The Philippine Women’s University

School of Tourism

The Contemporary World

Global Issue:
Solid Waste Management

By:
Luchavez, William
Romero, Iola Cher
Ruiz, Danilo
Verzosa, Nicole Ann
 Introduction

Waste is a global issue. If not properly dealt with, waste poses a threat to public health

and the environment. It is a growing issue linked directly to the way society produces

and consumes. It concerns everyone. One of the most pressing problems in the world

today is the escalation of solid waste generated to an increasing population, leading to

the deterioration of the environment. Based on the “World Population Data Sheet,”

(Motavilli et al. 2005) there will be a 46 percent increase in worldwide population to

about nine billion from 2005 to 2050. Solid waste management is one of the essential

utility services underpinning society in the 21st century, particularly in urban areas. Solid

waste management is a basic human need and can also be regarded as a ‘basic human

right’. Solid waste management has been identified as an important service which

drastically increasing in volume and cost faster than the rate of urbanization globally

(Hoornweg and Bhada-Tata, 2012). Ensuring proper sanitation and solid waste

management sits alongside the provision of potable water, shelter, food, energy,

transport and communications as essential to society and to the economy as a whole.

Despite this, the public and political profile of waste management is often lower than

other utility services. Unfortunately, the consequences of doing little or even nothing to

address waste management can be very costly to society and to the economy overall.

In the absence of waste regulations and their rigorous implementation and enforcement,

a generator of waste will tend to opt for the cheapest available course of action. And

there’s a lot of impact of solid waste in our health, environment and to country.

Impacts include the transfer of globalized or internationalized waste management

methods and ideologies together with an increased volume and variety of waste,
resulting from increased flows of goods and services, and changed life style and

consumption patterns; conflicting involvement of multi-national companies with local

initiative groups, city and national government in waste management matters and other

issues which directly or indirectly affect the waste sector. ate waste-management

system. Solid-waste management may be defined as the discipline associated with

controlling the generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and

disposal of solid waste in a manner that is in accordance with the best principles of

health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and other environmental

considerations, and that is also responsive to public attitudes. In its scope, solid-waste

management includes all administrative, financial, legal, planning, and engineering

functions involved in the solutions to all problems of solid waste. The solutions may

involve complex interdisciplinary fields such as political science, city and regional

planning, geography, economics, public health, sociology, demography,

communications, and conservation, as well engineering and materials science. For

instance, if waste is wet or has a low heating value, it would not be possible to

incinerate it without adding supplemental fuel. If a portion of the waste stream consists

of organics and can be easily separated from other waste materials, bioconversion of

the waste may become a viable strategy. On the other hand, the waste generated by

industrialized countries may be different from those generated by non-industrialized

countries. Non-industrialized societies may have more organic waste than those

generated by industrialized countries. If this is the case, composting or anaerobic

digestion may be more suitable for organic waste management.

The activities associated with managing solid waste from the generation point to final
disposal normally include generation, reduction, reuse, recycling, handling, collection,

transfer and transport, transformation (e.g., recovery and treatment), and disposal.

Depending on site specific conditions, a sound waste-management program can be

established by combining some of the necessary activities into integrated solid-waste

management. On the other hand, legislative efforts and effective implementation are

vital for the safe management and disposal of solid waste. Incentives may be provided

for the development and practice of safe treatments, harmless manufacturing

processes, and methods for converting solid waste into valuable resources by recycling

and reuse.
 Body of the Research

Solid waste management affects everyone; however, those most affected by the

negative impacts of poorly managed waste are largely society’s most vulnerable—losing

their lives and homes from landslides of waste dumps, working in unsafe waste-picking

conditions, and suffering profound health repercussions.

ASSOCIATED RISKS

Disease Transmission – decomposing organic waste attracts animals, vermin and flies.

Flies may play a major role in the transmission of fecal-oral disease, particularly where

domestic waste contains feces (often those of children). Rodents may increase the

transmission of diseases such as leptospirosis and salmonella. Solid waste may also

provide mosquitoes. These are responsible for the spread of dengue and yellow fevers.

Pollution – poor management of the collection and disposal of solid waste may lead to

leachate pollution of surface water or groundwater. This may cause significant problems

if the waste contains toxic substances, or if nearby water sources are used for water

supplies. When large quantities of dry waste are stored in hot climates this may create a

fire hazard. Related hazards include smoke pollution and fire threat to buildings and

people.
Effect on morale – the effect of living in an unhygienic and untidy environment may lead

people to become demoralized and less motivated to improve conditions around them.

Waste attracts to more waste and lead to less hygienic behavior in general.

Sources and Types of Solid Waste

Sources of Solid Waste – In most emergency situations the main sources of solid waste

are:

 Medical centers

 Food stores

 Feeding centers

 Food distribution points

 Slaughter areas

 Warehouses

 Agency premises

 Markets

 Domestic Areas

 Residences

Appropriate solid waste management strategies may vary for institutional, communal

and domestic sources, depending on types and volumes of waste. Waste from medical

centers poses specific health hazards.

Type and Quantity of Waste – The type and quantity of waste generated in emergency

situations varies greatly. The main factors affecting these are:

 The geographical region (developed or less developed country or region)

  Socio-cultural practices and materials levels among affected population;

 Seasonal variations (affecting types of food available)

 The stage of emergency (volume and composition of waste may change over

time); and

 The packaging of food rations.

In general, the volume of waste generated is likely to be small and largely degradable

where the population is of rural origin and the food rations supplied are unpackaged dry

foodstuffs. Displaced urban population are most likely to generate larger volumes of

non-degradable waste, especially where packaged food rations are provided.

Guideline values suggest that each person is likely to produce 0.5-1.0 litres of refuse

per day with an organic content of 25 to 35 percent and a moisture content between 10

and 60 percent (Adams, 1999). However, this is likely to vary greatly and estimates

should be made locally.

Different categories of solid waste include:

Organic Waste: Waste from preparation of food, market places, etc.

Combustibles: Paper, wood, dried leaves, packaging for relief items, etc.

(high organic and low moisture content)

Non- combustibles: Metal, tin cans, bottles, stones, etc.

Ashes/Dust: Residue from fires used for cooking, etc.

Bulky waste: Tree branches, tire’s, etc.

Dead animals: Carcasses of domestic animals and livestock

Hazardous waste: Oil, battery acid, medical waste

Constructions waste: Roofing, rubble, broken concrete, etc.

Waste management has strong linkages to a range of other global challenges: health,

climate change, poverty reduction, food and resource security, sustainable production

and consumption. The political case for action can be significantly strengthened when

waste management is viewed as an entry point to address a range of sustainable

development issues, many of which are difficult to tackle. Here are some strong

examples of issues and cases in global.

PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUES FROM UNCOLLECTED WASTE

Collection crisis – waste piling up in the streets 3

Case: Naples, Italy, 1994-2014

The Naples metropolitan area has had long-

running problems with municipal solid waste

management. The inability to find a satisfactory

permanent solution for waste treatment and

disposal has led to periodic ‘crises’ in which the absence of anywhere to take the waste

has meant that waste could not be collected. Left to pile up in the streets, the waste

became breeding grounds for vector-borne diseases, representing a public health risk

for the population. Emergency solutions have sometimes included new uncontrolled

dumpsites near the city, sparking further citizen protests. Such crises made national and

international headlines in 1994, 1999, 2003, 2008, 2010 and 2011. The situation has

caused substantial friction among the different stakeholder groups and has been further
complicated by the active involvement of criminal organizations in waste transport. The

new municipal government in 2011 appointed a leading anti-waste protester to head the

waste management agency, and waste was thereafter transported to other Italian

regions and other EU countries while a sustainable local solution was sought. In 2013

an incinerator in Accra, near Naples, started operating with a processing capacity of

650,000 t/y. Waste recycling has also increased. This has eased the city’s

situation considerably. However, waste is still shipped to other regions, notably

organics, due to the lack of compost plants in the Naples region, and waste is also

transported to the Netherlands for incineration. An

unresolved issue is what to do with the 8 million tons

of waste that accumulated in ‘temporary’ sites in the

area surrounding Naples, as this issue requires both

money and political will, both currently lacking.

Major floods exacerbated by plastic bags blocking

drains Case: Accra, Ghana

Every year Ghana suffers from seasonal flooding. In Accra, as in many other places,

drains blocked by plastics and other wastes are an important factor in this. Due to a lack

of organized collection, many people simply dump their solid wastes, some of which

gets washed into the drains. Litter on the streets and in the gutters is also widespread,

much of it from the indiscriminate disposal of commonly used plastic sachets holding

drinking water. Floods in 2011 incurred loss of life and damaged or destroyed

livelihoods and economic value. Fourteen people were killed, 43,000 were affected, and
17,000 lost their homes, with damage to roads, waterways and bridges also reported.

In addition, 100 incidents of cholera were identified a week after the flooding occurred.

Epidemic resulting from uncollected waste blocking drains and creating breeding

grounds for disease vectors Case: Plague-like epidemic in Surat, India, 1994

In 1994, the city of Surat suffered an outbreak of plaguelike disease caused by major

flooding as a consequence of uncollected waste blocking the drains. In the preceding

years, the city had experienced a growth in population not matched by the infrastructure

necessary to provide adequate solid waste management services – services under the

responsibility of the municipality. At the time municipal solid waste collection was limited

to 40% of the city5 and the remaining waste was left uncollected and often came to be

disposed of in drains and water bodies. The disease outbreak resulted in 693 cases

reported and 56 deaths. Additionally, the country may have suffered as much as USD 2

billion in economic losses,6 including approximately USD 420 million in lost export

earnings (for example, the United Arab Emirates suspended all cargo transshipments

from India). The disease outbreak occurred just before the Deepavali festival and over

45,000 people cancelled trips to India.7 Over the following 18 months the city

administration, Surat Municipal Corporation, transformed the city into one of the

cleanest cities in the region. The initiatives carried out included monitoring,

infrastructure development in slums, engagement of the private sector in waste

collection and transportation, capacity building and coordination among municipal

employees, awareness raising among the public and the introduction of complaint

handling systems.8 They also created the Littering Detection Squad, an initiative under
which people work to maintain the cleanliness of specific areas considered most

vulnerable to litter and generate revenue by penalizing residents or shopkeepers who

continue littering despite previous warnings.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS FROM LARGE SCALE UNCONTROLLED DUMPING

AND BURNING

Landslide at a major uncontrolled municipal

dumpsite Case: Payatas. Quezon City,

Philippines, 2000

In July 2000, after ten consecutive days of

heavy rain, a slope of the Payatas municipal

dumpsite collapsed on a slum community. The

18-hectare facility received an average of 1,500-1,800 tons of waste per day and was

home to waste pickers who constructed their houses up to and onto the waste slope.

The landslide killed nearly 300 people and left hundreds of families homeless and

without a source of livelihood. The slope failure was the result of raised leachate level

(due to the heavy rain, absence of soil cover and high infiltration), landfill gas pressures,

low waste density (due to limited compaction) and unstable slopes at too acute an

angle.18 Although the dumpsite was closed in the aftermath of the tragedy, the impact

on the cleanliness of the city forced local authorities to re-open it in November. In 2001

the City government started work to transform the dumpsite into a controlled waste

disposal facility and an eco-park. Work on the site included slope re-profiling and

terracing, stabilization and greening, leachate collection and recirculation, drainage

system improvement, fortified roadways and access to the site, gas venting and
material recovery. In 2004 a 110kW Pilot Methane Power plant was set up at the site

and in 2007/8 a Biogas Emissions Reduction Project started. The project was the first

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project in solid waste management in the

Philippines and in Southeast Asia and registered under the Kyoto Protocol of the United

Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). GHG emissions have

been reduced by an estimated 116,000 tons CO2 per annum. In addition, employment

has been created, local capacity of the technology and know-how have been cultivated

and financial resources from the sale of Certified Emission Reductions, or carbon

credits, have been obtained. The project is considered a showcase of best practices.

Local health crisis resulting from historic uncontrolled disposal of hazardous waste

Case: Love Canal, USA – late 1970s

Love Canal was originally planned as a community

settlement powered by a canal connecting the

Niagara River with Niagara Falls. Only one mile of

the canal had been dug when the project came to

a halt. The site was sold to Hooker Chemical Company and the canal became a

municipal and chemical dumpsite where some 20,000 tons of toxic chemicals13 were

dumped over the years, from the 1920s to the 1950s. In 1953 the canal, having reached

full capacity, was covered with earth and sold. Homes and a school were constructed

there at the end of the 1950s. In the 60s and 70s problems with odors and residues

were reported, as the water table rose and brought contaminated groundwater to the

surface. In 1978, a record amount of rainfall resulted in contaminated leachate

containing toxic chemicals migrating into the yards and basements of the houses and
the school and contaminating the air, as the drums containing the waste had

deteriorated over time. More than 100 cases of chemically induced illnesses among

children caused a huge public outcry. Investigations found 82 different compounds, of

which 11 are suspected carcinogens. Emergency financial aid of USD 10 million was

approved to relocate some of the families and in 1980 the US ‘Superfund’ law14 was

enacted in the wake of discovering toxic waste dumps such as Love Canal. Cleanup

activities at such sites have been ongoing. In 1995 according to a consent decree, the

chemical company agreed to reimburse the federal government’s past costs for

response actions, natural resource damages claim and oversight costs, amounting to

over USD 129 million.15 In 2004 the site was deleted from the National Priorities List

(NPL).

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT REGULATION

These regulations are promulgated by the Republic of Palau Environmental Quality

Protection Board pursuant to the authority granted by Republic of Palau Public Law No.

1- 5. These regulations shall have the force and effect of law. The purpose of this

regulations is to establish minimum standards governing the design, construction,

installation, operation and maintenance of solid waste storage, collection and disposal

systems. Such as standards are intended to:

a) Prevent air and land pollution

b) Prevent the spread of disease and the creation of nuisance.

c) Protect the public health safety

d) Conserve natural resources and

e) Preserve and enhance the beauty and quality of the environment.

Storage Requirements All solid waste shall be stored in such a manner that it does not

constitute a fire, health, or safety hazard or provide food or harborage for vectors. All

solid waste shall be contained or bundled so as not to result in spillage.

Food Wastes – All solid waste containing food wastes shall be securely stored in

covered or closed containers which are: Nonabsorbent, leakproof, durable, easily

cleanable (if reusable) and designed for safe handling.

Building and Facility Design – In the design of the buildings or the facilities which are

constructed or modified, there shall be storage facilities to accommodate the volume of

solid waste anticipated. Storage facilities must be easily cleaned and maintained, and

follow for efficient and safe collection.

Bulky Waste – Storage of bulky wastes shall include, but is not limited to, removing all

doors from large household appliance and covering the items to reduce the problems of

vector harborage, and the accumulation of solid waste and water in and around the

bulky items.

Waste Containers – Containers shall be of an adequate size and in sufficient numbers

to contain all food wastes, rubbish, and ashes that a residence or other establishment

generates in the period of time between the collections. Reusable waste containers

which are emptied manually shall not exceed 75 pounds when filled or have a capacity

of more than 55 gallons in volume and shall be capable of being serviced without the

collector coming into physical contact with the solid waste. Reusable waste containers

shall be constructed of corrosion resistant metal or other material which will not absorb

water, grease or oil. And also, shall be leakproof, including sides, seams, and bottoms
and be durable enough to withstand anticipated usage without rusting, cracking, or

deforming in a manner that would impair service ability.

Solid Waste Collection

Collection Safety – Collection system shall operate in such as manner as to protect the

health and safety of personnel associated with the operations. All solid waste personnel

shall receive instructions and training in safe container and waste handling techniques,

and in the proper operation of collection equipment. Wear protective equipment such as

gloves, safety glasses, respirators and footwear.

Collection Equipment – The equipment used in the collection and transportation of

solid waste shall be constructed, operated and maintained in such a manner as to

minimize health and safety hazards to solid waste management personnel and the

public, and to prevent the propagation or attraction of vectors and the creation of

nuisance.

Collection Frequency – Solid waste shall be collected with frequency sufficient to

inhibit the propagation or attraction of vectors and the creation of nuisance. Which also,

contain food wastes shall be collected at a minimum of once during each weak. While,

bulky waste shall be collected at a minimum of once every three months.

Collecting Operations – The collection of solid waste shall be conducted in a safe,

efficient manner, strictly obeying all applicable traffic and other laws.
Solid Waste Disposal Facility Standards – A planning, design, construction,

operation and maintenance of any solid waste disposal facility requiring a permit under

the Solid Waste Management Regulations shall be in accordance with the rules and

regulations of the Board and the terms and conditions of any permit issued.

Hazardous Waste Disposal Standards – Each state shall be responsible to see that

facilities for the disposal of hazardous waste material are available. Any solid waste

facility that accepts hazardous solid waste materials for disposal shall be in order to

prevent damage to human health or the environment.

IMPLEMENTATION OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Emergent urbanization and changes in the pattern of life, give rise to generation of

increasing quantities of wastes and it’s now becoming another threat to our already

degraded environment. There is a need to address both problems in such a way that

there should be resolution which can give proper management of both kind of waste.

For this purpose, public awareness about the waste management can play a crucial rule

in controlling the waste of both the sides.

One of the ordinances being implemented for the welfare of all is the Comprehensive

Solid Waste Management ordinance. This ordinance is implemented to municipalities to

guarantee a clean and orderly community. The ordinance aims to have an environment-

friendly locality and develop positive attitude for the people towards cleaning and

segregating. An international basis of an almost the same ordinance with the

Comprehensive Solid Waste Management can be observed in the country of Singapore.

The Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) facility was instigated to completely
reduce, collect, recycle and dispose waste within the country. This was executed

because of the increase of solid waste over the years, from 1,260 tons of waste per day

in the year 1970 to 8,559 tons per day in the year 2016. In addition, four functional

elements of ISWM includes source reduction, recycling and composting, waste

transportation and landfilling (Leblanc, 2016). In the interim, Philippines implements a

different system in handling waste of the country. Specifically, in the cities of Cebu,

Iligan and Quezon, these cities are known to employ the No Segregation, No Collection

ordinance. The solid waste management system implemented in the city of Cebu

focuses in the segregation of biodegradable waste. Along with its implementation is the

information dissemination to be made by the officers in charge. Along with the

segregation of solid waste, the ordinance also bans littering and throwing waste along

the streets, no open burning or waste and no open dumping of garbage in flood- prone

areas (Lazaro, 2016). The Comprehensive Solid Waste Management serve as a tool for

change in the people actions.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS

Waste management systems have social drivers (consumption habits, lifestyle and

communication); economic (waste cost and benefit), political (waste regulation and

laws), technological (various waste treatment technologies), and environmental drivers

capable of shaping the operating system (Pires et al., 2010; Zaman et al., 2011) and

that should be given equal attention.

Reduction at source proper handling of generated waste is not limited to the

acquisition of improved technology, technical expertise, and legislation. SWM strategies

addresses waste issues with models consisting of a combination of source reduction,

combustion, recycling and landfill plans. (EPA, 2012e). Reduction at source comprising

designing, manufacturing and usage of post-consumer and pre-consumer materials in a

way that reduces the quantity and toxicity of waste. Additionally, source reduction

activities include product reuse, elimination of unnecessary product packaging,

reduction of product toxicity, increase in product lifespan, and decrease consumption,

by changing consumer- buying practices.

Waste Sorting at Source waste sorting involves activities associated with the waste

management until they are placement in storage containers for collection. Sorting,

handling and storage of waste at the source. Thus, waste sorting at source makes it the

best practice to separate waste materials for reuse and recycling (Dong et al., 2011;

Khatib, 2011).

Waste Collection and Container waste collection is under the responsibility of

municipalities, whereas the responsibility for separate collection changes from nation to

nation and region to region, and can be assumed by the metropolises or/and private

companies. In addition, the presence of adapting waste equipment such as compactor

collection trucks, wheeled waste handling Container and plastic bins.

Tipping fees, Recycling and Landfills discarding the SWM on land is by far the most

common means in many countries and perhaps remains the sole accepted disposal

mean (Sharma, 2009). Sanitary landfills continue to be the cheapest satisfactory means

of disposal that is if suitable land is within economic range and not far from the source

of waste. Collection and transportation account for 75% of the total cost of solid waste

management, and recycling has been relying on landfill tipping fees (WB, 2011).
Solutions for Sustainable Solid Waste Management

Innovative waste-to-energy technology is heralded as a sustainable and necessary

solution to the increase in waste due to rapid urbanization; adequate waste disposal

facilities are crucial not only for public health but also preserving the natural

environment. Take Japan as an example, which accumulates some 43 million tons of

waste each year. Much of it is processed by more than 1,100 waste incineration

facilities throughout the country, which have become indispensable for their role in

seamlessly handling all the garbage. The waste is incinerated, harmful substances are

detoxified and the collective output is then effectively harnessed into thermal energy,

thereby becoming an important source of power. As a result, only around 10% of

municipal solid waste needs to go to landfills.

There are a lot of items that we use every day and then get rid of them by throwing

them in the garbage. Unfortunately, this results in a pile of garbage as we throw old

items, as well as the packaging of new items. Reducing solid waste is reducing the

amount of trash that goes to landfills. Reduce, Reuse and Recycle are the most

common methods to reduce solid waste. Solid waste poses a huge problem as it has an

economic and environmental impact, and secondly, due to the slow decomposition rate,

which takes thousands of years, several acres of land has already been virtually

rendered useless that could have been actually used for setting up new residential

colonies or industries.

Three approaches can be adopted to attain a sustainable Solid Wastes Management.

These include:
a) Reduction Approach - which calls for lower levels of material consumption in

society.

b) Reuse and …

c) Recycling Approach - which attempts to maximize the life span of a material

in the production-consumption cycle.

Reduction Approach:

This approach calls for reduction in the per capita consumption of natural resources

through one or more of the following approaches.

· Purchase more durable items

· Buy more efficient products - automobiles, houses and appliances.

· Cut consumption by reducing luxury items.

· Manufacturers can reduce the sizes of their products so to cut down on material

used per unit

Reuse and Recycle Approach

· Advocates of the Reuse approach calls for a continuous use of materials in an

attempt to cut down on the consumption of new resources. For example, boxes, clothes,

appliances that may be trash-bound could be donated to others for reuse.

· Recycling is another form of Reuse but usually involves some form of conversion

from one state of the material to another. For example, in recycling, a glass will have to

be crushed and melted before it will be used to make a new glass.

Composting: a form of recycling that occurs when organic matter such as kitchen

wastes, yard waste (leaves and branches) and even paper and cardboard are allowed

to decompose.

The following is the easiest way to help our environment to become clean and green or

to reduce the solid waste:

1.) Reduce Food Waste - Food is another item that we often just carelessly toss

away without thinking twice about it. Each year, a very large percentage of our

purchased food is left uneaten. Instead of simply throwing away food, make good

use out of it. Even if we kept just a small percentage of our uneaten food and

donated it, millions of needy people would be fed.

2.) Stop Using Plastic - Sadly most food is wrapped in plastic these days. If you

observe your bin, you will find most of it is plastic that was wrapping your food.

This is one of the biggest struggles of day-to-day life, as supermarkets,

producers cover everything in plastic. Try to seek out foods or anything that

aren’t wrapped in plastic.

3.) Bring or Use Your Own Reusable Bag - Whenever you leave the house, make

sure you are carrying your own bag. Instead of plastic bags, we all need to be

bringing our own reusable options. Cotton bags are really great and are perfect

for loose fruit and veg.

4.) Recycle - Don’t just throw away old glass bottles or aluminum cans. Instead,

recycle them. Keep a recycle bin in your home to place old soda cans, paper,

metal and plastic cups.

 5.) Support Recycled Products - Consider buying items made from recycled

products so that you can help the environment in making it clean and green.

6.) Composting - Composting is an easy and natural process that takes remains of

plants and kitchen waste and turns it into nutrient-rich food that help your plants

grow. Compost is organic materials that have been collected together and

decomposed.

7.) Get Involved - get involved. Visit pro-recycling sites and talk to others in your

community about the benefits of reducing solid waste. Family, friends, neighbors,

anyone. If you start to make a difference, maybe others will follow your footsteps.

CONCLUSION

Human ways of life have placed pressure on the environment and have caused

imbalance in the eco systems by the producing, consuming and wasting of natural

resources. Most countries evidently have major effects on the environment due to SW

generation with economic development since the natural resources are used, and waste

and pollution are produced. Therefore, the concern towards the management of solid

waste as an integral part for sustainable development has increased. This study

explored the importance of SWM for sustainable development, it is clear that improper

waste management practices have a significant impact on the natural environment and

sustainable development in the study area. Thus, awareness about SWM impact on

sound environmental development or/and sustainable development in seemingly low.

Therefore, it is important that the SWM should be developed from the primary level.

Waste storage and primary disposal are the dominant means of managing waste. Thus,
it has caused significant challenges in the study area. Therefore, waste separation from

the household level, proper storage, more efficient waste collection systems, and

sustainable recovery and disposal practices are identified as needed processes in the

study area. Considering the nature and components of waste generated by households

and business places, the waste reduction, reuse, recycling and composting processes

would be more suitable in managing the challenge.

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Philippines implements a different system in

handling waste of the country. Specifically, in the cities of Cebu, Illigan
and Quezon, these cities are known to employ the No Segregation, No
Collection ordinance. The solid waste management system implemented
in the city of Cebu focuses in the segregation of biodegradable and non-
biodegradable waste. Along with its implementation is the information
dissemination to be made by the officers in charge. The ordinance follows
different scheduling for the collection of plastics, bottles, glass, papers and
wastes from commercialized establishments.
Philippines implements a different system in
handling waste of the country. Specifically, in the cities of Cebu, Illigan
and Quezon, these cities are known to employ the No Segregation, No
Collection ordinance. The solid waste management system implemented
in the city of Cebu focuses in the segregation of biodegradable and non-
biodegradable waste. Along with its implementation is the information
dissemination to be made by the officers in charge. The ordinance follows
different scheduling for the collection of plastics, bottles, glass, papers and
wastes from commercialized establishments.
Philippines implements a different system in
handling waste of the country. Specifically, in the cities of Cebu, Illigan
and Quezon, these cities are known to employ the No Segregation, No
Collection ordinance. The solid waste management system implemented
in the city of Cebu focuses in the segregation of biodegradable and non-
biodegradable waste. Along with its implementation is the information
dissemination to be made by the officers in charge. The ordinance follows
different scheduling for the collection of plastics, bottles, glass, papers and
wastes from commercialized establishments.