Demystifying Numerical Models

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Demystifying
Numerical Models
Step-by-Step Modeling of Engineering
Systems

John P. T. Mo
Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University,
Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Sherman C. P. Cheung
Mechanical Engineering, RMIT University,
Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Raj Das
Aerospace and Aviation,
RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Contents

Preface ix

1. Introduction to Engineering Systems 1

1.1 Systems Engineering Principles 1
1.1.1 Integrity 1
1.1.2 Stability 1
1.1.3 Compatibility 2
1.1.4 Safety 2
1.1.5 Sustainability 2
1.2 Nature of Engineering Systems 3

2. Basic Numerical Techniques 5

2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Roots of Equations 5
2.2.1 Direct Search Method 6
2.2.2 Bisection Method 7
2.2.3 Newton Raphson Method 11
2.3 Differential Equations 13
2.3.1 Euler’s Method 13
2.3.2 Modified Euler’s Method 16
2.3.3 Runge Kutta Method Second Order 18
2.3.4 Runge Kutta Method Fourth Order 28

3. Wind Power and Aerodynamics Systems 33

3.1 Liquid Flow Systems 33
3.2 Basic Knowledge and Terminology of Wind Turbine 33
3.3 Blade Element Theory 34
3.3.1 Axial Force and Momentum Change 34
3.3.2 Rotating Angular Momentum 36
3.3.3 Blade Element and Relative Velocity 38
3.3.4 Aerodynamic Lift and Drag Forces 41
3.3.5 Losses at the Tip and Overall Power Output 45
3.4 Blade Design and Solving Procedures 46
3.4.1 Overall Blade Design Procedure 46
3.4.2 Iterative Procedure for Solving the BEM 48

v
vi Contents

3.4.3 Power Output of a Twisted and Tapered Blad

(NACA S809) 49
References 60

4. Steady-State Heat Conduction Systems 61

4.1 Application of Heat Transfer Process 61
4.2 The Three Modes of Heat Transfer 61
4.2.1 Conduction 62
4.2.2 Convection 63
4.2.3 Radiation 65
4.3 Steady-State Conduction Problems 66
4.3.1 Governing Equations 67
4.4 Boundary Conditions for Heat Conduction Problems 69
4.4.1 Constant Temperature at Specific Surfaces 70
4.4.2 Adiabatic Condition at Well-Insulated Surfaces 71
4.4.3 Surfaces Subjected to Convection or Radiation Heat
Transfer 71
4.5 Finite Difference Approach 73
4.5.1 First-Order Finite Difference Approximation 73
4.5.2 Second-Order Finite Difference Approximation 75
4.6 One-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction 76
4.6.1 One-Dimensional Conduction With Internal
Heat Source 76
4.6.2 Formulation for the Boundary Conditions 79
4.6.3 Heat Dissipation of a Hot Plate 81
Reference 85

5. Two-Dimensional and Transient Heat Conduction 87

5.1 Importance of Two-Dimensional and Transient Heat
Conduction Problems 87
5.2 Direct Versus Iterative Methods 88
5.3 Two-Dimensional Steady State Heat Conduction 88
5.3.1 Two-Dimensional Discretization 88
5.3.2 Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction in a Square Steel
Column 91
5.4 Time-Dependent Heat Conduction Problem 96
5.4.1 Implicit and Explicit Time Discretization 98
5.4.2 Stability and Choice of Time Step for Explicit Method 100
5.4.3 Transient Heat Conduction in a One-Dimensional
Steel Bar 101

6. Electrical Power Systems 109

6.1 Electrical Systems 109
6.2 Analysis of DC Motor Circuits 110
6.3 Analysis of RLC Circuit 113
6.4 Motor Driven Position Control System 117
 Contents vii

7. Industrial Systems 127

7.1 Industrial Systems 127
7.2 Transport Systems Modeling 127
7.2.1 Transport on a Plane (Two-Dimensional Space) 127
7.2.2 Transport in Rectilinear Layout 130
7.2.3 Transport in a Building 135
7.3 Inventory Control 139
7.3.1 Replenish Directly From a Stock Pile 139
7.3.2 Varying Demand 144
7.3.3 Replenishing From Manufacturing 148

8. Systems Engineering 155

8.1 Systems Analysis 155
8.2 System Operation Strategy 155
8.3 Reliability-Based Operation 159
8.4 Market Variation Modeling 165
8.5 Failure Mode and Effect Analysis Prioritization 176

9. Beam Deflection 191

9.1 Introduction 191
9.2 Beam Deflection Problem Formulation 191
9.3 Finite Difference Discretization 193
9.3.1 Interior Points 193
9.3.2 Boundary Conditions 195
9.4 Beam Deflection Problems—Numerical Solutions 196
9.4.1 Clamped Beam Under a Point Load 197
9.4.2 Simply Supported Beam Under a Point Load 197
9.4.3 Simply Supported Beam Under a Uniform Load 199
9.4.4 Simply Supported Beam Under a Linear Load 200
9.4.5 Functionally Graded Clamped Beam Under a Point
Load With a Linearly Varying Elastic Modulus 201
9.5 Convergence and Accuracy 202
9.6 Summary 207
References 207

10. Mechanical Vibration 209

10.1 Introduction to Vibration Problems 209
10.2 Vibration Problem Formulation 209
10.3 Finite Difference Discretization 210
10.3.1 Interior Points 210
10.3.2 Initial Conditions 211
10.4 Vibration Problems—Numerical Solutions 212
10.4.1 Free Vibration Without Damping 212
10.4.2 Forced Vibration Without Damping 214
viii Contents

10.4.3 Free Vibration With Damping 215

10.4.4 Forced Vibration With Damping 220
10.5 Convergence 222
10.5.1 Free Vibration Without Damping 222
10.5.2 Forced Vibration Without Damping 225
10.5.3 Free Vibration With Damping 225
10.5.4 Forced Vibration With Damping 229
10.6 Summary 233
References 233

11. Thin Plate Deflection 235

11.1 Introduction 235
11.2 Plate Deflection Problem Formulation 235
11.3 Finite Difference Discretization 237
11.3.1 Interior Points 238
11.3.2 Boundary Conditions 241
11.4 Plate Deflection Problems: Numerical Solutions 243
11.4.1 Clamped Plate Under a Uniform Load 243
11.4.2 Simply Supported Plate Under a Uniform Load 245
11.4.3 Simply Supported Plate Under a Concentrated Load 246
11.4.4 Simply Supported Plate Under a Uniform Load
With a Linear Stiffness Variation 248
11.5 Convergence and Accuracy 249
11.5.1 Clamped Plate Under a Uniform Load 250
11.5.2 Simply Supported Plate Under a Uniform Load 251
11.5.3 Simply Supported Plate Under a Concentrated Load 254
11.6 Summary 254
References 255

Index 257
Preface

Engineering is the application of scientific knowledge to create systems that

serve people and the community. In the engineering design process, engi-
neers use data to characterize, refine, test, validate, verify, and plan system
functions and behaviors. However, most engineering design literatures focus
on external esthetic design capabilities and the use of graphical systems to
create and process the product. Texts that focus on functional and behavioral
designs are analytic making it difficult for the students to comprehend
without going through the tedious mathematical derivations. The problem is
that students tend to memorize the mathematical expression without an
in-depth understanding of the fundamental principles in engineering.
For some physical analysis (e.g. structural and fluid flow behavior),
specific computational packages specially designed for the type of assets
have been developed. These software packages are designed for detailed
analysis for large-scale sophisticated systems with specific applications.
Nonetheless, in practical engineering process, engineers are constantly facing
the challenges to assess system behavior characterized by differential/integral
mathematical expression where analytical solution is not accessible; such as
logistics and services, or even human behavior operating an engineering
asset. Computational tools for obtaining numerical solutions of these
problems are simply not available. The engineers have to rely on their own
knowledge and methodology to design their system.
This book fills the gap by explaining the analytic concepts of engineering
components and systems in simplified terms and progressing to focus on
solving the engineering characteristics and behaviors using numerical
methods. The computational aspects of engineering analysis can then be
applied to develop the functions and characteristics of the engineering
systems to a level that is adequate for implementation.
This book aims to target audience both for undergraduates studying
engineering and practical engineers in industry. For undergraduate audience,
basically, all engineering disciplines will need this knowledge for solving
complex problems that are analytically impossible to derive a solution or for
projects that do not show strong correlation in operating parameters. Worked
examples are used extensively to illustrate different methods and approaches.

ix