CHAPTER 4 (2)
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
of MATERIALS
POISSON RATIO
When body subjected to axial tensile force, it
elongates and contracts laterally
Similarly, it will contract and its sides expand
laterally when subjected to an axial
compressive force
POISSON RATIO
Strains in longitudinal and lateral:
δ δ’
long = L lat = r
Early 1800s, S.D. Poisson realized that within
elastic range, ration of the two strains is a constant
value, since both are proportional.
Poisson’s ratio, ν (nu) = − lat
long
(Dimensionless)
POISSON RATIO
ν is unique for homogenous and isotropic
material
Why negative sign? Longitudinal elongation
cause lateral contraction (-ve strain) and vice
versa
Lateral strain is the same in all lateral (radial)
directions
Note that, no force or stress acts in a lateral
direction in order to strain the material; the strain
is caused only by axial force.
Poisson’s ratio is dimensionless, 0 ≤ ν ≤ 0.5(max)
POISSON RATIO
EXAMPLE 3.4
Bar is made of A-36 steel and behaves elastically.
Determine change in its length and change in
dimensions of its cross section after load is applied.
POISSON RATIO
Normal stress in the bar is SOLUTION
P
σz = = 16.0(10 6) Pa
A
From tables, Est = 200 GPa, strain in z-direction is
σz
z = E = 80(10−6) mm/mm
st
Axial elongation of the bar is,
δz = zLz = [80(10−6)](1.5 m) = 120 μm
POISSON RATIO
SOLUTION
Using νst = 0.32, contraction strains in both x and y
directions are
x = y = −νstz = −0.32[80(10−6)] = −25.6 μm/m
Thus changes in dimensions of cross-section are
δx = xLx = −[25.6(10−6)](0.1 m) = −25.6 μm
δy = yLy = −[25.6(10−6)](0.05 m) = −1.28 μm
SHEAR STRAIN DIAGRAM
Use thin-tube specimens and subject it to torsional loading
If the material is homogeneous and isotropic, then the
shear stress as a result of torsional loading will caused
uniform distortion.(Figure b)
Record measurements of applied torque and resulting
angle of twist to construct shear stress and shear strain
diagram.
SHEAR STRAIN DIAGRAM
Material will exhibit linear-elastic behavior till its
proportional limit, pl
Strain-hardening continues till it reaches
ultimate shear stress, u
Material loses shear strength till it fractures, at
stress of f
SHEAR STRAIN DIAGRAM
Hooke’s law for shear
τ = Gγ
• G is shear modulus of elasticity or modulus of rigidity
• G can be measured as slope of line on τ-γ (shear stress
– shear strain) diagram,
• G = τpl/ γpl
• The three material constants E, ν, and G is related by
E
G = 2(1 + ν)
SHEAR STRESS DIAGRAM
EXAMPLE 3.5
Specimen of titanium alloy tested in
torsion & shear stress-strain diagram
shown below.
Determine shear modulus G,
proportional limit, and ultimate shear
stress.
Also, determine the maximum
distance d that the top of the block
shown, could be displaced
horizontally if material behaves
elastically when acted upon by V.
Find magnitude of V necessary to
cause this displacement.
SHEAR STRESS DIAGRAM
SOLUTION
Shear modulus
Obtained from the slope of the straight-line portion
OA of the τ-γ diagram. Coordinates of A are (0.008
rad, 360 MPa)
360 MPa
G = 0.008 rad
= 45(103) MPa
SHEAR STRESS DIAGRAM
SOLUTION
Proportional limit
By inspection, graph ceases
to be linear at point A, thus,
τpl = 360 MPa
Ultimate stress
From graph,
τu = 504 MPa
SHEAR STRESS DIAGRAM
Maximum elastic displacement and SOLUTION
shear force
By inspection, graph ceases to be
linear at point A, thus,
d
tan (0.008 rad) ≈ 0.008 rad =
50 mm
d = 0.4 mm
τavg = V
A
V
360 MPa = (75 mm)(100 mm)
V = 2700 kN
FAILURE OF MATERIALS DUE TO CREEP &
FATIGUE
Creep
Occurs when material supports a load for very long
period of time, and continues to deform until a
sudden fracture or usefulness is impaired
Is only considered when metals and ceramics are
used for structural members or mechanical parts
subjected to high temperatures
Other materials (such as polymers & composites)
are also affected by creep without influence of
temperature
FAILURE OF MATERIALS DUE TO CREEP &
FATIGUE
Creep
Stress and/or temperature significantly affects the
rate of creep of a material
Creep strength represents the highest initial stress
the material can withstand during given time without
causing specified creep strain
Simple method to determine creep strength
Test several specimens simultaneously
◦ At constant temperature, but
◦ Each specimen subjected to different axial stress
FAILURE OF MATERIALS DUE TO CREEP &
FATIGUE
Creep
Simple method to determine creep strength
Measure time taken to produce allowable strain
or rupture strain for each specimen
Plot stress vs. strain
• Creep strength
inversely proportional
to temperature and
applied stresses
FAILURE OF MATERIALS DUE TO CREEP &
FATIGUE
Fatigue
Defined as gradual deterioration of a material
that is subjected to time varying loads.
Needs to be accounted for in design of
connecting rods (e.g. steam/gas turbine blades,
connections/supports for bridges, railroad
wheels/axles and parts subjected to cyclic
loading)
Fatigue occurs at a stress lesser than the
material’s yield stress
FAILURE OF MATERIALS DUE TO CREEP &
FATIGUE
Fatigue
Also referred to as the endurance or fatigue limit
Method to get value of fatigue
Series of specimens are subjected to a specified stress
and cycled to failure.
• Plot stress (S) against
number of cycles-to-
failure N (S-N diagram)
on logarithmic scale –
also known as stress-
cycled diagram.
CHAPTER REVIEW
Tension test is the most important test for
determining material strengths. Results of
normal stress and normal strain can then be
plotted.
Many engineering materials behave in a
linear-elastic manner, where stress is
proportional to strain, defined by Hooke’s law,
σ = E. E is the modulus of elasticity, and is
measured from slope of a stress-strain
diagram
When material stressed beyond yield point,
permanent deformation will occur.
CHAPTER REVIEW
At ultimate stress, localized region on
specimen begin to constrict, and starts
“necking”. Fracture occurs.
Ductile materials exhibit both plastic and
elastic behavior. Ductility specified by
permanent elongation to failure or by the
permanent reduction in cross-sectional area
Brittle materials exhibit little or no yielding
before failure
CHAPTER REVIEW
The area up to the yield point of stress-strain
diagram is referred to as the modulus of
resilience
The entire area under the stress-strain
diagram is referred to as the modulus of
toughness
Poisson’s ratio (ν), a dimensionless property
that measures the lateral strain to the
longitudinal strain [0 ≤ ν ≤ 0.5]
For shear stress vs. strain diagram: within
elastic region, τ = Gγ, where G is the
shearing modulus, found from the slope of
the line within elastic region
CHAPTER REVIEW
G can also be obtained from the relationship
of G = E/[2(1+ ν)]
When materials are in service for long
periods of time, creep and fatigue are
important.
Creep is the time rate of deformation, which
occurs at high stress and/or high
temperature. Design the material not to
exceed a predetermined stress called the
creep strength
CHAPTER REVIEW
Fatigue occur when material undergoes a large
number of cycles of loading. Will cause micro-
cracks to occur and lead to brittle failure.
Stress in material must not exceed specified
endurance or fatigue limit
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
Success people makes mistakes but
they don’t quit
ThanK YoU &
WassAlam…
SUHAIREZA me
