WORK AND ENERGY

Work, Power and Energy

Sl. No. Page No.

1. WPE-1 1

2. WPE-2 8

3. WPE-3 14

4. WPE-4 19

5. WPE TEST (1-4) 24

6. WPE-5 27

7. WPE-6 32

8. WPE-7 36

9. WPE– MCQ 39

10. WPE TEST (Full) 42

 Work done by a force (Session – 1 )

Work : If force applied on a particle produces a displacement which has component in the direction of force then we say
work is done on the particle.

Work done by a constant force F on a particle is the product of the component of force in the direction of the
displacement and magnitude of the displacement.
 
W  F . S  (F cosθ)S .

Alternately :

Work done by a constant force F on a particle is the product of the component of displacement in the direction of the
force and magnitude of the force.
 
W  F. S  F (Scosθ)

Work is a scalar quantity and its unit is joule.

We can discuss work in terms of energy.
Work is energy transferred to or from an object by means of force acting on the object. Energy transferred to the object
is positive work and energy transferred from the object is negative work.
In that sense, if one pushes hard against a wall, he tires, and in common sense, such effort does not cause an
energy transfer to or from the wall and thus no work is done on the wall.

1
Positive and negative work :
The work is said to be positive if the angle between force and displacement is acute .

( < 900). From the point of view of energy, an agent doing positive work is losing energy to the body on which the work
is done. In this case there is gain in kinetic energy of the body
The work is said to be negative if the angle between force and displacement  is obtuse.

( > 900). From the point of view of energy, an agent doing negative work is gaining energy from that body on which the
work is done. In this case there is loss in kinetic energy of the body

Example 1 : Find the work done when a force F  (iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ ) N acting on a particle takes it from the point
 
r1  (iˆ  ˆj  kˆ ) m to the point r2  (iˆ  ˆj  2 kˆ ) m.
  
Solution : displacement is s = r2  r1 = (iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ )  (iˆ  ˆj  kˆ ) =  2 ˆj  kˆ
 
Work = F . s = (iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ ) . ( 2 ˆj  kˆ ) =  4 +3 = 1j
Example 2 : Find the work done by force F in time t (assume smooth surface)
Solution : Along horizontal force is
Fx = F cosθ = ma x
F cos 
ax 
m
1
Sx = a xt2
2
1 F cos  2
= t
2 m
1 F cos  2
W = Fx S x = F cosθ t
2 m
1 F 2 cos 2  2
W  t
2 m

2
Example 3 : In the above questions if friction coefficient is  then find the work done by applied force and friction in
time t.
Solution : No vertical motion
N + F sinθ – mg = 0
 N = mg  F sinθ
f r   N  f r   (mg  F sinθ)
Along horizontal
F cosθ – f r  ma
 F cos –  (mg – F sin ) = ma
F (cos   sin  )   mg
a 
m
1 2
S= at
2
Work done by F is W = F S cosθ
Work done by friction W  – f r . S (angle between f r and S is 180)

Example 4 : A body of mass M is pulled along a horizontal surface by applying a force at an angle  with horizontal.
Coefficient of friction between block and surface is µ. If the block travels with uniform velocity, find the work done by
this applied force during a displacement d of the block.
Solution : The forces acting on the block are shown in figure.
As it moves with uniform velocity, the net force on it is zero velocity the force add up to zero.
 F cos  N (i)

F sin   N  Mg (ii)
Eliminating N from equation (i) and (ii),
F cos   (Mg  F sin  )
Mg
F
cos   sin 
Work done by this force during a displacement d
 Mgd cos
W  F .d cos 
cos   sin 

3
Work done by Friction :
The work done by friction may be zero, positive or negative depending upon the situation.
Case I :

The figure shows a situation where a block is pulled by a force F which is insufficient to overcome the limiting friction,
i.e. F < f max. Here the work done by the friction force is zero.
Case II :

The figure shows a situation where a block is pulled by a force F which is sufficiently large to overcome limiting friction,
i.e. F > f max. Here, the work done by the friction force is negative.

Case III :

The figure shows that the block A is placed on the block B. When the block B is pulled with a force F, The friction force
and displacement are oppositely directed in case of block B so the friction force does negative work on block B. While in
case of A they are in the same direction so friction does positive work on block A.

Note : If there is no relative motion between blocks then net work done by frictional forces on the system is zero.
However if there is relative motion between blocks then net work done by frictional forces on the system is negative. In
above case if there is relative motion ,magnitude of work done by friction on block B is more than work done by friction
on block A so net work done by frictional forces on the system is negative.
4
  
Work done by the variable force : If force has value F at a point then for small displacement d r of its point of
 
application, work done by the force is dW = F . d r
Total work done by the force over a displacement can be found by integrating over the displacement.
 
W   F .dr

If force is variable in magnitude only and acts say along X-axis, displacing the Area = Work
body from x1 to x2, then work done
F
x2
W F dx .
x1

It is area under force-displacement curve.

X1 X2
If force acts along a plane say X-Y plane and displaces a particle from position X
(x1 y1) to (x2 y2) then work done
x2 y2
W   x1
Fx dx   y1
Fy dy

If forces acts in space displacing a particle from (x1, y1, z1) to (x2, y2, z2) then work done
x2 y2 z2
W Fx dx   Fy dy   Fz dz
x1 y1 z1

Work done by Fluids :

If pressure is constant and volume increases by V , then work done by the fluid is AREA = WORK
W = PV P
If pressure is not constant and volume changes from V1 to V2 then work done
v2
W P dV .
v1

It is also equal area under pressure volume curve. v1 v2

V

Example 5 : By applying a pressure of 105 pascal,a liquid is compressed by 0.4 m3.What is the work done on liquid?
Solution : work done on the fluid is W = PΔV = 105 ×0.4 = 40000J

5
 Practice Paper
 
1. A force F  6iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ acts on particle and produces a displacement of S  (2iˆ  3 ˆj  xkˆ ) . if work done is
zero, the what is the value of x?
2. A body moves a distance of 10 m along a straight line under the action of a force of 5 newton. If the work done is
25 joule, Find the angle which the force makes with the direction of motion of the body .
3. A machine, which is subjected to a x-directed force given by Fx = (2 + 4x) N. What is the work done by the force
as the particle moves from x = 0 to x = 5 m?
 
4. An object is displaced from position vector r1  (2iˆ  3 ˆj ) m to r2  (4iˆ  6 ˆj ) m under a force

F = (3x 2ˆi + 2yj)
ˆ N . Find the work done by this force.
5. Find work done by friction in 4 seconds, initially block is at rest. Coefficient of friction between block and the
surface is 0.5.
F =50N

10 kg 370

//////////////////////////////////////////////////

6. Find work done by friction in 4 seconds, initially block is at rest. Coefficient of friction between block and the
surface is 0.2.
F
=
10
0N

7. A force of 200 N is applied to a block of mass 10 kg placed on a plane with an inclination angle 37° with the
horizontal. If the coefficients of friction between the block and the plane are 0.5, then find work done by the frictional
force on the block in 2 sec , initially block is at rest.
mg
co
s

8. How much work is done by friction on upper block and lower block in 2 seconds? initially blocks are at rest.
Coefficient of friction between blocks is 0.2 and ground is smooth .

6
9. How much work is done by friction on upper block and lower block in 2 seconds? initially blocks are at rest.
Coefficient of friction between blocks is 0.3 and ground is smooth .

10. A particle moves along the x-axis from x = 2 to x = 4m under the influence of a force given by
F = 6x 2 –2x + 3 . Find work done by the force in the process .
11. A body constrained to move in the Y-direction is subjected to a force given by

F  5iˆ  10 ˆj  6kˆ Newtons
What is the work done by the force in moving the body as it moves from (1m,2m,5m) to (3m,  2m, 8m)?
12. A particle moves along y = 1  x 2 between the points (0, –1) m and (0, 1) m under the influence of a force

F = (y2 i +x2 j ) Nm–2. Find work done on the particle.

13. During an expansion process, the volume of a gas changes from 2 to 4 m3 ,while the pressure changes according to
the relation P = (6 V 2 + 5)Pa . Find work done by the gas .

ANSWERS
1. 2 2.600 3. 60J 4. 83 J 5. –140 J 6. –5600 7. – 800J

3
8. 16 J, –36 , 9. 4J, –4J 10. 106 J 11. 68 J 12. J 13. 122J.
4

7
 Work energy theorem (Session – 2 )

Work energy theorem :

Algebraic sum of work done by all forces on a body is change in its kinetic energy.
Proof : We know
 
W=  F .d r
 
  m a. d r

dv 
= m .d r
dt
 
=  m v.d v

  
=  m v x ˆi + v y ˆj + v z kˆ . dv x ˆi + dv y ˆj + dvz kˆ 
=  m  v x dv x + v y dv y + v z dv z 

  
If initial and final component of velocities are v xi ,v yi ,v zi and v x f ,v yf ,v zf  then
vx f vy vz f
f

=  mv x dv x +  mv y dv y +  mv z dv z
v xi v yi vzi

m
=   
vx 2 + vy f 2 + vz f 2  vx i 2 + vy i 2 + vz i 2 
2 f  
1

2

m v f 2  vi 2 
 W  K.E
NOTE :
1. Work energy theorem is not independent of Newton’s second law. It may be viewed as a scalar form of Newton’s
second law.
work output
2. Efficiency of engine is given by  
work or energy input
 
Example 1 : The velocity of an 800 gm object changes from v 0  (3iˆ  4 ˆj )ms -1 to v f  (6iˆ  2kˆ)ms -1 . What is the

work done on the body?

Solution : Here m = 800gm = 0.8 kg

v 0  32   4   5  6    2 
2 2 2
vf   40

1 1
Work done on body = Change in K.E =  W  K.E = x 0.8  v f2  v 02  = x 0.8 x 40  25   6 J
2 2

8
Example 2 : A block of mass 2 kg moves on rough horizontal surface at 10 ms-1. If  = 0.2 find work done by friction
before it comes to rest.
Solution : Work energy theorem  W  K.E
 Wgr + WN + W fr = K.E final  K.E initial

1
 0 + 0 + W fr = 0  mv 2
2
1
W fr =  2 10 
2

2
W fr   100 J
Example 3 : A block of mass 4 kg slides from rest on an inclined plane having vertical 2m. It’s upper half is smooth and
lower half is rough. If angle of inclination of plane with horizontal is 30 and block comes to rest at bottom find  for
rough surface.
Solution : Work energy theorem  W  K.E
 Wgr + W fr = K.E

S
 mg sinθ. S   mg cosθ. =0
2
2
   2 tanθ 
3
Example 4 : A truck start from rest and accelerates at 4 ms-2. A block of mass 5 kg is placed on it. If μ s = 0.3 and
μ k = 0.2 . What is K.E of block after 5 seconds as seen from truck.

Solution : As μ sg < 4 there will be relative motion.

Acceleration of block is μ k g = 2ms 2

Velocity of block after 5 second v = u + at  v = 0 + 2  5 = 10ms 1

Velocity of truck after 5 second v = u + at  v = 0 + 4  5 = 20ms 1
  
Velocity of block as seen from truck v BT = v B  vT  v BT = 10  20 =  10ms 1

1 1
Kinetic energy of block as seen from truck = mv 2BT = 5×(  10) 2 = 250J
2 2
Work energy theorem is valid from non-inertial frame, if we take pseudo force into account.
Net force F  f r  ma
 5×4  0.2×5 = 5a
 a = 2 ms-2
v BT = u + at = 0 + 2  5 = 10
1 1
Kinetic energy of block as seen from truck = mv 2BT = 5×(10)2 = 250J
2 2

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Example 5 : A block of mass 10 kg starts from rest slides on an inclined plane having inclination 37 with horizontal.
Find its Kinetic energy as it slides through 10 m. Given k = 0.4.
3 4
Solution : Down the plane acceleration is g (sin θ  μcos θ)  10 (  0.4  )  2.8ms -2
5 5
v 2 = u 2 + 2as  0  2  2.8  10 = 56
1 1
K.E = mv 2  10  56  280J
2 2
We can do it by work energy method
3 4
K.E   W = mg (sin θ  μcos θ)s  10  10 (  0.4  )  10  280J
5 5
Note : The problems which can be solved by work energy theorem can also be visualized in terms of energy.
Example 6 : A car moving with a velocity of 50 km/hr can be stopped by brakes at a distance 6 m. If the same car is
moving at a speed of 100 km/hr, what will be the minimum stopping distance ?
Solution : This problem can be solved by using work energy theorem.
Alternately, let’s visualise it in terms of energy.
In this question resistive force is doing negative work so we can write
Work done by resistive force is loss in kinetic energy.
1
F.s = mv 2
2
Taking the two cases and dividing their equations
1 2
F.s1 2 mv1
=
F.s 2 1 mv 2
2
2
6 502
 =  s 2 = 24m
s 2 1002
Example 7 : A bullet when fired at a target with a velocity of 100 m/sec penetrates one metre into it. If the bullet is fired
at a similar target with a thickness 0.5 metre, then with what velocity it will emerge from it ?
Solution : Work done by resistive force is loss in kinetic energy.
F.s1 1/2mv12
=
F.s 2 1/2mv12  1/2mv 2

1 1002
   v = 70.7ms-1
0.5 100  v
2 2

Example 8 : 30 kg of water per second in lifted from a well through 10 m and delivered with a velocity of 10 m/s, If
motor is 60% efficient then find the work done by the motor.
Solution : In terms of work energy
 W  K.E
 Wgr + Wm = K.E final  K.E initial

10
   mgh + Wm = K.E final  Wm  mgh  K.E final
Let’s visualize in terms of energy.
Work output by motor is gain in P.E plus gain in K.E.
W = mgh + ½ mv 2
 W = 30×10×10 + ½ 30 × 100 = 4500J
work output 100
  Work input =  4500  7500J
work or energy input 60

11
 Practice Paper
 
1. The velocity of body of mass 1.2 kg changes from v 0  (6iˆ  8 ˆj )ms -1 to v f  (12 ˆj  16kˆ)ms -1 . What is the

work done on the body?

2. A body of mass 1 kg thrown vertically upward at 20 ms-1 reaches to a maximum height of 18m. What is work
done by air friction during ascent?
3. In above question if air friction does same work during decent, and then find out with what speed the body will
return to the same horizontal level.
4. A block of mass 2 kg moving at is projected from a roof of a building 35 m high at 30 ms-1 at an angle 37 0 to
horizontal. Find with what speed it will land on the ground.
5. A bullet is fired on a wooden block. Its velocity reduces by 50% on penetrating 30 cm. How long will it penetrate
further before coming to rest?
1
6. A rifle bullet loses th of its velocity in passing through a plank. Find the least number of such planks required
20
just to stop the bullet .
7. A car moving with a speed of 40 km/h. can be stopped by applying brakes after at least 2 metres. If the same car
is moving with a speed of 80 km/h, what is the minimum stopping distance?
8. An object of mass 5 kg falls from rest through a vertical distance of 20 m and reaches a velocity of 10 m/s. How
much work is done by the push of the air on the object?

9. Displacement time graph of a particle moving in straight line is as shown in figure. From the graph find in which
region work is positive, negative and zero.
s

t1 t2 t3 t4 t

10. A block slides down from top of a inclined plane of length 50cm. The first 20cm of plane is smooth and next
30cm is rough. Block is released from rest and again comes to rest at bottom of plane. If plane is inclined at 30
with horizontal. Find coefficient of friction on rough portion.
11. 10 kg of water per second in lifted from a well through 20 m and delivered with a velocity of 10 m/s, then find the
work done by the motor.
12. In above question motor’s efficiency is 80% then what is work done by motor?

13. The displacement x (in m), of a particle of mass m (in kg) is related to the time t (in second) by t = x +3 . Find
the work done in first six second .

12
14. Block A of mass 1 kg is placed on the rough surface of block B of mass 3 kg. Block B is placed on smooth
horizontal surface. Blocks are given the velocities as shown. Find net work done by the frictional force.

8 m/sec
A
B 4 m/sec

1
15. The displacement of a particle of mass 1 kg on a horizontal smooth surface is a function of time is given by x  t 3
3
. Find the work done by external agent for first one second .

ANSWERS
1. 180 J 2.  180 J 3. 320ms -1 4. 30 ms-1 5.10 cm 6. 11 7. 8m 8. –750 J
5
9. 0-t1 positive, t1 - t 2 negative, t 2 - t 4 zero 10. 11. 2500J 12. 3125 J 13. 0 14. –6J 15. 0.5J
3 3

13
 Energy (Session – 3 )
Energy : Energy is defined as internal capacity of doing work. When we say that a body has energy, we mean that it can
do work.
Energy appears in many forms such as mechanical, electrical, chemical, thermal (heat), optical (light), acoustical
(sound), molecular, atomic, nuclear etc., and can change from one form to the other.

Kinetic Energy : Kinetic energy is the internal capacity of doing work of the object by virtue of its motion.
Kinetic energy is a scalar property that is associated with state of motion of an object. An aeroplane in straight
and level flight has kinetic energy of translation and a rotating wheel on a machine has kinetic energy of rotation.
If a particle of mass m is moving with speed ‘v’ much less than the speed of the light than the kinetic energy ‘K’
1
is given by K.E  mv 2
2
Relation Between Momentum and Kinetic energy : Consider a body of mass m moving with velocity v. Linear
momentum of the body, P = mv
1
Kinetic energy of the body, K  mv 2
2
1 2 2
K mv
2m
P2
K
2m

P = 2mK
Example 1 : If the K.E. of a body is increased by 300%, find % increase in its momentum .
Solution : Let initial kinetic energy, E1 = E
300
Final kinetic energy, E 2 = E + E = 4E
100
We know P = 2mK
P2 K2 4E
= = = 2  P2 = 2P1
P1 K1 E
i.e. Momentum will increase by 100%.
Potential energy : It is the energy possessed by a body or system by virtue of its position or configuration. Alternately,
potential energy, or stored energy, is the ability of a system to do work due to its position or configuration.

Mechanical Energy :Mechanical energy ‘E’ of an object or a system is defined as the sum of kinetic energy ‘K’ and
potential energy ‘U’, i.e.,
E=K+U
Kinetic energy, Potential energy, Mechanical energy all depend on frame of reference.

Total mechanical energy : It is the sum of potential and kinetic energy.

1 2
Example 2 : The potential energy of particle of mass 'm' is given by U = kx . If total mechanical energy of the
2
E
particle is E. Then find its speed at x = .
2k

14
Solution : TME = KE + PE

1 1
E= mv 2 + kx 2
2 2
2
1 1  E 
 E = mv 2 + k  
2 2  2k 

1 E 1 3E 3E
E= mv 2 +  mv2 = v=
2 4 2 4 2m

Conservative force :
If work done by a force depends only on the initial and final position and not on the path taken, then force is said to be
conservative e.g. gravitational force, elastic force etc.
If a particle is moved from A to B by a conservative force along path 1, 2, 3,then work done in all the three paths is same.
For conservative force, work done is zero for any closed path.

1 B

A
If work done by a force depends not only on the initial and final position but also on the path taken, then force is said to be
non-conservative or dissipative force e.g. frictional force, viscous force etc.
For non-conservative force, work done for any closed path may not be zero.
Alternatively, if mechanical energy of a body or a system changes under certain force, then the force is called non-
conservative
Note:
1. Potential energy of a system arises due to internal conservative forces of the system.
2. Negative work done by conservative internal forces on a system is change in potential energy of the system.
3. Negative work done by a non-conservative internal force on a system transforms to other forms of energy like heat,
sound etc.
4. If no external forces act (or the work by them is zero) and the internal forces are conservative, the mechanical energy
of the system remains constant. This is known as the principle of conservation of mechanical energy.
5. If the internal forces are conservative, the work done by the external forces equals the change in mechanical energy of
the system.
6. Although potential energy is defined in terms of the work done by a conservative force but there is a conceptual
difference between the potential energy and work. Work is defined for an interval but potential energy is defined for
every point in the space occupied by conservative forces.

15
7. A body can have mechanical energy without having either kinetic energy or potential energy. However, if both kinetic
and potential energies are zero, mechanical energy will be zero. The converse may or may not be true, i.e., if E = 0
either both PE and KE are zero or PE may be negative and KE may be positive such that KE + PE = 0.

8. Negative mechanical energy means that potential energy is negative and in magnitude it is more than kinetic energy.
Such a state is called bound state, e.g., electron in an atom or a satellite moving around a planet is in bound state.
How potential energy is stored in a system?
Consider an example of a ball and earth system. Let initially ball is on earth surface at rest. Now ball is taken to certain
height. The gravitational force on ball and earth are equal and opposite. Work done on earth is negligible but on ball it is –
mgh. Now the ball has gained potential energy and capable of doing work.
When internal conservative forces of a system does negative work, then the system goes from a state of lower potential
energy to a state of higher potential energy. At higher potential energy state system is unstable so it can come back to
lower potential energy state by doing work. Potential energy exists in a system because forces act on the system that tends
to restore the system to a lower energy state. These forces have the ability to do work.
The change in potential energy of a system is defined "as the negative of the work done by conservative forces". Potential
energy exists always for a system, not to an individual entity. In practice, however, we refer potential energy to a particle
with an implicit understanding that we mean a system, not an individual entity.
Potential energy has meaning only for conservative forces e.g. gravitational potential energy, elastic potential energy etc.
There are two basic aspects of potential energy :
1. Potential energy is associated with a system of objects, not with a single object.
2. Potential energy of an object depends on reference so often instead of using potential energy change in potential
energy is used.
Importantly, the above two features of potential energy is different to kinetic energy, which has a definite value in a given
reference.

Example 3 : A uniform rod of mass M and length L is held vertically upright on a horizontal surface as shown in fig.
shown. Assuming zero potential energy at the base of the rod, determine the P.E of the rod.
Solution : Since parts of the rod are at different levels from the horizontal surface, therefore, we have to use the
integration to find its potential energy. Consider a small element of length dx at a height x from the surface.
M
Mass of the element is dm = dx
L
Potential energy of the element is
M dx
dU = (dm).g.x = dx.g.x
L
x
L
Mg  x 2 
L
Mg 1
L 0
On integrating, we get U = xdx =   = MgL
L  2 0 2 //////////////////////////////////////////////////

Note : For any extended body, the height of center of gravity is used for measuring gravitational potential energy.
Example 4 : A uniform chain has a mass m and length . It is held on a frictionless table with one-sixth of its length
hanging over the edge. Find the work done in just pulling the hanging part back on the table .
m  mg
Solution : Taking table as reference , initial P.E =  g = 
6 12 72
Finally whole chain is on the table, so potential energy is zero.
16
 mg mg
Work done is gain in P.E, so W = U f  U i  0  ( )
72 72
Example 5 : A chain of length  is held on a smooth horizontal table with one third of its length hanging over an edge if
released find the speed with which it will leave the table.
1m  mg
Solution : Taking table top as reference initial P.E is U i   g 
2 3 3 18
When it just leaves the table
1 mg
Final potential P.E is U f   mg  
Ref erence U=0
2 2
/2
Gravitational field is conservative so total mechanical energy 
c.g
is constant
 Ui + K.E i = U f + K.E f
mg mg 1
 0   mv 2
18 2 2
mg mg 1 2 2 g
   mv 2  v 
2 18 2 3

Practice Paper
1. A 5kg brick of dimensions 20cm x 10cm x 8cm is lying on the largest base. It is now made to stand with length
vertical. find the amount of work done .
2. A machine 75 % efficient, uses 12 J of energy in lifting up a 1 kg mass through a certain distance. The mass is
then allowed to fall through that distance. Find the velocity of the ball at the end of its fall.
3. A stick of mass m and length , initially in vertical position, is displaced through an angle 45, keeping upper end
pivoted. What is the change in potential energy?
4. A chain is held on a frictionless table with one-third of its length hanging over the edge. If the chain has a length 
and mass m, how much work is required to pull the hanging part back on the table?
5. If the linear momentum is increased by 50%, find % increase in the kinetic energy
6. A ball is allowed to fall from a height of 10 m. If there is 40% loss of energy due to impact, then find how high
the ball will go after one impact .
7. A projectile is fired from the top of a 40 m height cliff with an initial speed of 20 m/s at an unknown angle. Find its
speed when it hits the ground.

8. A 400g ball is released from a height of 16m. Each time it makes contact with the ground it loses 25% of its
energy. Find the KE it possess after 3rd hit.

17
9. A person draws water from a 5m deep well in a bucket of mass 2 kg of capacity 8 kg by a rope of mass 1 kg.
What is the total work done by the person?
10. A small body is allowed to slide on an inclined frictionless track from rest position as shown in the figure. What must
be the minimum height so that body may successfully complete loop of radius r.

11. A weightless rod of length 2  carries two equal masses m one tied at lower end A and the other at the middle of the
rod at B. The rod can rotate in vertical plane about a fixed horizontal axis passing through C. The rod is released from rest
in horizontal position. Find the speed of the mass B at the instant rod, become vertical .

12. A uniform chain AB of mass m and length  is placed with one end A at the highest point of a hemisphere of radius
R. From the reference of the top of the hemisphere, find the potential energy of the chain .

Answers
mg   1  mg
1.3J 2. 3 2 ms-1 3.  1  4. 5.125% 6. 6m 7. 20 3 m/s
2  2 18

6 g mR 2g   
8. 27 J 9. 525 J 10. 5r/2 11. 12.  sin  
5   R R

18
 Relation between conservative force and potential energy (Session – 4 )

Negative work done by conservative internal forces on a system is change in potential energy of the system. For An

infinitesimal displacement d S , force can be considered constant so change in potential energy
 
dU =  F.d S ( U is symbol of P.E )

Relation between force and P.E in one dimension :

The P.E is a function of position whose negative derivative with respect to displacement gives the force.
dU(x)
F(x) 
dx
In three dimension
 U ˆ U ˆ U ˆ
F( r )   i j k
x y z

i.e. conservative force F is negative of the gradient of potential energy U (x, y, z)
Example 1 : In a certain two dimension field of force the potential energy is given by U = 5x 2 + 2y 2 . Find force at
(3,  10)
U
Solution : Fx     10 x
x
At x = 3 Fx =  30
U
Fy    4 y
y
At y =  10 Fy = 40

Net force F = Fx2 + Fy2 = 50N

Example 2 : The potential energy U in joule of a particle of mass 1 kg moving in x–y plane obeys the law
U = 6x + 8y , where (x, y) are the co–ordinates of the particle in metre. If the particle is released from rest at (48,  4) at
time t = 0, then find the speed of particle when it crosses the y–axis.
U F
Solution : Fx     6  a x = x  6ms -2
x m
On y-axis x-coordinate is zero
1 2
sx = x 0 + u x t + axt
2
1 2
 0 = 48 + 0  t  6t  3t 2  48  t = 4s
2

19
Example 3 : Find the potential energy function associated with the force F  4 xyi  2x 2 j .


U U
Solution : Fx    4 xy    U    4 xyx  U  2 x 2 y + c
x x
U U
Or Fy    2x2    U    2 x 2y  U  2 x 2 y + c
y y

Example 4 : The potential energy of a particle is determined by the expression U   x 3  2y  , where α is a positive
constant. The particle begins to move from a point with coordinates (2, 5) (m), only under the action of potential
field force. Then find its kinetic energy at the instant when the particle is at a point with the coordinates (1, 3) (m).
Solution : Gravitational field is conservative so total mechanical energy is constant
 Ui + K.E i = U f + K.E f

 x i 3 +2yi + K.E i = x f 3 +2y f + K.E f

 23 +2  5 + 0 = 13 +2  3 + K.E f

 K.E f  12J

Example 5 : In a stationary field force is given by F  3x ˆi + 4y ˆj . Check whether force is conservative.
Solution : If F is conservative work done should depend on only initial and final position not the both followed
x2 y2
W =  F dx   F dy
x1 y1

2 2 2 2
= 3( x 2  x1 ) + 4( y 2  y1 ) Yes F is conservative.
Ux

Equilibrium : A particle is said to be in equilibrium if net force acting on it zero. C D

A
dU(x)
At equilibrium position F(x) = = 0. Let that point be (x0)
dx B
x
1) Stable equilibrium : When a particle is displaced slightly from equilibrium position and a force acting on it brings it
back to the initial position, it is said to be in stable equilibrium position.
d2U
If  0 at x = x0 then x0 is a point of stable equilibrium.
dx2
In the diagram shown point B is in stable equilibrium
2) Unstable Equilibrium : When a particle is displaced slightly from a position and force acting on it tries to displace
the particle further away from the equilibrium position, it is said to be in unstable equilibrium.
d2U
If  0 at x = x0 then x0 is a point of unstable equilibrium.
dx2
In the diagram shown point C is in unstable equilibrium
3) Neutral equilibrium : In the neutral equilibrium potential energy is constant. When a particle is displaced from its
position it does not experience any force acting on it and continues to be in equilibrium in the displaced position. This
is said to be neutral equilibrium.

20
 d2 U
If = 0 at x = x0 then x0 is a point of neutral equilibrium.
dx2
In the diagram shown point D is in neutral equilibrium
1 4
Example 6 : The potential energy of a particle is given by U  6
 4 . Find the equilibrium position check
6x x
whether it is stable.
dU(x)
Solution : F( x) 
dx
1 16
F= 7
 5
x x
1 16
At equilibrium F = 0  5 =0  x=1
x7 x 4

d2U 7 80
2
 8  6
dx x x
d2U
at x = 1 , 2
is +ve so stable
4 dx

d2U
at x =  1 , 2
is –ve so unstable.
4 dx
Example 7 : The given plot shows the variation of U, the potential energy of interaction between two particles, with the
distance separating them, r . Discuss the points A,B,C,D,E.

Solution : i) Point A is not in equilibrium.

ii) At Points B and D potential energy is zero. These points are not in equilibrium.
iii) Points C and E are in equilibrium. Point C is in stable equilibrium and point E is in unstable equilibrium.

21
 Practice Paper
1. The potential energy of a particle moving in x-y plane is given by U = x 2 + 3y . find the force acting on the
particle at (2, 1).


2. The potential energy for a force field F is given by U(x, y) = sin (x + y). find the force acting on the particle of mass
m at (0, /4) .
3. The potential energy U in joule of a particle of mass 1 kg moving in the XY plane is given by U = 3x + 4y , where
(x, y) are the co-ordinates of the particle in metre. If the particle is at rest at (6, 4) at time t = 0, find the co-ordinates
of the particle at time t = 4 s.
4. The potential energy (in SI units) of a particle of mass 2 kg in a conservative field is U = 6x–8y. If the initial velocity

of the particle is u  1.5iˆ  2 ˆj then find the total distance traveled by the particle in first two seconds .
5. The potential energy U in joule of a particle of mass 1 kg moving in x–y plane obeys the law

U = 3x + 4y, where (x, y) are the co–ordinates of the particle in metre. If the particle is released from rest at (6, 8) at
time t = 0, then find the speed of particle when it crosses the x–axis.
6. The potential energy of a particle of mass 2 kg moving in the x-y plane is given by U = – 8x + 12y J; x, y being in
metres. Initially and at t = 0, the particle is at the origin (0, 0) moving with a velocity of (4iˆ  2ˆj)m / s. Find the
velocity of the particle at t = 2 s.
7. The force acting on a body moving along x-axis varies with the position of the particle as shown in the figure.
Discuss the points x1 ,x 2 ,x 3

O x1 x2 x3 x

8. In figure the variation of potential energy of a particle of mass m = 2 kg is represented w.r.t. its x-coordinate. The
 then

particle moves under the effect of the conservative force along the x-axis. If initially x = –10 and u  3i,

Find its speed of particle at x = –5 and x = +2.

22
 a b
9. In a molecule, the potential energy between two atoms is given by: U(x) = 12
  , where a and b are positive
x x
constants and x is the distance between atoms. For stable equilibrium of atom, find the value of x.
10. The potential energy of a particle is determined by the expression U   2x 2  2y 2  , The particle begins to move
from a point with coordinates (3, 3) (m), only under the action of potential field force. Find its kinetic energy at the
instant when the particle is at a point with the coordinates (1, 1) (m) .

Answers
1. 5N 2. 1N 3. (  18,  28) 4. 15m 5. 10 ms-1 6. (12iˆ  10j)ms
ˆ 1
7. x1 unstable equilibrium, x3
1
1 1  2a  6
stable equilibrium and at x2.force is maximum 8. 6ms , 14ms 9.   10. 16 J
b

23
 WPE TEST (1-4)
1. A particle moves under the effect of a force F = (6  3x) from x = 1m to x = 2m. The work done in the process is:

a) 3 J b) 6J c) 3/2 J d) zero

2. A person of mass 50 kg walks 7m along the horizontal path and then climbs up a vertical distance of 5m. His initial
speed is zero and final speed is 10 ms-1 The work done by the man is:

a) 5000 J b) 2500 J c) 1000J d) none of these

3. The kinetic energy of a body is increased by 40%. The momentum of the body would increase by

a) 196% b) 40% c) 80% d) 96%

4. Under the action of a force, a 1 kg body moves such that its position x as a function of time is given by x = 3t 2 ,
where x is in metres and t in seconds. The work done by the force in the first four seconds is:

a) 288 J b) 144J c) 576 J d) 1600 J

5. A uniform chain has a mass m and length  . It is held on a frictionless table with one-third of its length hanging
over the edge. The work done in just pulling the hanging part back on the table and giving it a speed v is:

mg 1 mg 1 mg 1 mg 1

a) + mv 2 b) + mv 2 c)  mv 2 d)  mv 2
9 2 18 2 18 2 9 2

6. A vehicle of mass 150 kg moving with a velocity of 10 ms–1 is brought to rest. Final position is 2m higher than
initial position. The work done by the brake is:

a) –4500 J b) –3000 J c) –7500 J d) – 1000J

7. The potential energy of a particle in conservative force field is given by U = 3x 2 – 5x, , where x represents the
position of the particle. At x = 0 , K.E of a particle is 10 J. What is K.E of particle at x = 2m?

a) 10 J b) 8 J c) 12 J d) none of these

8. A ball is thrown upwards at a speed of 40 ms–1. It rises to a maximum height of 75 m. The speed with which it will
reach ground is ( assume air friction is same during ascent and decent)

-1
a) 10 15ms-1 b) 30 ms–1 c) 40 ms–1 d) 10 14ms

9. A bullet when fired at a target with a velocity of 100 m/sec penetrates one metre into it. If the bullet is fired at a
similar target with a thickness 0.5 metre, then it will emerge from it with a velocity of

50
a) 50 2m / s b) m/s c) 50 m/s d) 10 m/s
2

10. The work done against friction, when a body of mass 10 kg moves up an inclined plane of angle 37 0 through a
distance 10 is (   0.5)

a) 400 J b)  400 J c) 1000 J d)  1000 J

24
11. A rod AB of mass M and length  is lying on a horizontal table. It has a small ball of mass m attached at end A.
The work done in making it stand on end B will be :

(M + m)g M
a) (M + m)g b) c) ( + m)g d) 2(M + m)g
2 2

12. A body of mass I kg starts from rest and acquires a velocity 40 ms–1 in time 10 s. The work done on the body in
time 4 s is: ( assume moves at constant acceleration )
a) 128 J b) 256 J c) 324 J d) 64 J
13. A metre scale of mass 100 gm is pivoted at one end. Initially it is held at 530 with the horizontal. What is the
work done to raise it so that it makes 37 0 with the horizontal.
a) 0.10 J b) 0.15 J c) 0.20 J d) 0.25 J
14. A block moves on a rough horizontal ground with some initial velocity say v 0 . If (3/4)th of its kinetic energy is
lost in friction in time t 0 , then coefficient of friction between the particle and the ground is:

v0 v0 3v0 v0
a) b) c) d)
2gt 0 4gt 0 4gt 0 gt 0
K
15. Force acting on a particle moving in a straight line varies with the velocity of the particle as F = , where K is
v
a constant. The work done by this force in time t is:
K 2 Kt
a) t b) 2Kt c) Kt d)
v2 v2
16. A block of mass m is placed on a smooth wedge of wedge angle θ . The whole system is accelerated horizontally
so that block does not slip on the wedge. The work done by normal force of wedge on block as wedge moves a
distance s is

a) mgs tan θ b) mg s sin θ c) 0 d) mg scos θ

17. A block slides down from top of a inclined plane of length 100cm. The first 30cm of plane is smooth and next
70cm is rough. Block is released from rest and again comes to rest at bottom of plane. If plane is inclined at 37 0
with horizontal. The coefficient of friction on rough portion is.
3 3 2 15
a) b) c) d) .
4 2 3 14

18. 20 kg of water per second in lifted from a well through 10 m and delivered with a velocity of 10 m/s, If motor’s
efficiency is 60% then what is work done by motor
a) 3000 J b) 1800 J c) 6000 J d) 5000 J
19. A block of mass m is taken from A to B under the action of a constant force F. Work done by this force is


a) FR b) FR
2

25
 FR FR
c) d)
2 4

20. A pendulum of mass m and length  suspended from the ceiling of a trolley initially at rest. Now the trolley
moves with a constant acceleration a in the horizontally direction as shown in figure. The maximum angular
deflection of string is

a a
a) θ = tan -1 b) θ = 2tan -1
g g

g g
c) θ = tan -1 d) θ = 2tan -1
a a

ANSWERS
1. c 2. a 3. d 4. a 5. b

6. a 7. b 8. d 9. a 10. a

11. c 12. a 13. a 14. a 15. c

16. a 17. d 18. d 19. a 20. b

26
 Work done on a spring (Session – 5 )
Force required to stretch (or compress) a spring by an amount x from
unstretched position is
m
F = kx
x=0
(where k is spring constant or force constant or stiffness of the spring) Fs

Work done to stretch or compress a spring by an amount x from m Fext

unstretched position is +x
Fs
x
W =  Fdx m Fext

0
–x
When block is slowly stretched or compressed
It is always in mechanical equilibrium i.e. net force on it is zero. Force by spring has same magnitude as applied force but
opposite in direction. Force by spring is
 
F  k x
x
 W =  kxdx
0

1 2
W= kx
2
1 2
Work done by spring force is W =  kx
2
Spring force is conservative force so its negative work done is change in potential energy. If unstreched position is taken
1 2
as reference then final potential energy is U = kx
2
This potential energy is elastic potential energy.
1
Note : If spring has initial extension x1 then work done to increase the extension to x2 is W = k  x 2 2  x12 
2
Example 1 : A ball of mass 0.4 kg is placed against a horizontal spring compressed by 20cm and then released. Find the
speed with which the ball will leave the spring. (Given k = 1000 Nm-1)
Solution : Loss of elastic P.E of spring = gain in K.E. of block
1 2 1
 kx  mv 2
2 2
2
 20 
 1000     0.4  v
2

 100 
 v = 10ms -1
Example 2 : A ball of mass m falls from a height h on a vertical spring of spring constant K whose lower end is fixed.
Find the maximum compression of spring.
Solution : Initially speed was zero and at maximum compression again speed is zero. So loss is gravitation P.E is gain in
elastic P.E.

27
 1 2
mg  h + x  = kx
2
 kx 2  2mgx  mgh = 0

2mg  4m 2 g 2  4mg hk
x
2k

mg  m 2 g 2  mghk
x 
k

Example 3 : A block of mass m is forced against a horizontal spring compressing it by amount x. Upon releasing it moves
a distance S on horizontal surface before coming to rest. Find  between the block and the surface.
Solution : Initially block speed is zero and also finally it comes to rest
Applying work - Energy theorem
 W  K.E
 Wspring  W fr  0

1
 kx 2  μmg S = 0
2
kx 2
μ
2 mg S
Example 4 : In the above question, with what speed block will leave the spring ?
Solution : Again applying work energy theorem
WS + Wfr = K.E
1
 Wspring  W fr  mv 2
2
1 2 1
 kx  μmg x = mv 2
2 2
Putting the value of μ from above question

1 2 kx 2 1
 kx  mg x  mv 2
2 2 mg S 2

S  x 
 kx 2    mv
2

 S 

kx 2 (S  x )
v 
mS
Example 5 : An ideal spring with spring constant K is hung from the ceiling and a block of mass m is attached to its
lower end and pulled to a distance 3mg ( from unstreched position ) and released. Find the maximum height above the
k
lowest point the mass rises.

28
Solution : Initial extension is x 1 = 3m g
k
Let it rise by h
So final extension is x 2 = x1 – h

Loss in elastic P.E = gain in gravitational P.E

1
 k  x12  x 22  = mgh
2
1
 k  x12  x 22  = mg(x 2  x1)
2
1
 k(x2  x1) = mg
2
2mg 2mg 3mg
 x2 =  x1  x 2 = 
k k k
mg
x2  
k
mg
It goes above unstretched position
k
Example 6. A small block of mass 100 g is pressed against a horizontal spring fixed at one end to compress the spring
through 5.0 cm (figure). The spring constant is 100 N/m. When released, the block moves horizontally till it
leaves the spring. Where will it hit the ground 2 m below the spring ?

Solution : When block released, the block moves horizontally with speed V till it leaves the spring.
1 2 1
By energy conservation kx = mv 2
2 2
kx 2 kx 2
 v2 = v=
m m
2H
Time of flight t =
g
So. horizontal distance travelled from the free end of the spring is

kx 2 2H 100×(0.05) 2 2×2
V×t= × = × = 1m
m g 0.1 10

So, At a horizontal distance of 1 m from the free end of the spring.

29
 Practice Paper
1. A spring of spring constant k = 1000 Nm-1 is stretched by 20cm.Find the force required and elastic P.E stored in it.
2. A spring required 4 J of work to stretch it through 10 cm beyond its unstretched length. Find: a) value of force
constant k, b) extra work required to stretch it through additional 10 cm.
3. A spring of force constant 100 N/m has initial stretch 0.2 m. In changing the stretch to 0.4 m, Find the increase in
elastic PE .
4. A horizontal spring of spring constant k = 1200 Nm-1 is compressed by 20cm. A ball of mass 20 gm is placed
against the compressed and the released. Find the speed with which, the ball will be leaving spring.
5. A 2 kg block, initially at rest, is dropped from a height of 0.4 m on to a spring of force constant 2000 N/m. Find
the maximum distance by which the spring will be compressed .
6. A block of mass m moves towards a light spring of stiffness k on a smooth horizontal plane. If it compresses the
spring through a distance x0, find the magnitude of total change in momentum of the block.

7. How much work will have to be done by a pulling force to change the elongation of a spring from 10 to 20 cm if a
load of 80 g elongates it 4.0 cm. All the elongations are measured from its unstretched position.
8. A spring of force constant K = 100 Nm-1 is fixed to the base of a 30 incline. A mass m = 50 gm is held against
the free end of spring, so that the spring is compressed by 0.1 m. If the mass is now released,
then find distance traveled by the mass up the inclined.

9. A 15 gm ball is shot from a spring gun whose spring has a force constant of 600 N/m.The spring is
compressed by 5 cm. Find the greatest possible horizontal range of the ball for this compression.

10. A ball of mass m attached to the lower end of a light vertical spring of force constant k. The upper end of the
spring is fixed. The ball is released from rest with the spring at its normal (unstretched) length, and comes to rest
again after descending through a distance x. Find acceleration of mass at lowest position.

11. A smooth table is placed horizontally and an ideal spring of spring constant K = 1000 N/m and unextended length
of 0.5 m has one end fixed to its centre. The other end is attached to a mass of 5 kg which is moving in a circle
with constant speed 10 m/s. Find the extension in the spring beyond normal length.

12. An ideal spring with spring constant K is hung from the ceiling and a block of mass m is attached to its lower end
4mg
and pulled to a distance ( from unstreched position ) and released. Find the maximum height above the lowest
k
point the mass rises.

30
13. A system shown in figure is released from rest from unstretched state of spring. Pulley and spring is massless and
friction is absent everywhere. The speed of 5 kg block when 2 kg block leaves the contact with ground is (take
force constant of spring k = 400 N/m and g = 10 m/s2)

Answers

1. 200N,20 J 2. a) 800 N/m, b) 12 J 3. 6j 4. 20 6 m/s 5. 0.1m 6. km x 0

6mg
7. 0.3 J 8.2m 9. 10 m 10. g 11. 0.5m 12. 12. 0.4 5 ms–1
k

31
 Combination of springs (Session – 6 )
Combination of springs :
1. Springs in series :
When two springs in series have one end fixed to a rigid support and other end a constant force F is applied then

a. Force in both springs will be same i.e F = k1x1 = k 2 x 2 .

b. Net extension x = x1 + x 2

c. Equivalent spring constant k is given by k1 k2 F

1 1 1 m
 
k k1 k 2
2. Springs in parallel :
When two springs have one end fixed to same rigid support and other end a constant force is applied then
a. Extension in both springs will be same i.e x1 = x2 = x
k1 F1
b. Applied force F = F1 + F2 = k1x1 + k2x2 F
c. Equivalent spring constant k is given by k = k1 + k2. k2 F2 m
If a spring is cut into n equal parts spring constant of each part is n k

Note : If a spring is cut in the ratio 1 2 where  = 1 + 2 then spring constant of first part is k1 and second part k2 then

k11 = k22 = k

k ( 1   2 ) k ( 1   2 )
So k1 = and k2 =
1 2
Equivalence of mass and energy :
Mass itself can be considered as a form of energy. A body at rest having mass m 0 has energy E = m 0c 2 by virtue of its
rest mass. Whenever in a process there is loss in mass on then it equivalence energy appears in other forms of energy
i.e. E = Δmc 2 where c is velocity of light
Example 1 : How much energy will be produced when 1kg mass is completely converted into energy ?
Solution : Energy produced E = Δmc 2

 E = 1 (3 108 ) 2  9 1016 J
Example 2 : Two springs in series have one end fixed to a rigid support and other end a constant force F = 60 N is applied
As shown. Find ratio of elastic potential energy stored in the springs.

32
Solution : Force in both springs will be same i.e F = k1x1 = k 2 x 2 .

1
U1 k1x12 x k 2
Ratio of energy stored in the springs = 2 = 1 2
U2 1
k 2 x 22 x 2 k1 1
2
Example 3 : Block m is pushed to the left, what is increase in elastic potential energy of the system ?

Solution : If spring is pushed to the left by x, left spring is compressed by x and right spring is stretched by x.
1 1
Elastic potential energy stored U  k1x 2  k 2 x 2
2 2

Example 4 : Given k1 = 1500 N/m, k2 = 500 N/m, m1 = 2 kg, m2 = 1 kg. Find elastic potential energy stored in the
springs in equilibrium.
Solution : Let the initial extension in the springs of force constants k1 and k2, at equilibrium
position, be x2 and x1. Then
k1
mg (m  m 2 )g
x2 = 2 , x1 = 2
k k1

Potential energy stored in the springs in equilibrium position is m1

1 1
U= k1x12 + k 2 x 22
2 2
k2
Putting values of x1 , x2 from above we get U = 0.4 J

m2

33
 Practice Paper
1. Two springs in series have one end fixed to a rigid support and other end a constant force F = 1000 N is applied
As shown. Find elastic potential energy stored in the second spring.

2. In above question, what is the total extension ?

3. How much energy will be produced when 100 gm mass is completely converted into energy ?
4. At equilibrium what is the total potential energy stored in the springs?

5. Block is pushed to the right by 10 cm. Find the force required and elastic potential energy stored in the system .

6. A spring of spring constant K = 100 Nm-1 is cut into two pieces in the length ratio 3:2. Find force constant of smaller
length spring.
7. A block of mass m is attached to two unstretched springs of spring constant k1 and k2 as shown in figure. The block
is displaced towards right through a distance 'x' and is released. Find the speed of the block as it passes through a
distance x/4 from its mean position.

34
8. Initially the springs are unstretched when system is released from rest. The spring constant is 100 N/m for each of the spring.
The mass of each block is 5 kg. Find the speed of block A when block B descends by 10 cm.

Answers
x 2
1. 1000 J 2. 16/3 m 3. 9  1015 J 4. 6 J 5. 60 N , 3J 6. 250 Nm-1 7. 15(k1 +k 2 ) 8. ms -1
4m 5

35
 POWER (Session – 7 )
Average Power is defined as work done per second or energy spent per second.
W
P =
t
  
dw F.d S  d S  
Instantaneous power is given by rate of doing work P =   F.  F.v
dt dt dt
Unit of power is Watt. It is a scalar quantity.
Note : 1 H.P. = 746 Watt.

Example 1 : What is the power of an engine which can lift 20 metric ton of coal per hour from a 20 metre deep mine?
Solution : Mass, m = 20 metric ton = 20 × 1000 kg; Distance, S = 20 m; Time, t = 1 hour = 3600 s
Work mg×h 20×1000×10×20
Average Power = = =  1.1103 W
Time t 3600

Example 2 : A 1200 kg car accelerates from rest to a speed of 25 m/s in a time of 8s. What average power must the
motor produce to cause this acceleration ? (Ignore friction losses)

Solution : The work done in accelerating the car is given by

1 1
W = ΔK = m  v f2  vi2  = (1200)[(25)2  0] = 375 kJ
2 2

W 375
Power = = = 46.9kW
t 8
Example 3 : A motor raises 60 kg of water from a well 20m deep in 2 minutes, and it is 60% efficient, what is its power?
Solution : Work output is mgh = 12000j
work output
As 
work or energy input
100
Energy input = 12000 × = 2000J
60
20000
Power P=  166.7 W
2  60
Example 4 : What is represented by the slope of the work-time graph?

dW
Solution : slope = = P = Instantaneous power.
dt
Example 5: What is represented by area under power-time graph?

Solution :
Area =  P dt = Work.

36
Example 6 : A car moves up an incline 1 in 50 with constant speed v. If frictional resistance is 1 th
of weight find the
40
1
power developed by engine. (1 in 50  sin  = )
50
Solution : Net retarding force mg sinθ  f r

mg mg 9 mg
 
50 40 200
Power = Fv

= 9 mg v
200
Example 7 : A particle of mass m is acted upon by a constant power P. Find the distance travelled by the particle when
its velocity increases from v1 to v2 .

Solution : P = F v = mav

P
 a=
mv

dv P
v =
ds mv

P
 v 2dv = ds
m
s v
P 2

  ds   v 2dv
m0 v1

P 1
 s =  v32  v13 
m 3

m 3
s=
3P
 v2  v13 
Example 8 : A particle of mass m is moving in a circular path of constant radius r such that is centripetal acceleration ac
is varying with time t as a c = k 2 rt 2 where k is a constant. What is the power delivered to the particle by the forces acting
on it.
v2 v2
Solution : As a c =  = k 2 rt 2
r r
1 1
Kinetic energy K = mv 2 = mk 2 r 2 t 2
2 2
1
Now by Work Energy Theorem W = ΔK = mk 2r 2 t 2  0
2

dW d 1 
So P = =  mk 2 r 2 t 2  = mk 2r 2 t
dt dt  2 
37
 Practice Paper

1. A particle of mass 50gm is moving in a circle of radius 10m. at a constant speed of 10m/s find instantaneous
power.
2. A particle of mass 100gm is moving in a circle of radius 10m. At a certain instant speed is 10m/s and its speed is
increasing at the rate 5 m/s2. Find instantaneous power.
3. The power of water pump is 2 kW. Find the amount of water it can raise in 1 minute to a height of 10 m.
4. A pump on ground floor of a building can pump up water to fill a tank of volume 30 m3 in 15 min. If the tank is
40 m above the ground and the efficiency of the pump is 30%, how much electric power is consumed by the
pump.

5. A vehicle needs an engine of 7500 watt to keep it moving with a constant velocity of 20 m/sec on a horizontal
surface. Find the force resisting the motion.
6. A bus of mass 1000 kg has an engine which produces a constant power of 50 kW. If the resistance to motion,
assumed constant is 1000 N, find the maximum speed at which the bus can travel on level road and the
acceleration when it's travelling at 25 m/s.

7. A train of mass 100 metric tons is drawn up an incline of 1 in 49 at the rate of 36 km per hour by an engine. If
the resistance due to friction be 10 N per metric ton, calculate the power of the engine. If the steam is shut off,
how far will the train move before it comes to rest?

8. It requires twenty turns of the stem of a watch to wind the main spring and this stores sufficient energy to keep
them watch running for 30.0 hours. If ten turns are given to the stem, then find how much time it will run.
9. A body of mass m accelerates uniformly from rest to velocity v0 in time t 0 . Find the instantaneous power
v
delivered to the body when its velocity 0 .
2
10. Find the speed ν reached by a car of mass m, driven with constant power P, starting from rest as it travels distance x.
11. A particle of mass m moves along a circle of radius R with a normal acceleration varying with time as a n  at 2 ,
where a is a constant. Find the time dependence of the power developed by all the forces acting on the particle,
and the mean value of this power averaged over the first t seconds after the beginning of motion.

12. A car moves up an incline 1 in 50 with constant speed 5ms-1. If frictional resistance is 1 th
of weight find the speed
40
with which it can come down the incline(assume power is constant)

Answers
1. 0 2. 5W 3. 1200kg 4. 44.4kW 5. 375N 6. 50 m./sec., 1 m/sec2

1/3
mv 02  3Px  mRat
7. 210 kW, 238 m 8. 7.5 hours 9. 10. v    11. mRat, 12. 45ms-1
2t 0  m  2

38
 Multiple Choice Questions
1. A body of mass 2 kg is projected vertically upwards it reaches a height of 0.4 m. The K.E. of the body just before
striking the ground is
a) 2 J b) 1J c) 4J d) 8 J
2. Two springs have their force constant as k1 and k2 (k1 > k2) are in series and fixed at one end. When they are
stretched by a force
a) no work is done in case of both springs b) equal work is done in case of both springs
c) more work is done in case of second spring d) more work is done in case of first spring
3. Two bodies of mass m1 and m2 have equal momenta. Their K.E. E1and E2 are in the ratio
2 2
a) m1 : m 2 b) m1 : m 2 c) m2 : m 1 d) m1 : m 2

4. A 50kg boy is swinging on a swing from rest. Then the power delivered when moving with a velocity of 2 m/s
upwards in a direction making an angle 60 with vertical is
a) 980 W b) 490 W c) 490 3 W d) 245 W
5. You lift a heavy book from the floor of the room and put it in the bookshelf having a height 2 m. The work done
by you will depend upon
a) mass of the book and time taken b) weight of the book and the path followed
c) the path followed and the time taken d) none of these
6. A particle of mass m has momentum p. Its kinetic energy will be
p2 p2
a) mp b) p2m c) d)
m 2m
7. A ball is allowed to fall from a height of 10 m. If there is 40 % loss of energy due to air friction then after elastic
impact the ball will go up
a) 10 m b) 8 m c) 6 m d) less than 6 m
8. A light and a heavy body have equal momentum. Which one has greater K.E
a) light body b) both have equal c) heavy body d) date incomplete
9. The same retarding force is applied to stop a car. If the speed is doubled, then the distance at which car can be
brought to rest is
a) the same b) doubled c) half d) four times
10. A man to a height of one metre lifts a body of mass m kg in 30 seconds. Another man lifts the same mass to the
same height in 60 seconds. The power used is in the ratio
a) 1 : 2 b) 1 : 1 c) 2 : 1 d) 4 : 1
11. There will be an increase in potential energy of the system if
a) any conservative or non-conservative forces does work
b) a non-conservative force does positive work
c) a conservative force does negative work d) none of the above
12. A car of mass m is driven with acceleration a along a straight level road against a start external resistance R.
When the velocity v, the power of the engine is
a) Rv b) mav c) (R + ma) v d) (R - ma)v
13. A mass m slides down the surface of a hemispherical bowl from its rim. If R is the radius of the bowl, the velocity
of the mass when it reaches the bottom is
a) 2 gR b) 2 mgR c) 2mg R d) gR

39
14. A spring of force constant K has an initial stretch x1. In changing the stretch to x2, the increase in potential energy
is about
a) 1 Kx 22 b) 1 Kx 22 - 1 Kx12 c) 1 K x - x 2 d) none of these
2 1
2 2 2 2
 
15. A particle moves in the x - y plane under the action of a force F such that the value of its linear momentum P at
 
any time t is Px = 2 cos t, Py = 2 sin t the angle  between F and P at any given time t will be
a) 90 b) 0 c) 180 d) 30
16. A rod of length L and M is lying on a smooth table. The work required to make it vertical is
MgL MgL MgL
a) b) c) MgL d)
2 3 6
17. An engine pumps a liquid of density d continuously through a pipe of area of cross-section A. If the speed with
which the liquid passes through a pipe is v, then the power of the pump is
a) Adv 3 b) 1 Adv c) Adv 2 d) Adv2
2 2 2
18. An engine develops 10 k.W. of power. How much time will it take to lift a mass of 200 kg to a height of 40 m.
a) 4 sec b) 5 sec c) 8 sec d) 10 sec
19. The energy stored in wound watch spring is
a) K.E b) P.E c) heat energy d) chemical energy
20. A stone of 114 g slides down on an inclined plane of angle 30 and length 20 m. Its velocity at the bottom of the
plane is 10 ms-1. Loss in mechanical energy is
a) 98 J b) 50 J c) 48 J d) none of these
21. A bullet of mass 20 gm moving at 200 m/s passes through a plank and its velocity reduces to 100 m/s. The %
increase in thickness of the plank to stop the bullet completely should be
a) 50 % b) 66% c) 33% d) none of these
22. A bullet of mass 10gm leaves rifle at an initial velocity of 1000m/s and strikes the earth at the same level with a
velocity of 500m/s. Work done in overcoming the resistance of air will be
a) 375 J b) 3750 J c) 5000 J d) 500 J
-1
23. A body of mass 0.5 kg is moving with a constant velocity of 2 ms . In order to bring it to rest in a distance of 2m,
the work to be done is
a) 1 J b) 2 J c) 3 J d) 4 J
24. The power of a pump which raises 100 kg of water in 10 sec to a height of 100 m and releases at 100 2 ms-1 is
a) 10 kW b) 120 kW c) 40 kW d) none of these
25. A stone projected up with a velocity u reaches a maximum height h. When it is at a height 3h/4 from the ground,
the ratio of its K.E and P.E at that point is
a) 3 : 1 b) 1 : 3 c) 1 : 2 d) none of these
26. The heart of a man pumps 4 liters of blood per min at a pressure of 1.25  10 Nm-2. The power of heart in watt is
4

a) 10.8 W b) 1800 W c) 80 W d) none of these

27. A is projected vertically up. B is projected at an angle of 45. Both reach the same height. At the starting point the
K.E. of A to B is
a) 1 : 1 b) 1 : 2 c) 2 : 1 d) 1 : 3
28. A ball falls freely under gravity from a height 10 m with an initial downward velocity v0. It collides with a
ground, and loses 50 % of its energy in collision and then rises back to the same height. The initial velocity v0 is
a) 10 2 ms-1 b) 28 ms-1 c) 10 ms-1 d) 14 2 ms-1

40
29. A force of 10 Newton acts on a roller at an angle of 60 to the vertical and the roller moves on a lawn through a
distance of 20 m. The work done is
a) 100 J b) 100 3 J c) 50 3 J d) 100 J
3
30. A block of mass m is dropped from the top of a spring whose force constant is K. What will be the maximum
distance x of the compression of the spring
a) mg b) 2 mg c) mg d) 4 mg
K K 2K K
31. A spring is compressed between two toy carts of mass m1 and m2. When the toy carts are released the spring
exerts on each toy cart equal and opposite forces for the same time t. If the coefficient of friction  between the
ground and the toy carts are equal, the displacements of toy carts are in the ratio (assume no friction when spring
force acts)
2 2
a) s1 m 2
b) s 1 m1 c) s1  m 2  d) s1  m 1 
     
s 2 m1 s2 m2 s 2  m 1  s 2  m 2 
32. Two identical 5 kg blocks are moving with same speed of 2 m/s towards each other along a frictionless horizontal
surface. The two blocks collide, stick together and come to rest. Consider the two blocks as a system. Then work
done by external and internal forces are
a) 0, 0 b) 0, 20 J c) 0, -20 J d) 20 J, -20 J
 
33. A particle of mass 0.01 kg travels along a space curve with velocity given by 4 i + 16 k ms-1. After sometime its
 
velocity becomes 8 i + 20 j ms-1 due to the action of a conservative force. The work done on particle during this
interval of time is
a) 0.32 J b) 6.9 J c) 9.6 J d) 0.96 J
34. A 2 kg brick of dimensions 5 cm  2.5 cm  1.5 cm is lying on the largest base. It it now made to stand with
length vertical, then the amount of work done is
a) 35 J b) 5 J c) 7 J d) 9 J
35. A spring of force constant 10 N/m has initial stretch 0.2 m. In changing the stretch to 0.25 m, the increase of
potential energy is about
a) 0.1 J b) 0.2 J c) 0.3 J d) 0.5 J
36. A spherical bass of mass 20 kg is stationary at the top of a hill of height 100 m. It slides down a smooth surface to
the ground, the climbs up another hill of height 30 m and finally slides down to a horizontal base at a height of 20
m above the ground. The velocity attained by the ball is
a) 10 m/s b) 10 30 m/s c) 40 m/s d) 20 m/s
37. The block of mass M moving on the frictionless horizontal surface collides with the spring of spring constant K
and compresses it by length L. The maximum momentum of the block after collision is

ML 2 KL 2
a) zero b) c) MK L d) M
K 2M
38. A body of mass m accelerates uniformly from rest to v1 in time t1. As a function of time t, the instantaneous power
delivered to the body is
mv 12 t mv 1 t 2 mv 12 t
a) mv 1 t b) c) d)
t1 t1 t1 t 12

ANSWERS
1) d 2) c 3) c 4) b 5) d 6) d 7) d 8) a 9) d 10) c
11) c 12) c 13) a 14) b 15) a 16) a 17) a 18) c 19) b 20) d
21) c 22) b 23) a 24) d 25) b 26) d 27) b 28) a 29) b 30) b
31) c 32) c 33) d 34) a 35) a 36) c 37)c 38)d
41
 WPE TEST FULL
1. A uniform chain of length  and mass m is lying on a smooth horizontal table-top with l/4th portion hanging down
over an edge of the table. If released then the speed with which it will leave table is

15g 3g 15g

a) b) g c) d)
4 4 32

2. Power supplied to a particle of mass 2 kg varies with time as P = t 3 watt. Here t is in seconds. If velocity of particle
at t = 0 is v = 0, the velocity of particle at time t = 2s will be

a) 1 m/s b) 4 m/s c) 2 m/s d) 2 2 m/s

3. Velocity – time graph of a particle moving in a straight line is an shown in figure.

Mass of the particle is 2 kg. Work done by all the forces acting on the particle in time
interval between t = 0 to t = 10 s is:

a) 300J b) – 300J

c) 400 J d) – 400 J

4. Two blocks of masses m1 and m2 are connected to each other with the help of a spring. If pushing force is given to
mass m1 providing acceleration a to it, then acceleration of m2 is

m1a  F F  m1a
a) b)
m2 m2

F  m1a
c) a d)
m1

5. A particle of mass m slides along curved – flat – curved track. The curved portions of the track are smooth. If the
particle is released at the top H = 0.5m from one of the curved portions . Length of flat portion l = 1 m. The
particle comes to rest after travelling a distance 3m on flat surface . find  for flat surface.

1 1
a) b)
3 2

1 1
c) d)
4 6

6. An engine pumps out 40 kg of water in 4 second. The water comes out vertically upwards with a velocity of

10 ms–1 at a height 5m. What is the power of engine in kilowatt?

a) 1.2 kW b) 1 kW c) 1.6 kW d) 0.8 kW

7. A 50 kg block drops vertically from a height of 50 cm on a spring whose force constant K is 4000 newton per
metre. Then the maximum compression of the spring is:

a) 40 cm b) 25 cm c) 10 cm d) 50 cm

42
8. A mass m is pushed against a spring of a toy gun of force constant K. The spring is compressed by a distance x.
now it is projected up at 600 to horizontal by releasing the compression.If the mass of shot is m, on being triggered
it will go up to a height of:

2 Kx 2 Kx 2 3Kx 2 3Kx 2
a) b) c) d)
3mg mg 8mg 16mg

K
9. Force acting on a particle moving in a straight line varies with the velocity of the particle as F = , where K is a
v
constant. The work done by this force in time t is:

K 2Kt
a) t b) 2Kt c) Kt d)
v2 v2

10. The P.E. of a particle oscillating on x-axis is given as U = 20 + (x – 2)2 here U is in Joules and x is in meters, the
max. K.E. of the particle

a) 8 J b) 16 J c) 32 J d) 64 J

11. Power applied to a particle varies with time as P = (3t 2 – 2t +1) watt, where t is in second. Find the change in
its kinetic energy between time t = 2 s and t = 4 s.

a) 26 J b) 36 J c) 24 J d) 46 J

12. A very small mass m is fixed to one end of a massless spring of constant k and normal length  . The spring and the
mass are rotated about the other end of the spring with angular speed . Neglect the effect of gravity, the P.E stored
in spring is
2
k  m 2 
a) zero b)  
2  k  m 2 

2
k  m 2l 
c) m 2
d)  
2  k  m 2 

13. A fire hose has a diameter of 2.5 cm and is required to direct a jet of water to a height of at least 40m. The
minimum power of the pump needed for this hose is
a) 21.5 kW b) 40 kW c) 36.5 kW d) 48 kW
14. Potential energy and position for a conservative force are plotted in graph shown. Then force position graph can be

a) b) c) d)

43
15. A force F = –K(y i + x j ), (where K is a +ve constant) acts on a particle moving in xy plane starting from origin,
the particle is taken along the positive x-axis to the point (a, 0) and then parallel to y axis to the point (a, a). The
total work done by force F on the particle is

a) –2Ka2 b) 2Ka2 c) –Ka2 d) Ka2

16. Two block of masses m1 = 1 kg and m2 = 2 kg are connected by a non-deformed light spring. They are lying on a
rough horizontal surface. The coefficient of friction between the blocks and the surface is 0.4. What minimum
constant force F has to be applied in horizontal direction to the block of mass m1 in order to shift the other block? (g
= 10 m/s2)

a) 8N b) 15 N

c) 10 N d) 25 N

17. A system shown in figure is released from rest. Pulley and spring is massless and friction is
absent everywhere. The speed of 4 kg block when 2 kg block leaves the contact with ground is
(Take force constant of spring k = 50 N/m and g = 10 m/s2)

a) 6 m/s b) 2 2 m/s
4kg
c) 3 m/s d) 3 2 m/s

2kg

18. A 1.5 kg block is initially at rest on a horizontal frictionless surface when a horizontal force in the positive direction

ˆ , where x is in mere and the initial position
of x – axis is applied to the block. The force is given by F  (4  x 2 )iN
of the block is x = 0. The maximum kinetic energy of the block between x = 0 and x = 2.0 m is:

a) 2.33 J b) 8.67 J c) 5.33 J d) 6.67 J

19. A constant power P is applied to a particle of mass m. The distance traveled by the particle when its velocity
increased from v1 to v2 is (neglect friction):

3P 2 m m 3 m 2
a)
m

v 2  v12  b)
3P

v 2  v1  c)
3P

v 2  v13  d)
3P

v 2  v12 
20. A small block slides with velocity 0.5  0  0.5 gr on the horizontal frictionless surface as shown. The block
leaves the surface at L. The angle  is

3 4
a) cos–1 b) cos–1 
4 3
3 4
c) sin–1 d) sin–1
4 3

44
 ANSWERS

1. a 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. d

6. b 7. d 8. c 9. c 10. b

11. d 12. d 13. a 14. d 15. c

16. a 17. a 18. c 19. c 20. a

45