Experiment no:03

Name of the experiment: No load magnetization curve of a separated exited DC

generator.
Theory: the voltage induced in a generator depends on the flux and the speed. All
other factors are being fixed. If the speed of the driving machine is maintained at
a constant value and the flux in the generator is varied ten there will be different
values of induced voltage. When the current through the field coils is zero , there
will be different values of induced voltage.
When current through the field coils is zero, there is some flux from the field pole
due to residual magnetization ,and a small induced voltage is obtained this is
point 1.As the circuit in the field is increased the flux also increases and therefore
the induced voltage increases. From figure it is seen that induced voltage
increases proportionally with the field current but only to a certain point.
Beyond point 3 furthure increases in the field current produce smaller increases in
the induced voltage. This is due to the characteristic of the magnetic circuit. As in
any magnetic circuit if the magnetomotive force is increased the flux will increase
until saturation begins. Beyond this a large in the magnetomotive force produces
smaller increase in the flux.
Inasmuch as the induced voltage depends upon the flux smaller increases, the
voltage occurs after saturation begins. If the field current were now decreases the
path of the decreasing voltage would not be the same as the rising path but
would decrease from point 4 to 5.

This action is due to the property of the magnetic circuit. By first increasing and
then decreasing the field current a hysteresis loop is formed because of the curve
in the laboratory. The field current must always increase and should never be
decreased until maximum field current is reached. Then the current should only
be decreased and never increased until a zero value of current is reached.
Increasing or decreasing the current in order to obtain specific values will produce
small hysteresis loops and thus yield confusing results. Another problem that
arises while obtaining the magnetization curve in the laboratory is the difficulty of
maintaining a constant speed. Since the induced voltage depends upon the flux
and speed will produce a proportional variation in the induced voltage .
This is not too serious because the voltage at the desired speed may be calculated
when the induced voltage at any other speed is known.

Apparatus :
01. Generator (250 v,18 A)
02. Prime mover(synchronous machine -1480 rpm)
03. Techometer
04. Voltmeter(0-450 V)
05.Ammeter(0-2A)
retentivity of the magnetic material. Care should be taken when obtaining this

Circuit diagram:
 Data table:

SL no DC field voltage Field current Armature Armature Field

voltage speed resistance
1 140 0 5.6 1426 ∞
2 140 0.2 56 1426 280
3 140 0.22 62 1426 281.81
4 140 0.24 66.5 1426 277.08
5 140 0.26 72 1426 276.92
6 140 0.28 77 1426 275
7 140 0.30 81 1426 270
8 140 0.32 85.5 1426 268.125
9 140 0.34 90 1426 264.70
10 140 0.36 93.5 1426 259.72
11 140 0.38 98 1426 257.89
12 140 0.36 95 1426 263.88
13 140 0.34 92 1426 270.58
14 140 0.32 88.5 1426 276.56
15 140 0.30 84 1426 280
16 140 0.28 81.5 1426 291.07
17 140 0.26 75.5 1426 290.38
18 140 0.24 72 1426 300
19 140 0.22 65 1426 295.45
Discussion: Form the data table we saw that Armature voltage is increase with
the increase of field current after saturation.when the field current is decrease
the voltage is not same due to characteristic of the magnetic circuit .for the
experiment we use high rating induction motor. So the speed was remain
constant. After connecting the circuit according to diagram at first we took a
reading of voltage across the terminal of the armature. Then we connected load
across the generator and took the reading of voltage across the armature. But
with the increasing of load armature voltage is also increased before saturation
begins. After saturation the armature voltage was reducing with reducing the
load.

Then we plot armature voltage vs field current .

Experiment no:04

Name of the experiment: Observation of External Characteristics curve of Dc

shunt generator.

Shunt generator :A shunt generator has the field circuit connected directly across
the armature. Appliances, motors, light bulbs and other electrical devices
connected in parallel across the generator terminals represent a load on the
generator. The generator furnishes power to this load. As more devices are
connected in parallel , the load the generator increases , that is the generator
current increases. Because the generator current increases the terminal voltage
of the generator decreases. There are three factors that cause these decrease in
voltage armature circuit resistance , armature reaction , and reduction in field
current.

Armature circuit resistance : Like every electronic circuit , the armature circuit of
the generator contains resistance. This resistance includes the resistance of the
copper conductors of the armature winding, the commutator , contact resistance
between brushes and commutator , and the brushes themselves . When no
current flows through the armature, there is no IR drop in the armature and the
voltage at the terminals is the same as the generated voltage. However , when
there is current in the armature circuit , a voltage drop exists due to the armature
resistance and the terminal voltage is less then the generated voltage . The
terminal voltage may be calculated from the following equation:

V =Eg –IaRa

Where ,

V=voltage at terminals of generator.

Eg =generated voltage.

I a=total armature current

R a=armature circuit resistance

Armature reaction :when current flows in the armature conductors a flux
surrounds these conductors. The direction of this armature flux is such that it
reduces the flux from the field poles, resulting in both a reduced generated
voltage and terminal voltage.

Apparatus:

01. Prime mover (synchronous motor 1500)

02. generator (240 V, 18 A)

3. Voltmeter (0-450V)

04. Ammeter (0-10A;0-2A) 2 piece

05. Resistors (107Ω,2A)

Circuit diagram:
 Data table:

Field current 0.48 0.48 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.41

Load current 0 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75

Terminal voltage 234 230 226 222 218 214 210 207 203

Discussion: After connecting the circuit according to diagram at first we took a

reading of voltage across the terminal. Form the data table we saw that when
terminal voltage is decrease then the load current is increased.

Then we ploat terminal voltage vs load current .From the grap

terminal voltage is decreasing with increasing load current.This characteristic
curve is similar to theoretical value.
BP Efficiency vs Break power
Experiment no: 06

Name of the experiment: Starting dc motor and speed control of a dc motor by

field weakening method.

Theory: A type of resistance, which is connected in series with the armature to

limit the armature current. To avoid the excessive current a starter may be used.
The relationship between speed and the applied voltage may be as the form of

E=KφS

But E=Vt-IaRa

So we get

S= (Vt-IaRa)/Kφ

From this equation we can conclude that

1. A reduction in flux would reduce the counter EMF as induced by the

equation

E=KφS

2. The reduction in counter EMF would produce an increase in the armature

current as determined from

Ia= (Vt – E)/ Ra

3. A reduction in the flux would reduce the torque and increase in the
armature current would increase in the torque can be seen from the
equation is given by

T=K φ Ia

4. The increase in torque will increase the speed and magnitude of the
counter EMF of the motor.
 5. The increase in the magnitude of the counter EMF of the motor about the
reduction of the armature current.

Apparatus:

01. DC motor ( 240 , 18A)

02.3 point starter

03.Ammeter(0-2A)

04. Tachometer

Circuit diagram:
 DATA TABLE
Field current .615 .65 .7 .75 .8 .85 .9 .95 1

Speed 1500 1420 1351 1283 1220 1167 1122 1081 1044

Discussion: After setting the apparatus successfully according to the diagram we

took the value of speed of the motor & the field current. From table we can see
the field current is decreased with the speed of the motor.Decrease the value of
field resistance increase the value of field current .When the field current is
increase then the flux is also increase .According to the equation S=E/KØ speed of
the motor decrease.

When we have done the experiment we did not open the field
circuit because if we open this then the motor winding to be pulled out.
Experiment No: 07

Name of the Experiment: Open circuit test and short circuit test of a single
phase transformer.

Theory: We know that there the two types of losses of an transformer, such as
copper loss and core loss. Copper loss is a variable loss and depends on current
and core loss is a fixed loss and depends upon the voltage. Now the efficiency of a
transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to input power. Again the
input power is equals to the sum of output power and losses. The losses can be
find out with open circuit test and short circuit test. The copper loss can be
obtained by short circuit test and core loss can be obtained by the open circuit
test. For Short Circuit Test first 0 voltage is applied to high voltage side and then
the voltage is increased until for which the rated current flows in low voltage side.
Now the data or reading of the meters are taken. Again for Open Circuit Test 0
voltage is applied to low voltage side and then the voltage is increased until for
which the rated voltage is obtained from high voltage side. Now the data or
reading of the meters are taken.
Apparatus:
01.Transformer(150 V per coil,1 A)

02.Voltmeter(0-450 V)

03.Ammeter(0-2 A)

04.Wattmeter(0-1200 W)

05.Variac(0-240 V)

Circuit Diagram:
Data Table:
Test Voltage Current Power

Short circuit 9.67 1 10

test

Open circuit 200 0.05 14

test

Calculation:
For short circuit test the applied voltage is very low and core loss is negligible. So
it is assumed that current through Ro and Xo is zero.

So we can write,

Rsct=R1+R2=P/Isct2=10Ω

Zsct=Vsct/Isct=9.67Ω

Xsct=X1+X2= =2.55 jΩ
For open circuit test Cu loss is negligible i.e. loss in R1 is negligible and voltage
drop at R1 & X1 is negligible. In this case loss is assumed only in the core circuit.

Roct=Voct2/P=2857.14Ω

Goct=1/Roct=3.5×10-4mho

Zoct=Voct/Ioct=4000Ω

Yoct=1/Zoct=2.5×10-4 mho

Boct= =2.45×10-4 j mho

Xoct=1/Boct= -4082.48 jΩ

% Efficiency=(input-losses) ×100/input

% Efficiency=(150-24)*100/150

=84%

Discussion: Two tests are necessary to measure the losses of a transformer. The
short circuit test, with rated current measured in either the high side or low side
windings, gives the full load copper losses. Copper losses at any other load may
then be calculated. With rated voltage impressed on either winding and the other
winding open circuited, the power supplied to the transformer then represents
the core losses at rated load conditions as well as at any other normal operating
point.