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Question
What is Hydrology?
HYDROLOGY
WATER
EARTH
Roldan Q . Pineda
3'<' Term, SY 2019-2020 Water Cycle
Notiona l University
video
Introduction Hydrologic cycle
Water is the most abundant substance on earth,
the principal constituent of all the living things, and a
major force constantly shaping the surface of the
earth. It is also a key facto r in air-conditioning the
earth for human existence and in influencing the
progress of civilization. Hydrology, which treats all ..
---
phases of the earth's water, is a subject of great
importance for people an d t heir environment.
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Hydrologlc cycle with global annual average water bala~ ~ 11 uM:S
relative to a value of 100 fo r the rate of
precipitation on tJnd
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Hydrologic Cycle
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The hydrologic cycle at global scale
Hydrologic Cycle
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_/ _______ -------------- ----=----------- --
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Block-d1agram representation of the global hydrologlc system
Understanding the Water Cycle
The world's total volume of water is in many
different forms:
• Liquid- oceans, rivers and rain
• Solid- glaciers
• Gas- invisible water vapor in the air
Water changes states as it is moved around
the planet by wind currents.
Water Cycle
Changes in the distribution, circulation, or
temperature of the earth's waters can have far-reaching
effects.
Changes may caused by human activities.
Give some human activities/intervention that ca n
change the distribution and circulation of th e water
cycl e.
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Branches of Hydrology
• Chemical Hydrology
Atmospheric Water
• Ecohydrology
• Hydrogeology The most important
• Hydrolnformatics meteorologica I
• Hydrometeorology processes hydrology
• Isotope hydrology ~r:ef f~~ · =t+ ~ in which atmosphere
interacts with surface
• Surface hydrology
• Drainage basin EVA1'0AATION water
• Water quality
a a a a a
Applications of Hydrology Atmospheric Circulation
• Design and operations of hydraulic structures • The earth constantly receives heat from the sun
• Water supply through solar radiation and emits heat through re-
• Wastewater treatment and disposal radiation, or back radiation into space
• Irrigation • Processes are balance at an average rate
• Drainage approximately 210 W/m2
• Hydropower generation • Near the· equator = 270 W /m2
• Flood control • Near poles = 90 W /m2
• Navigation
• Erosion and sediment control
• Salinity control
• Pollution abatement
• Recreational use of water
• Fish and wildli fe protection
3
~ Cit"tUlat\on Atmospheric Clrculatlon
-
- Air Mass
Large body of air that is fa lrty
r1 Hadley Circulation
uniform horlzontally in properties
such as te mperature and moisture
content
- \. ~
' ~ H ~ is wt!re nonro\'..iting !.phere, air would rise near the Front - different temperature of air mass meets, instead of
~~ ,nd travel In the upper atmosphere toward t he poles, slmply mixing, a definitive surface of discontinuity appears
~=---- cool ~ n d Into the lower atmosphere , ret\Jm toward the between them. Cold air Is advancing toward the warm air is
called cold front, while warm front, the warm air is adva ncing
e-c~.
toward cold air.
~ c Circulation Atmospheric Circulation
Cyclone
Coriolis Effect
Region of low pressure around
which air flows in counte rclockwise
direction in the northern
hemisphere, clockwise direction in
southern hemisphere
Tropical cyclone form at low latitudes and develop Into
hurricanes or typhoons.
Extratroplcal cyclone formed when warm and cold air ~ t?S.
initlally flowing In opposite directions adjacent t'O one anc th~r.
begin to Interact and whirl togethe r ln circular motion, creating
both a warm front and cold front centered on a. low ~ss,ure
zone.
4
Hydrologic Budget
Hydrologic budget, water budget, or water balance is a
measurement of continuity of the flow of water, which holds true
for any time interval and applies to any size area ranging from
local-scale areas to regional-scale areas or from any drainage
area to the earth as a whole .
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Hydrologic Budget
Surface water system hydrologic budget
P + Qin - Qout + Qg - Es - Ts -1 = ASs
P = precipitation
Qin= surface water flow into the system
Qout = surface water flow out of the system
Qg = groundwater flow into the stream
Es = surface evaporation
Ts = transpiration
I = infiltration
ASs = change in wate r storage of the s urface water system
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Hydrologic Budget
Groundwate r system hydrologic budget
1 + Gin - Gout - Q g - Eg - Tg = llSg
Gin= groundw t fl .
Gout= 9r d a er ow mto the system
Qg = gr:~:d::::;
E
=
:;: i
B evaporation
:~~ ~~:ystem
earn
TB = transpiration
I = infiltration
ASg = change in groundwater storage
E9 and T9 can be si gm·t·icant if the water table is near th e ground surface
Hydrologic Budget
System hydrologic budget
P - (Qout - Qtn) - (Es+ Eg) - (Ts - Tg ) - (Gout - Gin )= ~ (Ss + Sg )
P - Q - G- E- T = !:J.S
Sample Problem
During January 1996, the water-budget of a certain city included
precipltatlon 1.9 in, evaporation of 1.5 in, surface water Inflow of
O In, surface outflow o f 17 .4 In, and change In lake volume of O In.
Determine the net groundwater flo w for Ja m1ary 1996
(groundwater Inflow minus the groundwate r OlJtflo w ).
5
Water Quantities
Estimated world water quantities
ArH
Item Volume (cubic km) " of Total Water % of Fresh Water
(x 1,000,000 square km)
Oceans 3613 1. 338 000 m 96,S38"
Groundwater
Fresh 134.8 10 530,m'.' 0.760% 30.061%
Saline 134.8 12870m'. 0.929%
Soll Moisture 82.C 165£1: 0.001% 0.047%
Polar Ice 16.0 24 02351ll 1.733" 68.581%
Other Ice and snow 0.3 340r,rn 0.025% 0.972%
Lakes
Fresh 1.2 91 m'. 0.007% 0.260%
Saline 1.8 85411' 0.006"/4
Marshes 2.7 11471 0.001% 0.033%
Rivers 148.8 212( 0.000'/4 0.006%
Bloloiilcat water 510.( 1.1" O.<XXl% 0.003%
Atmospheric water 510.( 12 en' 0.00\% 0.037%
Total water 510.( 1385 984 61f 100.<XXl%
Fresh water 148.8 35 029,21( 2.527% 100.<XXl%
Water Quantities
Global Annual Water Balance
Example: Estimate the residence
time of global atmospheric
Ocean Land
moisture.
2
Area (km ) 361,300,000 1,338,000,00C
3
Precipitation km /vr 458,000 119,000 The residence time is the
mm/vr 1,270 800
ln/vr so average duration of water
3
Evaporation 3
km /vr 505,000 7,200 molecule to pass through a
mm/vr 1400 4&l subsystem of hydrologic cycle. It
in/vr 55 1c
Run-off to ocean
is calculated by dividing the
Rivers 3
km /vr 44,70( volume of water in storage by
Groundwiter 3
km /vr 2,200 the flowrate.
3
Total run-off km /vr 47,00C
mm/v1 31E
in/vr 12
