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Asset-V1 MITx+6.86x+3T2020+typeasset+blockslides Lecture2 Compressed

This document discusses machine learning concepts including: - Linear classifiers are defined by a weight vector θ and classify points based on which side of the linear decision boundary they fall. - Examples are linearly separable if there exists a linear classifier defined by θ that can correctly classify all examples based on their feature vectors x and labels y. - The perceptron algorithm is presented for learning a linear classifier from labeled examples through iterative updates of the weight vector θ each time a mistake is made on a training example. The algorithm terminates after a fixed number of iterations T.

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Rahul Vasanth
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193 views21 pages

Asset-V1 MITx+6.86x+3T2020+typeasset+blockslides Lecture2 Compressed

This document discusses machine learning concepts including: - Linear classifiers are defined by a weight vector θ and classify points based on which side of the linear decision boundary they fall. - Examples are linearly separable if there exists a linear classifier defined by θ that can correctly classify all examples based on their feature vectors x and labels y. - The perceptron algorithm is presented for learning a linear classifier from labeled examples through iterative updates of the weight vector θ each time a mistake is made on a training example. The algorithm terminates after a fixed number of iterations T.

Uploaded by

Rahul Vasanth
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Machine Learning

Lecture 2
Review of basic concepts
‣ Feature vectors, labels

‣ Training set

‣ Classifier

‣ Training error

‣ Test error

‣ Set of classifiers
Review: training set

x2

- +
+

x1
-
Review: a classifier

x2
h(x) = +1

- +
+

h(x) = 1

x1
-
Review: test set

x2
? h(x) = +1
? ?
? +
- ?
+
?

h(x) = 1? ?
?
?
x1
? -
This lecture
‣ The set of linear classifiers

‣ Linear separation

‣ Perceptron algorithm
Linear classifiers

x2

x1
Linear classifiers through origin

x2

x1
Linear classifiers

x2

x1
Linear separation: ex

x2

x1
Linear separation: ex

x2

x1
Linear separation: ex

x2

x1
Linear separation

Definition:
Training examples Sn = {(x(i) , y (i) }), i = 1, . . . , n} are
linearly separable if there exists a parameter vector ✓ˆ and
o↵set parameter ✓ˆ0 such that y (i) (✓ˆ · x(i) + ✓ˆ0 ) > 0 for all
i = 1, ..., n.
Learning linear classifiers
‣ Training error for a linear classifier (through origin)
Learning linear classifiers
‣ Training error for a linear classifier
Learning algorithm: perceptron
Algorithm 1 Perceptron Algorithm (without offset)
procedure Perceptron({(x(i) , y (i) ), i = 1, . . . , n}, T )
✓ = 0 (vector)
for t = 1, . . . , T do
for i = 1, . . . , n do
if y (i) (✓ · x(i) )  0 then
✓ = ✓ + y (i) x(i)
return ✓

We should first establish that the perceptron updates tend


this, consider a simple two dimensional example in figure 4. T
figure are chosen such that the algorithm makes a mistake on
pass. As a result, the updates become: ✓(0) = 0 and
Learning algorithm: perceptron
Algorithm 1 Perceptron Algorithm (without offset)
procedure Perceptron({(x(i) , y (i) ), i = 1, . . . , n}, T )
✓ = 0 (vector)
for t = 1, . . . , T do
for i = 1, . . . , n do
if y (i) (✓ · x(i) )  0 then
✓ = ✓ + y (i) x(i)
return ✓

We should first establish that the perceptron updates tend


this, consider a simple two dimensional example in figure 4. T
figure are chosen such that the algorithm makes a mistake on
pass. As a result, the updates become: ✓(0) = 0 and
Learning algorithm: perceptron
Algorithm 1 Perceptron Algorithm (without offset)
procedure Perceptron({(x(i) , y (i) ), i = 1, . . . , n}, T )
✓ = 0 (vector)
for t = 1, . . . , T do
for i = 1, . . . , n do
if y (i) (✓ · x(i) )  0 then
✓ = ✓ + y (i) x(i)
return ✓

We should first establish that the perceptron updates tend


this, consider a simple two dimensional example in figure 4. T
figure are chosen such that the algorithm makes a mistake on
pass. As a result, the updates become: ✓(0) = 0 and
Perceptron algorithm: ex

x2

x1
The perceptron algorithm and the above statements about c
to the casePerceptron (with offset)
with the offset parameter.

Algorithm 2 Perceptron Algorithm


1: procedure Perceptron({(x(i) , y (i) ), i = 1, . . . , n}, T )
2: ✓ = 0 (vector), ✓0 = 0 (scalar)
3: for t = 1, . . . , T do
4: for i = 1, . . . , n do
5: if y (✓ · x + ✓0 )  0 then
(i) (i)

6: ✓ = ✓ + y (i) x(i)
7: ✓0 = ✓0 + y (i)
8: return ✓, ✓0

Why is the offset parameter updated in this way? Think of i


with an additional coordinate that is set to 1 for all example
our examples x 2 Rd to x0 2 Rd+1 such that x0 = [x1 , . . . , x
Key things to understand
‣ Parametric families (sets) of classifiers

‣ The set of linear classifiers

‣ Linear separation

‣ Perceptron algorithm

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