. bromine i. silver

b. tungsten f. silicon j. fluorine
c. mercury g. tin k. phosphorous
d. carbon h. gold l. hydrogen
III. CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER:
1. A change in state from solid to gas without passing the liquid state is
called ……
a. condensation b. deposition c. evaporation d. sublimation

2. Which of the following is an extensive property?

a. mass b. density c. melting point d. boiling point

3. Which set of properties do substances such as NO2 have?

a. Definite shape and definite volume

b. Definite shape but no definite volume
c. No definite shape but definite volume
d. No definite shape and no definite volume

4. According to Laviosier, Matter (mass) is neither created nor destroyed it is

only transformed. This Law is called:

a. Law of Multiple Properties c. Law of Conservation of Energy

b. Law of Conservation of Mass d. Law of Definite Properties

5. The state of matter that has been the least familiar yet the most abundant
in the universe is called ______

a. Solid c. Gas
b. Liquid d. Plasma

IV. Identify the property of matter in the following observations and classify it as
Extensive or Intensive properties.
a. Ice floats in water
b. Trisha measured 15g. of sucrose
c. Gold shines brightly
d. The flame is blue green
e. Cut meter of cloth
 MEASUREMENTS

I. Express each value in exponential form. Where appropriate, include units in your
answer.

a. Speed of sound (sea level): 34,000 centimeters per second

b. Equational radius of Earth: six thousand three hundred seventy-eight
kilometers
c. The distance between two hydrogen atoms in the hydrogen molecule: seventy-
four trillionths of a meter.
d. (2.2 x 103) + (4.7 x 102 )
5.8 x 10-3
II. Express the result of each of the following calculations in experimental form and
And with appropriate number of significant figures.

a. 4.65 x 104 x2.95 x 10-2 x 6.663 x 10-3 x 8.2 =

b. 1912 x (0.0077 x 104) x 3.12 x 10-3

(4.18 x 10-4)3

c. ( 3.46 x 103) x 0.087 x 15.26 x 1.0023 =

d. (4.505 x a0-2)2 x 1.080 x 1.545.9

0.03203 x 103

III. Perform the following operations :

a. Which is the greater mass, 2172/kg or 0.00515mg? Explain.

b. The non-SI unit, the hand (used in measuring horses), is 4 inches. What is the
height in meters, of a horse, that stands 15 hands high? (1in = 2.54cm.)

c. In engineering reference book, you find that the density of iron is 0.284 lb/in3 .
What is the density on g/cm3.
d. A typical pressure for optimal performance of automatic tires is 32 lb/in2 .
What is the pressure in grams per square centimeter and kilograms per square
meter?

e. To determine the density of acetone, a 55.0 gal drum is weighted twice. The
drum weighs 75.o lb when empty and 437.5 lb when filled with acetone. What
is the density of acetone? Express in grams per milliliter.

f. To determine the volume of an irregularly shaped glass vessel, the vessel is

 vessel is weighed empty (121.3g) and when filled with carbon tetradchloride
(283.2g). What is the volume capacity of the vessel, in ,milliliters, given that
the density of carbon tetradchlorideis 1.59 g/ml?

g. The density of aluminum is 2.70 g/cm3 . A square piece of aluminum foil,

9.0in. on a side, is found to weigh 2.568g. What is the thickness of this foil,
In milliliters?

h. To determine the approximate mass of a small spherical shot of copper, the

following experiment is performed. Where 12.5 pieces of te shot are counted
out and added to 8.4ml. of water in a graduated cylinder, the total volume
becomes 8.9ml. The density of copper is 8.92 g/cm3. Determine the
approximate mass of a single piece of shot, assuming that all the pieces are of
the same dimensions.

i. The highest and lowest temperature on record in California are 118 and 17oF,
respectively. What are these temperature on the Celsius scale?

j. A food technology class is given an assignment in candy making that requires a

sugar mixture that requires (234 – 24oF). A student borrows thermometer
having a range of -10 to 110oC. Will this thermometer serve the purpose?
Explain.

k. 1. Convert 75oF to Celsius degrees.

2. Convert 98.6oF to Celsius degrees.
3. Express 37oC in Kelvins.
4. Express 125oC in Fahrenheit degrees.

l. The following densities are given at 20oC: Water, 0.998 g/cm3; iron, 7.86
g/cm3; aluminum 2.70 g/cm3.
Arrange the following items in terms of increasing mass.
1. A rectangular bar of iron, 81.5cm x 2.1cm x 1.6cm.
2. A sheet of aluminum foil, 12.12m x 3.62m x 0.003
3. 4.051 L of water

m. A standard kilogram mass is to be cut from a cylinder bar of steel with a

diameter of 1.50in. The density of the steel is 7.70g/cm3 . How many inches
long must the section be?

n. A pycnometer weighs 25.60g empty and 35.55g when filled with water at 20oC.
The density of water at 20oC is 0.9982 g/ml. When 10.20g lead is placed in the
Pycnometer and the pycnometer again filled with water at 20oC, the total mass
is 44.83g. What is the density of the lead in grams per cubic centimeter?

o. The volume of seawater on Earth is about 330,000,000 mi3. If seawater is 3.5%

sodium chloride by mass and has a density of 1.03g/ml. what is the
 approximate mass of Sodium Chloride in tons dissolved in the seawater on
Earth? ( 1 ton = 2000lb.)

p. The volume of irrigation water is usually expressed in acre feet. One acre-foot
is a volume of water sufficient to cover 1 acre of land to a depth of 1ft. (640
acres = 1mi2; 1 mi2 = 5280 ft. The lake whose storage capacity is listed as 3.54
x 106 acre-feet. Espress the volume of the lake in a.) cubic feet; b.) cubic
meters; c.) gallons.

q. A water solution containing`12.0% sodium hydroxide by mass has a density of

1.131 g/ml. What volume of this solution, in liters, must be used in an
application requiring 3.50kg of sodium hydroxide?
 CHAPTER 2 - ATOMS, IONS AND MOLECULES

PRACTICE EXERCISES: ATOMIC THEORY AND MOLECULAR COMPOUND

I. Perform the following operations:

1. Calculate the positive change on a nucleus which has a.) 8 protons and 8
electrons, and b.) 4 protons and 7 neutrons.

2. Calculate the mass to the nearest atomic-mass unit of an atom which contains
a.) 9 protons and 10 neutrons; b.) 4 protons and 5 neutrons.

3. Using the law of Constant Composition. A 0.100 g sample of magnesium,

when combined with oxygen, yields 0.166g of magnesium oxide. A second
magnesium sample with a mass of 0.144 g is also combined with oxygen.
What mass of magnesium oxide is produce from this second sample?

4. Relating the Numbering of Protons, Neutrons and Electrons in atoms and ions.
A.) indicate in number of protons, neutrons and electrons in 35
17cl. Write an
appropriate symbol for the species consisting of 29 protons , 34 neutrons,, and
27 electrons.

5. Understanding the naming of a Weighted-Average Atomic Mass. The two

naturally occurring isotopes of Lithium, Lithium 6 and Lithium 7, have masses
of 6.01513 and 7.01601 u, respectively. Which of these two occurs in greater
abundance?

II. Arrange the following species in order of increasing.

a.) Number of Electrons

b.) Number of Neutrons
c.) Mass

112 40 122 59 120 58 39

50 Sn ; 18 Ar ; 52 Te ; 29 Cu ; 48Cd ; 27 Co ; 19 K
 STRUCTURE OF ATOM
ATOMIC NUMBERS, MASS NUMBERS AND ISOTOPES

PRACTICE EXERCISES:

I. Perform the following operations:

1. For the atom 108Pd with mass of 107.90389 u, determine

a.) The number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the atom.
b.) The ration of the mass of this atom to that of the 12 6C atom.

2. For the ion 228Ra2+with a mass of 228.030 u, determine

a.) The numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in the atom
b.) The ration of the mass of this atom to that of an atom of 16O.

3. An isotope of silver has a mass that is 6.68374 times that of oxygen – 16.
What is the mass in u of this isotope?

4. The ratio of the masses of the two naturally occurring isotope if indium is
1.0177:1. The heavier of the two isotope has 7.1838 times the mass of 16O.
What are the masses in u of the two isotopes?
24
5. Which of the following species: Mg27; 47Cr; 60CO3+; 35Cl- ; 120Sn2+; 226Th; 90Sr
a.) Has equal numbers of neutrons and protons?
b.) Has protons contributing more than 50% of the mass?
c.) Has 50% more neutrons than protons?
6. Given the same species in number 5, which,
a.) has equal number of neutrons and electrons?
b.) has protons, neutrons and electrons in the ratio 9:11:8?
c.) has a number of neutrons equal to the number of protons plus one half the
number of electrons?
 CHAPTER 3

MASS RELATIONSHIP IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

PRACTICE EXERCISE:

CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

I. Write balance chemical equations of these reactions and identify the type of
reaction.
a. Zinc + sulfur – zinc sulfide
b. Potassium chloride + silver nitrate – silver chloride (s) + potassium nitrate
c. Calcium oxide + water – calcium hydroxide
d. Sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid – sodium chloride + water
e. Magnesium bromide + chlorine – magnesium chloride + bromine
f. Sodium chloride + sulfuric acid – sodium sulfate + hydrogen chloride
g. Aluminum + iron (III) oxide – aluminum oxide + iron
h. Ammonium nitrate – nitrogen (g) + water
i. Silver nitrate + nickel – nickel (II) nitrate + silver (s)
j. Hydrogen + nitrogen – ammonia (g)

II. Complete the word equations and write the balanced chemical equation.
Give a reason for the product (s) in each case.

1. Composition reactions:
a. Sodium + iodine –
b. Calcium + oxygen –
c. Hydrogen + chloride –

2. Decomposition reactions:
a. nickel (II) chlorate
b. barium carbonate –
c. zinc hydroxide –

3. Replacement reactions
a. Aluminum + sulfuric acid
b. Potassium iodine + chlorine
c. Iron + copper (II) nitrate

4. Ionic reactions:
a. Silver nitrate + zinc chloride
b. Copper (II) hydroxide + acetic acid (Hc2H3O2)
c. Iron (II) sulfate + ammonium sulfide
III. If the word equation is complete, write and balance the chemical equation.
Where the word equation is incomplete, complete it, write and balance the
formula equation, tell the type of reaction and give reason for the products.
1. Barium chloride + sodium sulfate
2. Calcium + hydrochloric acid
3. Iron (II) sulfide + hydrochloric acid + hydrogen sulfide (g) + _______
4. Ammonia + oxygen - nitric acid (HNO3) + water
5. Carbon + steam (H2o) carbon monoxide(g) hydrogen (g)
6. Zinc + lead (II) acetate
7. Iron (III) hydroxide
8. Calcium oxide + diphosphorus pentoxide – calcium phosphate
9. Copper + sulfuric acid – copper (II) sulfate + water + sulfur dioxide (g)
10. Calcium hydroxide + ammonium sulfate – calcium sulfate + water +
ammonia (g)
 ATOMIC MASS AND MOLAR MASS

PRACTICE EXERCISES:

I. Perform the required operations:

1. A mass of 25.0g of mercury (II) oxide is decomposed by heating the

reactions is 2 HgO – 2 Hg + O2. a.) How many moles of mercury (II)
oxide are decomposed? b.) How many moles of oxygen are prepared? c.)
How many grams of oxygen are prepared?

2. Sodium chloride reacts with 10.0g of silver nitrate in water solution. a.)
How many moles of silver nitrate reacts? b.) How many moles of sodium
chloride are required? c.) How many grams of sodium chloride are
required?

3. In a reaction between sulfur and oxygen, 80.0g of sulfur dioxide is

formed. How many of sulfur will burned?

4. How many grams of hydrogen are required to completely 25g of hot

magnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) to elemental iron? Steam is the other product
of the reaction.

5. How many molecules are there in 35g of C2H6O (ethyl alcohol)

6. How many molecules are there in 1.00kg of water?

7. By chemical analysis, silver chloride was soured to be 75.26% Ag and

24.74% cl. determine its empirical formula.

8. Chemical analysis of methyl ether showed it to be composed of 52.17% C,

13.05%H, and 34.78% O. Determine its empirical formula.

9. The empirical formula of glycerin is C3H8O3. Determine its percent

composition.

10. The percent composition of a hydrocarbon was 89.36% C and 10.64% H.

its molecular mass determined by an independent method was 188.
Determine its molecular formula.

11. Two organic acids have the same percent composition: 50.00%C,
5.56%H, and 44.44% O. the molecular mass of a sample having that
composition was found to be 144. What is the molecular formula of the
compound?
12. The following reaction of potassium superoxide, KO2, is life support
systems to replace CO2 (g) in expired air by O2(g).
4 KO2 (s) + 2 CO2 (g) – 2 K2CO3(s) + 3O2 (g)

a. How many moles of O2 (g) are produced by the reaction of 156g CO2
(g) with excess KO2 (s)?
b. How many grams of KO2 (s) are consumed per 100.0g CO2 (g)
removed from expired air?
c. How many O2 molecules are produced per milligram of KO2
consumed?

13. What are the molarities of the following solutes when dissolved in water?

a. 2.92 mol CH3OH in 7.16 Si of solution

b. 7.69 mmol C2H5OH in 50.00ml. of solution
c. 25.2g CO (NH2)2 in 275ml. of solution
d. 18.5ml. of C3H5 (OH)3 (d=1.26g/ml) in 375 ml. of solution.

14. In the reaction of 1.80 mol. CCL with an excess of HF, 1.55 mol CCl2F2 is
obtained. What are the a.) Theoretical b.) actual aid c.) percent yields of
this reaction? eCl4 + 2HF – ccl2F2 + Hel

15. In the following reactions, C6H11OH – C6H10 +H2o

a. What is the theoretical yield of the reaction?
b. What is the percent yield?
c. What mass of C6H11OH should have been used to produced 100.0g
C6H10 if the percent yield is that determined in part (b)?
 CHEMICAL FORMULAS – NAMING COMPOUNDS

PRACTICE EXERCISES:

I. 1. Write the formulas of the compounds given:

a. barium oxide c. lithium oxide
b. calcium fluoride e. tin (II) fluoride
c. iron (m) sulfide f. lithium nitride

2. Write the names of the given formulas:

a. Na2S d. CsI g. CnCl3 j. Ag2S
b. AlF3 e. CaF2 h. CaH2 k. Hg2Cl2
c. Cu2O f. FeO i. CuCl l. NH3

3. Supply the missing information (name or formula) for each ion:

a. lead (II) , _________ f. ________ , Co3+

b. _______ , Ba2+ g. chromium (II) , _________
c. periodate , ________ h. _________clO2
d. gold (III) , ________ i. _________ , HSO3-
e. hydrogen carbonate , ________ j. cyanide , __________

4. Indicate the oxidation state of the underlined element in:

a. Zn c. NO2 e. Vo2+
b. BaS d. HNO2 f. H2P4-

5. Name the following acids:

a. HClO2 c. NO2
b. H2SO3 d. HNO2

6. Supply the formula for each of the following acids:

a. hydroiodic acid c. phosphoric acid

b. nitric acid d. sulfuric acid
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW QUESTIONS:

I. SUPPLY WHAT IS NEEDED

1. a. What part of the atom is involved in the production of a chemical bond? b.

How are such bond formed?

2. a. What are the types of chemical bonding? b. What particles results from
each type of bonding?

3. a. What kind of outer electron shell does an atom usually attain when it
combines with other atoms? b. explain why this electron structure is
chemically stable.

4. Which type of energy changes can occur? a. in electron transfer? b. in electron

sharing?

5. a. What is a chemical formula? b. is used to represent the composition of an

ionic compound ? a covalent compound?

6. a. from a comparison of the bond energies of H2, N2, O2 and Cl2 which is the
most stable molecule? Which is the least stable of molecule?

7. What electro negativity difference is there between atoms that form

a. ionic bonds b. polar covalent bond c. bonds with no ionic character

8. What gaseous elements have diatomic molecules? By what symbol or formula

is each represented?

9. What gaseous elements have monatomic molecules? By what symbol or

formula is each represented?

10. How many atoms of each represented by the following formulas: sugar C12 H22
C11 , sand SiO2 , salt NaCl , hydrogen peroxide H2O2 , Soap C17H35COONa?

II. Perform the following operations:

1. Form the bond energy data, determine whether the energy change in this
reaction is exothermic or endothermic. What is the amount of the energy
change?
 ½ mole H2 + ½ mole Br2 – 1 mole HBr

2. Form the bond – energy data, determine the kind and amount of energy
change for the reaction:

½ mole H2 + ½ mole O2 – 1 mole H2O

3. What is the oxidation number of manganese in a. potassium permanganate, k+

M MNO4 , b. manganese (II) sulfate , Mn++ SO4?

4. The four oxygen acids of chlorine are hyphochlorous acid , HclO , chlorous
acid , HClO2 , HClO3 , and perchloric acid. HClO4. What is the oxidation
number of the chlorine in each acid of this series?

5. Calculate the mass of a.) 1.00 mole of chlorine atoms; b.) 5.00 moles of
nitrogen atoms, c.) 3.00 moles of bromine molecules; d.) 6.00 moles of
hydrogen chloride; e.) 10.0 moles of magnesium sulfate; f.) 2.50moles of
potassium iodide; g.) 0.500 moles of silver nitrate; h.) 0.100 mole of sodium
chloride.

6. You are given 25.0g of a.) CaO; b.) Na2CO3. 10 H2O; c.) BaCl2. 2H2O; d.)
(NH4) 2SO4 ; e.) Fe (NO3) 3.6H2O f.) Al2 (SO4) 3 . 18H2O g.) K2CrO4 . How
many moles of each do you have?

7. What is the symbol or formula and change of a.) hydrogen carbonate ion b.)
bromide ion c.) chromate ion d.)sulfite ion e.) phosphate ion f.) peroxide ion
g.) magnesium ion h.) zino ion i.) barium ion

8. What is the formulas for a.) magnesium hydrogen carbonate b.) silver sulfide;
c.) potassium sulfite d.) chromium (III) sulfate; e.) sodium phosphate