Koya university

Faculty of Engineering
Petroleum Engineering Department
4th Stage
Reservoir Engineering I

Lecturer: Hawzhen Fateh M. Ameen

Email : [email protected]

Academic Year
2020 - 2021

Hawzhen Fateh Reservoir Engineering 1

Hawzhen Fateh Reservoir Engineering 2
 Outline
 Introduction

 Phase Diagram
 Multi-component Hydrocarbon
 Black oil
 Volatile oil
 Retrograde Condensate gas
 Wet gas
 Dry Gas

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 Learning Objectives
Having worked through this chapter the student will be able to:

 General, Define; system, component, phase, equilibrium, intensive and extensive properties

 Sketching PVT Diagram for pure component , two components and multi-component

 Classifying types and properties of reservoir

 Classifying types and properties of hydrocarbon

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 The Petroleum Reservoir
Q/ What is petroleum Reservoir? What do you know about it?

A B

Figure-1: Typical Petroleum Reservoir

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 Classification of Reservoirs Fluids
Q/ How does petroleum reservoir Classified?

Petroleum reservoirs are broadly classified as oil or gas depending on:

 The composition of the reservoir hydrocarbon mixture.

 Initial reservoir pressure and temperature.

 Pressure and temperature of the surface production.

 Location of the reservoir temperature with respect to the critical temperature and the cricondentherm

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6
 Reservoir Fluid Compositions

 The composition of crude oil consists mainly of organic compounds, principally hydrocarbons with small
percentages of inorganic nonhydrocarbon compounds. Such as carbon dioxide, sulphur, nitrogen and metal
compounds

 The appearance varies from gases, through very clear liquids,

yellow liquids to a dark, often black, highly viscous material,
the variety obviously being a function of composition.

 Principal elements are carbon (84-87%), and hydrogen (11-

14%), crude oil can vary from a very light brown liquid with
a viscosity similar to water to a very viscous tar like material .

Figure-2: Composition of Crude Oil

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 Reservoir Fluid Compositions

 Production of oil and gas from the reservoir

 Series of pressure and temperature change

 Change in volumetric and transport behavior of reservoir fluid

 Gas comes out of solution after the reservoir pressure drops

below the bubble point (After the bubble point pressure is

reached) and gas saturation builds up.

Figure-3: Oil and Gas during production

Homework: How do we quantify the real oil and gas volumes under various pressures and temperatures?

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 Reservoir Fluid Compositions PVT Model

There are basically two models to predict phase behavior of reservoir fluids:

 Compositional model (Gas + Oil)

 Black oil model (yi as mole fraction of components in the gas and xi mole fraction of components in the oil)

Figure-4: Compositional and black oil Model

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 Reservoir Fluid Compositions PVT Model

Back Oil models describe volumetric properties using correlations in terms of measured macroscopic properties such as
API gravity, bubble point pressures, and gas gravities, pressure and temperature.

 Has only two components named as the phases: Gas (G) and Oil (O).

 The G component may be dissolved in the oil phase and this is taken into account through the solution gas oil ratio
(Rs). However, the oil component (O), cannot dissolve in the gas phase (But In real case we know that for example
pentane can move from oil to gas but the model can not describe that)

 Volumetric properties are determined from separate correlations for gas and oil phases l

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 Reservoir Fluid Compositions PVT Model

Compositional models require compositional information in addition to the primary variables: pressure and temperature.

 Oil and gas are mixtures of several components

 All components may be present in both phases (liquid and gas)

 Volumetric properties of the phases are determined as a function of pressure, temperature, and the phase compositions
using the same model – an Equation of State (EOS) for all phases

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 Phase Behavior of Hydrocarbon Systems
Before we consider the effect of temperature and pressure on hydrocarbon systems we will define some terms:

1- System - amount of substances within given boundaries under specific conditions composed of a number of components.
Everything within these boundaries are part of the system and that existing outside of the boundaries are not part of the
system. If anything moves across these boundaries then the system will have changed.

Figure-5: Hydrocarbon systems

Note: A system is called a “closed system” if it does not exchange matter with the surroundings, in opposite to an “open
system” which exchanges matter with the surroundings. Both systems may exchange energy with the surroundings.
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 Phase Behavior of Hydrocarbon Systems
2- Components - those pure substances which produce the system under all conditions. For example, in the context of
reservoir engineering, methane, ethane, carbon dioxide and water are examples of pure components.

3- Phases - is defined as a physically homogeneous portion of matter. The concept of a closed system is of major interest
in applied hydrocarbon thermodynamics.

 It is called a “homogeneous” closed system if it contains a single phase, e.g. a natural gas phase or an oil phase.

 A “heterogeneous” closed system contains more than one phase.

Figure-6: Hydrocarbon Phases

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 Phase Behavior of Hydrocarbon Systems
Property
A property is a characteristic of a system to which numerical values can be assigned to describe the system (Mass,
Temperature, Pressure ,Density,...)
1. Extensive Property: are properties which can be counted and their value for the whole system is the sum of the value for
subdivisions of the system.
They depend on the extent of the system.
Examples: Volume, Mass
2. Intensive Property Intensive properties are independent of the size (mass or volume) of the system. For example density,
specific volume and compressibility factor
Examples: Density, Temperature

Figure-7: Properties
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 Phase Behavior of Hydrocarbon Systems
State of Equilibrium: A system is in equilibrium if its properties are not changing at any given location in the system.

 Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states

 A system is in thermodynamic equilibrium if it maintains thermal, mechanical, phase, and chemical equilibrium.
1. Thermal equilibrium -- the temperature does not change with time
2. Mechanical equilibrium -- Pressure does not change with time
3. Chemical equilibrium -- molecular structure does not change with time
4. Phase equilibrium – mass and composition of each phase is unchanging with time (i.e., same liquid/gas or liquid/solid
composition)

Figure-8: State of equilibrium

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 Phase Behavior of Hydrocarbon Systems

o The physical behavior of hydrocarbons when pressure and temperature changes can be explained in relation to the
behavior of the individual molecules making up the system.

• Temperature is an indication of the kinetic energy of the molecules

• Pressure reflects the frequency of the collision of the molecules on the walls of its container

• Intermolecular forces: is the attractive forces between molecules

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 Phase Diagram

A phase diagram is a concise graphical method of representing phase behavior of fluids. It provides an effective tool for
communicating a large amount of information about how fluids behave at different conditions.
Phase Diagram
Two Classes of Fluids
1. Pure-component systems: the composition is not a variable and therefore cannot influence behavior.
2. Mixtures: the behavior of a mixture is strongly controlled by composition. In fact, as the number of components in the
system increases, the complexity of the phase diagram increases as well.

 Two components

 Multi components

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 Phase Diagram Single or Pure-Component System

 The curve in Figure 9 is called the vapor pressure curve or boiling point curve.

 The line also represents both the dew point curve and the bubble point curve; one on top of the other.

 This curve represents the transition between the vapor and liquid states.

Figure-9: Single component system

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 Complete P-T Diagram-Single Component
 Presenting the behavior of the system by face diagram

A Only solid phase exist

A D
B Critical Pressure
C Solid, liquid and gas phase coexist
B
D Only Liquid phase exist
E Both liquid and gas coexist F
E
F Only gas phase exist C
G Critical temperature

G
Figure-10: Pressure-temperature phase diagram (constant temperature)
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 Pressure-Temperature Diagrams

Figure-11: Pressure-temperature phase diagram (constant temperature)

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 Phase Diagram-Single Component

Path 1-2:

As mercury removed, the pressure is reduced and Pv will be reached, a gas phase will begin as its molecules leave the liquid.

Path 2-3:

As more mercury will be removed, gas volume increases and liquid volume decreases with constant pressure (Why?).

With more pressure reduction, liquid disappears and the gas expands till the P3 will be reached.

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 Binary (Mixture) System

The real-life systems are never single-component; they are multicomponent systems.
The presence of one or more additional components bring the additional complexity in description of phase diagram.
The good news: the behavior of multicomponent systems are quite similar to that of binary systems.

Figure-12: Pressure-volume phase diagram (constant temperature)

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 Pressure-Volume Diagrams

As the pressure is reduced from 1,

small change in volume due to the
relatively low compressibility of the
liquid

3-4: Super critical fluid

Figure-13: Pressure-volume phase diagram (constant temperature)

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 Phase Diagram-Single Component

Point-1: substance in liquid phase and constant temperature. As mercury will be removed, pressure is reduced from (1) to the
bubble point pressure and this results in small change in volume due to the relatively low compressibility of the liquid
(figure-13)

Bubble point: at this point the gas begins to form. And further volume increase cause liquid vaporization (figure-12).

Bubble point-dew point line: pressure is constant as both gas and liquid are coexist at constant temperature.

Dew point: as all the liquid vaporized, the gas expands and cause more pressure reduction until the point-2 will be reached.

Class work: Explain why the slope of the line (Dew point-2) is less steep than (1- Bubble- point)?.

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 Classification of Reservoirs Fluids

These multicomponent pressure-temperature diagrams are essentially used to:

 Classify reservoirs

 Classify the naturally occurring hydrocarbon systems

 Describe the phase behavior of the reservoir fluid

In general, reservoirs are conveniently classified on the basis of the initial reservoir pressure Pi and temperature Ti with
respect to the pressure-temperature diagram of the reservoir fluid.

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 Classification of Reservoirs Fluids

Figure-14: Pressure-temperature phase for multi-component

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 Classification of Reservoirs Fluids

Figure-15: Pressure-temperature phase for multi-component

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 Classification of Reservoirs Fluids

Cricondentherm (Tct)—The Cricondentherm is defined as the maximum temperature above which liquid cannot be
formed regardless of pressure. The corresponding pressure is termed the Cricondentherm pressure pct see figure 14.

Cricondenbar (pcb)—The Cricondenbar is the maximum pressure above which no gas can be formed regardless of
temperature. The corresponding temperature is called the Cricondenbar temperature Tcb see figure 14.

Critical point—The critical point for a multicomponent mixture is referred to as the state of pressure and temperature at
which all intensive properties of the gas and liquid phases are equal. At the critical point, the corresponding pressure and

temperature are called the critical pressure Pc and critical temperature Tc of the mixture see figure 15.

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 Classification of Reservoirs Fluids

Bubble-point curve—The bubble-point curve (line AC-figure-16) is defined as the line separating the liquid-phase
region from the two phase region.

Dew-point curve—The dew-point curve (line BC-figure-16) is defined as the line separating the vapor-phase region
from the two-phase region.

Figure-16: Pressure-temperature phase for black oil

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 Classification of Reservoirs Fluids
Reservoir fluids can be categorized into:

 Oil reservoirs (T < TC) If the reservoir temperature T is less than

the critical temperature Tc of the reservoir fluid.
 volatile oil
 black oil
 heavy oil

 Gas reservoirs (T > TC) If the reservoir temperature is greater than

the critical temperature of the hydrocarbon fluid.
 dry gas
 wet gas
 retrograde gas

Figure-17: Pressure-temperature phase diagram


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 Classification of Reservoirs Fluids
Oil Reservoirs

Crude oils cover a wide range in physical properties and chemical compositions, and it is often important to be able to group
them into broad categories of related oils. In general, crude oils are commonly classified into the following types:

 Ordinary black oil

 Low-shrinkage crude oil

 High-shrinkage (volatile) crude oil

 Near-critical crude oil

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 Classification of Reservoirs Fluids
Oil Reservoirs

This classification essentially is based on the properties exhibited by the crude oil, including:

 Physical properties, such as API gravity of the stock-tank liquid.

 Composition.

 Initial producing gas/oil ratio (GOR).

 Appearance, such as color of the stock-tank liquid.

 Pressure-temperature phase diagram

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 Classification of Reservoirs Fluids
Oil Reservoirs

Depending upon initial reservoir pressure pi, oil reservoirs can be sub classified into the following categories:

 Undersaturated oil reservoir. If the initial reservoir pressure Pi (as represented is greater than the bubble-point
pressure pb of the reservoir fluid.

 Saturated oil reservoir. When the initial reservoir pressure is equal to the bubble-point pressure of the reservoir fluid.

 Gas-cap reservoir. If the initial reservoir pressure is below the bubble-point pressure of the reservoir fluid, in which the
gas or vapor phase is underlain by an oil phase.

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 Ordinary Black Oil

Figure-18: A typical P-T diagram for an ordinary black oil

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 Classification of Reservoirs Fluids

Ordinary black oil

At low pressures produced, ordinary black oils usually

yield gas-oil ratios between 200 and 700 scf/STB

Oil gravities of 15° to 40° API.

The stock tank oil is usually brown to dark green in
color.

Figure-19: Liquid-shrinkage curve for black oil

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 Low-Shrinkage Oil

Figure-20: A typical P-T diagram for low-shrinkage oil

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 Classification of Reservoirs Fluids
Low-shrinkage oil
The diagram is characterized by quality lines that are closely
spaced near the dew-point curve. The liquid shrinkage curve shows
the shrinkage characteristics of this category of crude oils. The other
associated properties of this type of crude oil are:

 Oil formation volume factor less than 1.2 bbl/STB

Gas-oil ratio less than 200 scf/STB
Oil gravity less than 35° API
Black or deeply colored
Substantial liquid recovery at separator conditions as indicated by
Figure-21: Liquid-shrinkage curve for low-shrinkage oil
point G on the 85%.

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 Volatile Oil

Figure-22: A typical P-T diagram for volatile oil

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 Classification of Reservoirs Fluids
Volatile crude oil
The quality lines are close together near the bubble point, and at lower pressures, they are more widely spaced. This type
of crude oil is commonly characterized by a high liquid shrinkage immediately below the bubble point, The properties of
this oil include:

 High liquid shrinkage immediately below the bubble-point

 Oil formation volume factor less than 2 bbl/STB
 Gas-oil ratios between 2,000 and 3,200 scf/STB
 Oil gravities between 45° and 55° API
 Lower liquid recovery of separator conditions as indicated by point G
 Greenish to orange in color
Figure-23: Liquid-shrinkage curve for Volatile oil

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 Near Critical Oil

Figure-24: A typical P-T diagram for near critical oil

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 Classification of Reservoirs Fluids

Near-critical crude oil

If the reservoir temperature, T, is near the critical temperature, Tc, of the hydrocarbon system, the hydrocarbon mixture is
identified as a near-critical crude oil

 Reservoir temperature is near the critical temperature Tc of the hydrocarbon system

 High GOR in excess of 3,000 scf/STB

 Oil formation volume factor of 2.0 bbl/STB or higher

 The compositions of near-critical oils are usually 12.5 to 20 mol% heptanes-plus,

35% or more of ethane through hexanes, and the remainder methane.

Figure-25: Liquid-shrinkage curve for near critical oil

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 Liquid Shrinkage Curves for Crude Oil Systems

Figure-26: Liquid-shrinkage curve for crude oil systems

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 Classification of Reservoirs Fluids
Gas Reservoirs

 If the reservoir temperature is above the critical temperature of the hydrocarbon system, the reservoir is classified as a
natural gas reservoir.

 On the basis of their phase diagrams and the prevailing reservoir conditions, natural gases can be classified into four
categories:

 Gas-condensate

 Near-critical gas-condensate

 Wet gas

 Dry gas

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 Classification of Reservoirs Fluids
Gas Reservoirs
In general, if the reservoir temperature is above the critical temperature of the hydrocarbon system, the reservoir is
classified as a natural gas reservoir. Natural gases can be categorized on the basis of their phase diagram and the
prevailing reservoir condition into four categories:

 Retrograde gas-condensate reservoir. If the reservoir temperature T lies between the critical temperature Tc and
cricondentherm Tct of the reservoir fluid.

 Near-critical gas-condensate reservoir. If the reservoir temperature is near the critical temperature.

 Wet-gas reservoir. A typical phase diagram of a wet gas is where reservoir temperature is above the cricondentherm of
the hydrocarbon mixture.

 Dry-gas reservoir. The hydrocarbon mixture exists as a gas both in the reservoir and in the surface facilities. The
only liquid associated with the gas from a dry-gas reservoir is water.

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 Classification of Reservoirs Fluids
Retrograde Gas Reservoirs

2-3 : The attraction between the molecules of the light

and heavy components move further apart. As this
occurs, attraction between the heavy component
molecules becomes more effective, therefore, liquid
begins to condense.

Figure-27: A typical phase diagram of a retrograde system

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 Classification of Reservoirs Fluids
Retrograde Gas Reservoirs
Physical Characteristics
 Gas-oil ratios between 8000 and 70,000 scf/STB. Generally, the gas-oil ratio for a condensate system increases
with time due to the liquid dropout and the loss of heavy components in the liquid.
 Condensate gravity above 50° API.
 Stock-tank liquid is usually water-white or slightly colored

Note: It should be pointed out that the gas that comes out the solution
from a volatile oil and remains in the reservoir typically classified as
retrograde gas and exhibits the retrograde condensate with pressure
declines.

Figure-28: Typical liquid dropout curve

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 Classification of Reservoirs Fluids
Typical Phase Diagram for a Near-critical

Figure-29: A typical phase diagram and Liquid dropout curve for a near-critical gas condensate reservoir

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 Classification of Reservoirs Fluids
Dry Gas Reservoirs

Usually, a system that has a gas/oil ratio greater than 100,000 scf/STB is considered to be a dry gas.
Kinetic energy of the mixture is so high and attraction between molecules so small that none of them coalesces to a liquid at
stocktank conditions of temperature and pressure.

Figure-30: A typical phase diagram for wet gas

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 Classification of Reservoirs Fluids
Wet gas reservoirs
Wet gas reservoirs are characterized by the following properties:

 Gas oil ratios between 60,000 and 100,000 scf/STB.

 Stock-tank oil gravity above 60° API.
 Liquid is water-white in color.
 Separator conditions (i.e., separator pressure and temperature) lie
within the two phase region

Figure-31: A typical phase diagram of dry gas

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 Composition of Various Reservoir Fluid Systems

McCain (1994) suggests that the heavy components in the hydrocarbon mixtures have the strongest effect on fluid
characteristics.

Figure-31: Composition of various reservoir fluid system

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 Characteristic Phase Envelopes for Four Reservoirs

Figure-33: Characteristic phase envelops for four reservoirs

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 Two-phase Reservoirs
Fluid samples obtained from a new field discovery may be instrumental in defining the existence of a two-phase, that is,
gas-cap, system with an overlying gas cap or underlying oil rim. As the compositions of the gas and oil zones are
completely different from each other, both systems may be represented separately by individual phase diagrams, which
bear little relation to each other or to the composite.

Figure-34: Two Phase reservoirs

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 Reservoir Fluids Properties

Gas solubility Rs, is defined as the number of standard cubic feet of gas that dissolve in one stock-tank barrel of crude
oil at certain pressure and temperature. The solubility of a natural gas in a crude oil is a strong function of the
pressure, the temperature, the API gravity, and the gas gravity

 At Pi, Rs=Rsi

 At Pb, Rsb=Rsi

 At any pressure below Pb, Rs will be less than Rsi

Figure-35: Typical gas solubility curve

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 Reservoir Fluids Properties
Oil formation volume factor Bo: is defined as the ratio of the volume of oil (plus the gas in solution) at the
prevailing reservoir temperature and pressure to the volume of oil at standard conditions.

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑖𝑙+𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑟 𝑇 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃

 Bo= 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑎𝑡 𝑇𝑠𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑠𝑐

 At Pi, Bo=Boi
 At Pb, Bo=Bob
 At any pressure below Pb, Bt=Bo+(Rsi-Rso)Bg

Figure-36: Typical oil formation volume factor curve

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 Reservoir Fluids Properties
Total and formation volume Bt , is defined as the ratio of the total volume of the hydrocarbon mixture, that is, oil and
gas, if present, at the prevailing pressure and temperature per unit volume of the stock-tank oil.

(𝑉0 )𝑃,𝑇 +(𝑉𝑔 )𝑃,𝑇

𝐵𝑡 = (𝑉0 )𝑠𝑐

• 𝐵𝑡 = Total formation volume factor, bbl/STB

• (𝑉0 )𝑃,𝑇 = Volume of oil at P and T, bbl

• (𝑉𝑔 )𝑃,𝑇 = Volume of the liberated gas at P and T, bbl

• (𝑉0 )𝑠𝑐 = Volume of oil at standard conditions, STB

 At Pi, Bt=Boi

 At Pb, Bt=Bob Figure-37: Total and formation volume factor curves

 At any pressure below Pb, Bo is decreasing and Bt is increasing due to more gas liberation

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 Reservoir Fluids Properties

Gas formation volume factor 𝑩𝒈 The gas formation volume factor is used to relate the volume of gas, as measured at reservoir
conditions, to the volume of the gas as measured at standard conditions, that is, 60°F and 14.7 psia. As pressure decline the gas expands.
This increases the gas formation volume factor

𝑍𝑇
𝐵𝑔 = 0.02829
𝑃

• 𝐵𝑔 = Gas formation volume factor, 𝑓𝑡 3 /scf

• 𝑍= Gas compressibility factor
• 𝑇= Temperature F
• 𝑃= Pressure, psi

Figure-38: Gas formation volume factor curve

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 Reservoir Fluids Properties

Gas compressibility factor Z After four decades of existence, the Standing-Katz Z-factor chart is still widely used as a
practical source of natural gas compressibility factors. At high pressures, compressibility factor exhibit high values.
Reduction in pressure causes reduction in compressibility factor. However, more reduction leads to an increase in the
compressibility.

Figure-39: Gas compressibility factor curve

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 Reservoir Fluids Properties

𝒑𝒑𝒄 = 756.8 – 131 𝒀𝒈 – 3.6 𝒀𝟐𝒈

𝒑𝒑𝒄 = 169.2 + 349.5 𝒀𝒈 – 74 𝒀𝟐𝒈

𝑷
𝑷𝒑𝒓 =
𝑷𝒑𝒄

𝑷𝑻
𝑻𝒑𝒓 =
𝑻𝒑𝒄

52

Figure-40: Gas Compressibility factor chart

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 For the next session the followings will be covered:

 Primary recovery mechanisms

• Depletion drive

• Gas-cap drive

• Water drive

• Gravity drainage drive

• Combination drive

Thank you for your attention

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