CCNAv7-1 Introduction to Networks Module 3: Protocols and Models * eet Mukesh Chinta & Assistant Professor Rownar Deptof CSE, VRSEC Pig isconstrcednaructer aModule Objectives Module Title: Protocols and Models Module Objective: Explain how network protocols enable devices to access local and remote network resources. Describe the types of rules that are necessary to successfully communicate. Explain why protocols are necessary in network communication. Explain the purpose of adhering to a protocol suite. Explain the role of standards organizations in establishing protocols for network interoperability Explain how the TCP/IP model and the OSI model are used to facilitate standardizationin the communication process. Explain how data encapsulationallows data to be transported across the network. Explain how local hosts access local resources on a network.To watch this lecture on Youtube, Subscribe to my Channel @ https://youtube.com/channel/UCqQ6FQ62fpld40Jp9BFHtDg Or type in MUKESH CHINTAin youtube.. If you like the content that | am discussing, Click Like. If you have any issues related to the content, feel free to contact me. Good suggestions are always welcome!!! @. PEThe Rules Communications Fundamentals Networks can vary in size and complexity. It is not enough to have a connection, devices must agree on “how” to communicate. There are three elements to any communication: = Message source (sender) - Message sources are people, or electronic devices, that need to send a message to other individuals or devices. = Message Destination (receiver) - The destination receives the message and interprets it. = Channel - This consists of the media that provides the pathway over which the message travels from source to destination. shal Transmitter >} Channel >| ReceiverThe Rules Network Protocol Requirements Common computer protocols must be in agreement and include the following requirements: © Message encoding - Encoding is the process of converting information into another acceptable form for transmi ion. YW Message formatting and encapsulation - Message formats depend on the type of message and the channel that is used to deliver the message. © Message size - when a long message is sent from one host to another over a network, it is necessary to break the message into smaller pieces W Message timing - Message timing includes Flow Control, Response Timeout & Access method. YW Message delivery options - Three types of data communications include Unicast, Multicast & Broadcast3.2 ProtocolsNetwork Protocol Overview Network protocols define a common format and set of rules for exchanging messages between devices. Protocols are implemented by end devices and intermediary devices in software, hardware, or both. Each network protocol has its own function, format, and rules for communications. Protocol Type errors Cay | Network | enable two or more devices to communicate over | | Communications _/ one or more networks | | iE se secure data to provide authentication, data | | | Network Security compare path information, and select best path Fused for the automatic detection of devices or Service Discovery nan =Functions agreed-upon communicate . may have may have one or functions. Addressing Identifies sender and receiver Reliability Provides guaranteed delivery Flow Control Ensures data flows atan efficient rate Sequencing Uniquely labels each transmitted segment of data Error Detection Determines if data became corrupted during transmission Application Interface _Process-to-process communications between network applicationsProtocols Protocol Interaction | « A message sent over a computer network typically requires the use of several protocols, each one with its own functions and format. _ Hypertext Transfer Governs the way a web server and a web client interact = Provides guaranteed delivery amis Manages flow control_ | Protocol (TCP) | | is Internet I Protocol 1(1P)_ i Delivers messages ¢ globally from the sender tc ‘tot there receiver | | Ethernet _ Delivers messages from one NIC to another NIC on the same L Ethernet Local Area Network (LAN) |3.3 Protocol SuitesProtocol Suites Network Protocol Suites Protocols must be able to work with other protocols. Protocol suite: + A group of inter-related protocols necessary to perform a communication function + Sets of rules that work together to help solve a | cum problem Hse sini The protocols are viewed in terms of layers: + Higher Layers == |} —. + Lower Layers- concemed with moving data and provide services to upper layers 0 ies ae as fe at wre oer lp oe 3 DeProtocol Suites Evolution of Protocol Suites There are several protocol suites. + Internet Protocol Suite or TCP/IP- The most common protocol suite and is maintained by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) + Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) protocols- Developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International ‘Telecommunications Union aru) + AppleTalk- Proprietary suite release by Apple Inc. + Novell NetWare- Proprietary suite developed by Novell Inc.Protocol Suites TCP/IP Protocol Suite Teomm tae + TCP/IP is the protocol suite used by the internet and includes many protocols. + TCPAP is: + An open standard protocol suite that is freely available to the public and can be used by any vendor * A standards-based protocol suite that is endorsed by the networking industry and approved by a standards organization to ensure interoperability.Protocol Suites TCP/IP Communication Process A web server encapsulating and = -A client _de-encapsulating the sending a web page to a client. web page for the web browser User Data TCP Segment 1P Packet Web Server Web cient3.4 Standards Organizations‘Standards Organizations Open Standards IEEE @ Internet Assigned Numbers Authority yn ET F Open standards encourage: + interoperability + competition + innovation Standards organizations are: + vendor-neutral + non-profit organizations + established to develop and promote the concept of open standardsStandards Organizations Internet Standards 7 + Internet Society (ISOC) - Promotes the "BEER IE ore moves open development and evolution of internet - Internet Architecture Board (IAB) - I Demme Responsible for management and TAB development of internet standards oe a + Internet Engineering Task —_ Force saree” ees | tattoe i) (IETF) - Develops, updates, and maintains internet and TCP/IP technologies + Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) - Focused on long-term research related to internet and TCP/IP protocols‘Standards Organizations Internet Standards (Cont.) - Standards organizations involved with the development and support of TCP/IP LE —— ESC; Internet Corporati a | ; Names and Ni Coordinates IP a cation, the management of dot Acree {eo} Pot bers assignment of ‘other infe ye’ “+ Internet. Assigne r Authority (IANA) - manages IP address allocation, domain name management, and __ protocol eee ~~ id iers for ICANN. : ois ‘dateStandards Organizations Electronic and Communications Standards + Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE, pronounced “I-triple-E”) - dedicated to creating standards in power and energy, healthcare, telecommunications, and networking + Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) - develops standards relating to electrical wiring, connectors, and the 19-inch racks used to mount networking equipment + Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) - develops communication standards in radio equipment, cellular towers, Voice over IP (VoIP) devices, satellite communications, and more + International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) - defines standards for video compression, Internet Protocol Television (IPTV), and broadband communications, such as a digital subscriber line (DSL)3.5 Reference ModelsReference Models The Benefits of Using a Layered Model Answering model ony 3 sv Complex concepts such as how a network operates can be difficult to explain and understand. For this reason, a layered model is used. Two layered models describe network operations: + Open System Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model + TCP/IP Reference ModelReference Models The Benefits of Using a Layered Model (Cont.) These are the benefits of using a layered model: Assist in protocol design because protocols that operate at a specific layer have defined information that they act upon and a defined interface to the layers above and below ‘Foster competition because products from different vendors can work together ‘Prevent technology or capability changes in one layer from affecting other layers above and below Provide a common language to describe networking functions and capabilities7- Application Contains protocols used for process-to-process communications. 6 - Presentation Provides for common representation of the data transferred between application layer services. 5 - Session Provides services to the presentation layer and to manage data exchange. 4- Transport Defines services to segment, transfer, and reassemble the data for individual communications. 3 - Network Provides services to exchange the individual pieces of data over the network, 2-Data Link Describes methods for exchanging data frames over a common media. 1 - Physical Describes the means to activate, maintain, and de-activate physical connections.Reference Models The TCP/IP Reference Model TCP/IP Model Laget Description Application Represents data to the user, plus encoding and dialog control. Supports communication between various devices across diverse networks. ‘Transport Pitta Determines the best path through the network. Controls the hardware devices and media that make up the Dra ae Cae network.Reference Models OSI and TCP/IP Model Comparison 051 Model TCP/IP Model > The OSI model divides the network access layer and the application layer eee of the TCP/IP model into multiple layers. > The TCP/IP protocol suite does not specify which protocols to use when transmitting over a physical medium. OSI Layers 1 and 2 discuss the necessary procedures to access the media and the physical means to send data over a network.3.6 Data EncapsulationData Encapsulation Segmenting Messages Segmenting is the process of breaking up messages into smaller units. Multiplexing is the processes of taking multiple streams of segmented data and interleaving them together. ; Segmenting messages has two primary benefits: + Increases speed - Large amounts of data can be sent over the network without tying up a communications link. + Increases efficiency - Only segments which fail to reach the destination need to be le retransmitted, not the entire data stream.Sequencing messages Bee process of numbering the segments so that the message may be reassembled at the destination. TCP is responsible for sequencing the individual segments.Data Encapsulation Protocol Data Units Encapsulation is the process where protocols add their information to the data. + At each stage of the process. a PDU has a different, name to reflect its new functions. PDUs passing down the stack are as follows: 1. Data Data Stream) Segment Packet Frame Bits (Bit Stream) BT nis a aeicteetyrocers + The level above does its process and then passes it down to the next level of the model. This process is repeated by each layer until it is sent out as a bit stream. yey3.7 Data AccessData Access Addresses Both the data link and network layers use addressing to deliver data from source to destination. © Network layer source and destination addresses - Responsible for delivering the IP packet from original source to the final destination. © Data link layer source and destination addresses — Responsible for delivering the data link frame from one network interface card (NIC) to another NIC on the same network. (—Piysicat—) (Datalink) (Network) (Transport) (Upper Layers)Data Access Layer 3 Logical Address The IP packet contains two IP addresses: + Source IP address - The IP address of the sending device, original source of the packet. + Destination IP address - The IP address of the receiving device, final destination of the packet. An IP address contains two parts: @ Networkportion (IPv4) or Prefix (IPv6) * The left-most part of the address indicates the network group which the IP member. a = Each LAN or WAN will have the same network portion. © Hostportion (IPv4) or Interface ID (IPv6) = The remaining part of the address identifies a specific device within . 4s, .This portion is unique for each device on the network iData Access Devices on the Same Network When devices are on the same network the source and destination will have the same number in network portion of the address. + PC1- 110 + FTP Server — 9 a UE TaeData Access Role of the Data Link Layer Addresses: Same IP Network When devices are on the same Ethernet network the data link frame will use the actual MAC address of the destination NIC. MAC addresses are physically embedded into the Ethernet NIC and are local addressing, + The Source MAC address will be that of the originator on the link. + The Destination MAC address will always be on the same link as the source, even if the ultimate destination is remote. pres.Data Access Role of the Network Layer Addresses When the source and destination have a different network portion, this means they are on different networks. ‘aa Une Theta ae Seomeee ace exxoatrane reno JY sr pate Hood 1 + Web Server ~ 172.16.1 j= NS” ie it *Data Access Role of the Data Link Layer Addresses: Different IP Networks When the final destination is remote, Layer 3 will provide Layer 2 with the local defautt gateway IP address, also known as the router address. The default gateway (DGW) is the router interface IP address that is part of this LAN and will be the “door” or “gateway” to all other remote locations Alll devices on the LAN must be told about this address or their traffic will be confined to the LAN only. Once Layer 2 on PCI forwards to the default gateway (Router), the router then can start the routing process of getting the information to acttial destination, Ss ct i co Sze Note: While the L2 local addressing will change from link to link or hop to hop, the L3 addressing remains the same.Data Access Data Link Addresses + Since data link addressing is local addressing, it will have a source and destination for each segment or hop of the journey to the destination + The MAC addressing for the first segment is + Source — (PC1 NIC) sends frame + Destination — (First Router- DGW interface) receives frame Passe sono (sl | es ealData Access Data Link Addresses (Cont.) The MAC addressing for the last segment is: + Source — (Second Router- exit interface) sends frame + Destination — (Web Server NIC) receives frame Origa Source Frat per $92.168.1.110 12 Header 13 PacketEee Data Link Addresses (Cont.) Notice that the packet is not modified, but the frame is changed, therefore the | addressing does not change from segment to segment like the L2 MAC addressi The L3 addressing remains the same since it is global and the ultimate destina still the Web Server. ‘Ongna SoursTo watch this lecture on Youtube, Subscribe to my Channel @ https://youtube.com/channel/UCqQ6FQ62fpld40Jp9BFHtDg Or type in MUKESH CHINTAin youtube.. If you like the content that | am discussing, Click Like. If you have any issues related to the content, feel free to contact me. Good suggestions are always welcome!!!