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Convergent Divergent Nozzles

The document discusses transonic flow through a convergent-divergent nozzle. It examines how total temperature and pressure vary with Mach number, and how the isentropic area ratio allows acceleration of subsonic and supersonic flow. The mass flow parameter relates the mass flow rate to Mach number and can be used to calculate mass flow without knowing Mach number directly. An example problem is given to demonstrate using the mass flow parameter to find exit mass flow rate and Mach number for a given nozzle.

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Jads Cayabyab
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322 views14 pages

Convergent Divergent Nozzles

The document discusses transonic flow through a convergent-divergent nozzle. It examines how total temperature and pressure vary with Mach number, and how the isentropic area ratio allows acceleration of subsonic and supersonic flow. The mass flow parameter relates the mass flow rate to Mach number and can be used to calculate mass flow without knowing Mach number directly. An example problem is given to demonstrate using the mass flow parameter to find exit mass flow rate and Mach number for a given nozzle.

Uploaded by

Jads Cayabyab
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Flow through

Convergent-Divergent Nozzles

Dr Alex Ellin
Aims

The aim of this lecture is to examine Transonic Flow through a


Convergent-Divergent Nozzle.

Much of the material for this lecture comes from Mattingly Chapter 2
Learning
Outcomes
By the end of this lecture students should understand:
• The nature of Compressible Flow through a Convergent
Divergent Nozzle
• How to calculate the Fluid State at any point through such a
Nozzle.
Total Temperature/Pressure
vs Mach No.

For Isentropic Flow of a Perfect Gas:

−1
𝑇 𝛾−1 2
= 1+ 𝑀
𝑇𝑡 2

𝛾
−𝛾−1
𝑃 𝛾−1 2
= 1+ 𝑀
𝑃𝑡 2
Total Temperature/Pressure
vs Mach No.

At M=1:

𝑃
= 0.528
𝑃𝑡

𝑇
= 0.833
𝑇𝑡
Total Temperature/Pressure
vs Mach No.

At M=1:

𝑃
= 0.528
𝑃𝑡

𝑇
= 0.833
𝑇𝑡

P*, T* represent conditions for Mach 1 – sometimes known as the Star State.
Isentropic
Area Ratio
Similarly from:

𝑚 = 𝜌𝐴𝑉 = 𝜌∗ 𝐴∗ 𝑉 ∗
𝛾+1
𝐴 1 2 𝛾−1 2 2 𝛾−1
We get: 𝐴∗
= 𝑀 𝛾+1
1+ 2
𝑀

To accelerate subsonic flow, A must get smaller

To accelerate supersonic flow, A must get bigger


Mass Flow
Parameter
How much flow can we get through a given area?

Can we express it as a function of Mach Number?

𝛾−1
𝑚 = 𝜌𝐴𝑉 𝑇𝑡 𝑃𝑡 𝛾
=
𝑇 𝑃
𝑃 = 𝜌𝑅𝑇
−1
𝑇 𝛾−1 2
𝑎= 𝛾𝑔𝑐 𝑅𝑇 = 1+ 𝑀
𝑇𝑡 2

𝛾
−
𝑉2 𝑃 𝛾−1 2 𝛾−1
𝑇𝑡 = 𝑇 + = 1+ 𝑀
2𝑔𝑐 𝐶𝑃 𝑃𝑡 2
Mass Flow
Parameter
𝛾+1
−
𝑚 𝑇𝑡 𝛾−1 2 2 𝛾−1
𝑀𝐹𝑃 = = 𝑀 𝛾 𝑔𝑐 𝑅 1 + 𝑀
𝑃𝑡 𝐴 2
Mass Flow

What if we don’t know the Mach Number?

𝑚 = 𝜌𝐴𝑉 𝛾−1 𝑉2
𝑇𝑡 𝑃𝑡 𝛾 𝑇𝑡 = 𝑇 +
𝑃 = 𝜌𝑅𝑇 = 2𝑔𝑐 𝐶𝑃
𝑇 𝑃

It can be shown that:

2 𝛾+1
𝑚 𝑃𝑡 2𝑔𝑐 𝛾 𝑃 𝛾 𝑃 𝛾
= −
𝐴 𝑇𝑡 𝑅 𝛾 − 1 𝑃𝑡 𝑃𝑡
Example

If 𝑃𝑡 = 1.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑇𝑡 = 2800 𝐾 calculate the mass flow rate


and the flow Mach Number at the exit E.

Hint: Use MFP to calculate 𝑚


Example
Example

The nozzle only wants to have


exit conditions at e or e’

If these don’t match the


atmospheric conditions,
we get a Shock Wave
Summary

• To accelerate subsonic flow, the cross sectional area must get


smaller

• To accelerate supersonic flow, the cross sectional area must


get bigger

• The Maximum Mass Flow Rate occurs when the Mach Number
at the Throat =1

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