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Eulogio "Amang Rodriguez Institute of Science & Technology: Republic of The Philippines

1) Trigonometric substitution is a method used to evaluate integrals containing expressions of the form a2 - x2, a2 + x2, or x2 - a2. It involves making a substitution of x = a sinθ, x = a tanθ, or x = a secθ respectively and determining the resulting dx. 2) Several examples are provided to demonstrate how to use trigonometric substitution to evaluate integrals. For integrals of the form √a2 - x2 dx, the substitution x = a sinθ is made. 3) Trigonometric substitution transforms the integral into one involving trigonometric functions that can be evaluated using trigonometric identities and the substitution u =

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Mary Rose Quimanjan
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77 views6 pages

Eulogio "Amang Rodriguez Institute of Science & Technology: Republic of The Philippines

1) Trigonometric substitution is a method used to evaluate integrals containing expressions of the form a2 - x2, a2 + x2, or x2 - a2. It involves making a substitution of x = a sinθ, x = a tanθ, or x = a secθ respectively and determining the resulting dx. 2) Several examples are provided to demonstrate how to use trigonometric substitution to evaluate integrals. For integrals of the form √a2 - x2 dx, the substitution x = a sinθ is made. 3) Trigonometric substitution transforms the integral into one involving trigonometric functions that can be evaluated using trigonometric identities and the substitution u =

Uploaded by

Mary Rose Quimanjan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Republic of the Philippines

EULOGIO “AMANG RODRIGUEZ


INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
GRADUATE SCHOOL
NAGTAHAN, SAMPALOC, MANILA

SUBJECT : Integral Calculus


PROFESSOR : Dr. Meriam Dela Cruz
REPORTER : JAYSON L. SANTELICES
TOPIC : Trigonometric Substitution

TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION BY TRIGONOMETRIC


SUBSTITUTION

• Objectives:

1. Discuss the transformation of integrals involving certain sum or difference of


two squares; and

2. Evaluate integrals using trigonometric substitution.


Concept of TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
If an integrated contains a radical expression of the form
2
𝑎 −𝑥 2 2 2 2
𝑥 −𝑎 2
, 𝑎 +𝑥 , then a specific trigonometric substitution
maybe helpful in evaluating indefinite integral. Some general rules to follow are:

Take Note:
A method for computing integrals often used when the integrand contains
expressions of the form:

For a2 – x2 ,use x = a sin𝜃 ; then 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 = a cos𝜃

For a2 + x2 ,use x = a tan𝜃 ; then 𝐚𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 = a sec𝜃

For x2 – a2 ,use x = a sec𝜃 ; then 𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐚𝟐 = a tan𝜃


𝑑𝑥
Example 1: ∫ √16−𝑥 2

Solu tion:

(Note: √16 − 𝑥 2 → √42 − 𝑥 2 (Rule #1) so a = 4)

𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 4sin𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 4cos𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 16 − 𝑥 2 = 4cos𝜃

(Substitution)
𝑑𝑥 4cos𝜃
∫ =∫ 𝑑𝜃
√16 − 𝑥 2 4cos𝜃

= ∫ 𝑑𝜃

=𝜃+𝑐
𝑥
since 𝑥 = 4sin 𝜃, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜃 = arcsin
4
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
∴∫ = arcsin + 𝑐
√16 − 𝑥 2 4

Example 2: √16 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
2
Note: a = 16 so a = 4
Let x = 4sin𝜽 ,and dx = 4cos𝜽 𝒅𝜽 and
Then, √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 = 4cos𝜃

√16 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 4cos𝜃) 4cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃

= ∫ 16cos2 𝜃𝑑𝜃

= 16 ∫ cos2 𝜃𝑑𝜃

1 1
= 16 ∫ 2 + 2 cos2𝜃d𝜃
1 sin2𝜃
= 16 ∫ 1 + cos2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 ∫ cos2𝜃𝑑𝜃 = +𝑐
2 2

Continuation:
sin2𝜃
= 8𝜃 + 8 ( +𝑐
2
= 8𝜃 + 4sin2𝜃 + 𝑐

= 8𝜃 + 4 2sin𝜃cos𝜃) + 𝑐

= 8𝜃 + 8sin𝜃cos𝜃 + 𝑐

Substitution:
𝑥 𝑥 √16 − 𝑥 2
= 8arcsin + 8 [( ) ( )]
4 4 4

𝑥 𝑥√16 − 𝑥 2
∴ ∫ 16 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 8arcsin + +𝑐
4 2

1
Exaple 4: 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 ∫ 𝑑𝑥: 𝑅𝑢𝑙𝑒 2)
𝑥 2 √𝑥 2 + 4
𝑊𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = m2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 2sec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃. 𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜, 𝑥 2 + 4 = 2sec𝜃. 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒:
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
1 2sec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫
𝑥 2 √𝑥 2 + 4 4tan2 𝜃) 2sec𝜃)
sec𝜃𝑑𝜃
=∫
4tan2 𝜃

1 sec𝜃𝑑𝜃
= ∫
4 tan2 𝜃
Continuation:

𝐼𝑓 𝑤𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑢 = sin𝜃, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = cos𝜃𝑑𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡:


1 1 cos𝜃
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝜃
𝑥 2 √𝑥 2 + 4 4 sin 𝜃
1
=− +𝑐
4𝑢
1
=− +𝑐
4sin𝜃

𝑊𝑒 exp𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 sin𝜃 in t𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛


𝑥
sin𝜃 =
√𝑥 2 + 4
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑥 2 √𝑥 2 + 4 𝑥
4( 2
√𝑥 + 4

1 √𝑥 2 + 4
∴∫ 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑥 2 √𝑥 2 + 4 4𝑥

𝑑𝑥
Example 7: ∫
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 4

Let x = 2sec𝜃, and dx = 2sec 𝜃tan𝜃d𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 − 4 = 2tan𝜃


𝑑𝑥 2sec𝜃tan𝜃𝑑𝜃
∫ =∫
2
𝑥√𝑥 − 4 2sec𝜃2tan𝜃

𝑑𝜃
=∫
2
1
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃
2
1
= 𝜃+𝐶
2
𝑥
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐sec
2

𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 ∫ = 𝑎𝑟𝑐sec + 𝑐
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 4 2 2

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