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7 Transistor Biasing and Small Signal Model

1. BJT amplifiers work by amplifying small input signals through the transistor's amplification property in the active region. The transistor is biased in this region using various biasing circuits like fixed bias, voltage divider bias, or self bias. 2. For AC analysis, the transistor is modeled using a small signal model that treats it as a linear device. Key parameters are transconductance (gm), output resistance (re), and current gain (hfe). 3. In a common emitter amplifier circuit, the transistor operates on the AC load line. Key performance metrics are the voltage gain and output resistance, which depend on factors like load resistance and transistor parameters.

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Prince Panja
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76 views

7 Transistor Biasing and Small Signal Model

1. BJT amplifiers work by amplifying small input signals through the transistor's amplification property in the active region. The transistor is biased in this region using various biasing circuits like fixed bias, voltage divider bias, or self bias. 2. For AC analysis, the transistor is modeled using a small signal model that treats it as a linear device. Key parameters are transconductance (gm), output resistance (re), and current gain (hfe). 3. In a common emitter amplifier circuit, the transistor operates on the AC load line. Key performance metrics are the voltage gain and output resistance, which depend on factors like load resistance and transistor parameters.

Uploaded by

Prince Panja
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electrical Sciences

Dr. Sudeep Baudha


Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department
BITS Pilani KK Birla Goa Campus
BJT amplifiers
• The amplitude of a signal, if too small, is
enlarged or amplified to utilize their
information content.
• The circuit used to increase the amplitude of a
signal is called Amplifier.
• Small signal amplifier
• Large signal amplifier (or Power amplifier)
BJT amplifiers
• In active region, transistor exhibits amplification
property
• In cut-off and saturation
region, transistor is used
in digital logic circuits.
BJT amplifiers
• Load line equation
𝑉𝐶𝐶 −𝑉𝐶𝐸 1 𝑉𝐶𝐶
𝑖𝑐 = =− 𝑉𝐶𝐸 +
𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐶
If transistor is biased in active region
For iB = 40μA, VCE = 6V, => iC = 4mA

If AC component is added in iB
iB = iBQ+ib = 40μ + 10μ.sinωt
iC = iCQ + ic = 4m + 1m.sinωt
VCE = VCEQ + vce = 6-2.sinωt
Δ𝑖 𝑖
AC current gain ℎ𝑓𝑒 = 𝐶 = 𝑐 = 100 (here)
Δ𝑖𝐵 𝑖𝑏
𝐼𝐶𝑄
DC current gain ℎ𝐹𝐸 = = 100
𝐼𝐵𝑄
In this case hfe = hFE, but they need not be equal always.
BJT amplifiers
• If Q-point is located too close to cutoff or
saturation region, the ac-component of iB can
drive the BJT into cutoff or saturation.
• Even if Q-point is located centrally and ac
amplitude is too large, then BJT may also go
into cutoff or saturation.
BJT Biasing
• Fix biasing:
𝑉𝐶𝐶 −𝑉𝐵𝐸
𝑖𝐵 =
𝑅𝐵
Since VBE = 0.7 V, and if VCC and
RB is fixed, then iB is also fixed.
Thererfore, it is called fix bias circuit.
BJT Biasing
• Voltage divider bias: Thevnin equivalent of voltage
divider bias is just another form of fix bias. Where,
• RB = R1R2 / (R1+R2)
• VBB = R2VCC / (R1+R2)
• In active region, iC = hfeiB
• VCE = -iCRC+VCC
= -hfe iB RC + VCC
𝑉𝐶𝐶 −𝑉𝐶𝐸
• 𝑖𝐵 =
ℎ𝑓𝑒 𝑅𝐶
BJT Biasing: Voltage divider bias
• For two transistors hfe can be different
• hfe can also change with temperature for same
transistor
• For slight temp change, Q-point may shift to
undesired location
• With increase in temperature, IC increases. iC
across CB junction will cause temp rise and this
will further cause ICO to rise and iC rise.
• This cumulative process is called thermal runaway
and can damage the transistor or can cause Q-
point to saturation.
BJT Biasing
• Self biasing : Emitter resistance RE will keep the
increase in iC , in control.
• RB = R1R2 / (R1+R2) and VBB = R2VCC / (R1+R2)
• Also VBB = iBRB+VBE+iERE
• VBB = iBRB+VBE+RE (iB +iC) = iBRB+VBE+RE (1+hfe)iB
𝑉𝐵𝐵 −𝑉𝐵𝐸
• 𝑖𝐵 =
𝑅𝐵 +(1+ℎ𝑓𝑒 )𝑅𝐸

• Base current is
dependent on hfe
• If ICO or hfe due to
temp. rise, : iC
But, hfe iB iC
BJT: Small signal AC model
• Given a BJT in active region, how AC
signal/component can be added to existing
operating (DC) conditions?
• Coupling capacitor
– blocks DC (Q-point not affected)
– It short circuits the AC component
• Superposition can be used for analysis
– When Vs=0, VCC ≠ 0 (DC case), Capacitor =open
– When Vs ≠ 0, VCC = 0, Capacitor = short circuited (AC
equivalent)

AC equivalent of the above circuit


BJT: Small signal AC model

• To replace transistor in AC circuit analysis, AC


model is required.
• Assumption: The amplitude of AC signal should
be small, such that BJT remain in active region
• Sinusoidal ib will produce distorted sinusoidal ic
signal due to non-linearity of BE junction
• If AC signal is small, non-linear distortions
become insignificant and transistor can be
modeled as linear circuit, which is called “ small
signal (ac) model”
BJT: Small signal AC model

• rπ = ac base resistance
• ic= hfeib = hfevbe/rπ = gmvbe
• gm= transconcudctance
• hfe = β (current gain)
BJT: Small signal AC model

• Relation between different models


𝑣𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝜋 𝑟𝜋 1
• 𝑟𝑒 = = ≈ =
𝑖𝑏 +ℎ𝑓𝑒 𝑖𝑏 1+ℎ𝑓𝑒 ℎ𝑓𝑒 𝑔𝑚

• 𝑟𝜋 = ℎ𝑓𝑒 𝑟𝑒
BJT: Small signal AC model
• For an npn-transistor in active region
𝑉𝐵𝐸 𝑉𝐵𝐸
𝑖𝑐 = 𝐼𝑠 (𝑒 𝑉𝑇 − 1) ≈ 𝐼𝑠 𝑒 𝑉𝑇

1 𝑉𝐵𝐸 𝑖𝐶
𝑉
𝑑𝑖𝑐 = (𝐼𝑠 𝑒 𝑇 )𝑑𝑉𝐵𝐸 = 𝑑𝑉𝐵𝐸
𝑉𝑇 𝑉𝑇
Now gm = diC/dVBE = iC/VT
Hence for BJT biased at iC = ICQ , we have
gm= ICQ /VT = ICQ /0.026
re = 1/gm = 0.026/ ICQ
And rπ = hfere = 0.026 hfe/ICQ
• Small signal model can be used for npn or pnp BJT
by using |ICQ| in place of ICQ
Example 9.2
• AC analysis of Common-Emitter amplifier

Rp = R1||R2 = R1R2 /(R1+R2)


Rb=vb/ib (Resistance between base and reference)
Vb= base voltage with respect to reference
Example 9.2
Additional Amplifier Principles
• CE amplifier circuit is externally loaded (RL) and RL is
capacitively coupled.
• There is also a bypass capacitor CE to bypass the ac
component from RE
• DC load line:
• 𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 𝑖𝐶 𝑅𝐶 +𝑣𝐶𝐸 +𝑅𝐸 (𝑖𝐵 +𝑖𝐶 )
• 𝑉𝐶𝐶 ≈ 𝑖𝐶 𝑅𝐶 +𝑣𝐶𝐸 +𝑅𝐸 (𝑖𝐶 ) (𝑖𝐸 ≈ 𝑖𝐶 )
−1 𝑉𝐶𝐶
• 𝑖𝐶 = 𝑣 + (DC load line Eqn)
𝑅𝐶 +𝑅𝐸 𝐶𝐸 𝑅𝐶 +𝑅𝐸
• AC equivalent circuit : C1, C2 and CE behave as
short circuit
• RP = R1 || R2 and RT = RC || RL
• In this case transistor operates on other line with
slope -1/RT (called AC load line) , but passes
through same Q-point
• For AC load line equation
𝑣𝐶𝐸 = 𝑉𝐶𝐸𝑄 + 𝑣𝑐𝑒 = 𝑣𝐶𝐸𝑄 − 𝑖𝐶 𝑅𝑇
Amplifier circuit incorporating small signal model : Using some results from Example 9.2,
Rin = Rp || Rb , where Rb = (1+hfe) re ≈ ℎ𝑓𝑒 𝑟𝑒
ℎ𝑓𝑒 𝑅𝑇 𝑅𝑇
and voltage gain 𝐴𝑣 = − ≈
1+ℎ𝑓𝑒 𝑅𝑇 𝑟𝑒
• Another important parameter is output (thevenin
equivalent) resistance (RO)
• Short the source vs and apply external source vO to find
RO = vO/iO
• R=RS||Rp

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