CHAPTER 22 RESPIRATORY

respiration processes
• pulmonary ventilation
• move air in / out lungs
• external respiration
• exchange gases air - blood
• transportation of gases
• internal respiration
• exchange gases blood - cells
• cell respiration
• glucose  ATP use O2
make CO2

Respiratory system
• pulmonary ventilation

• external respiration

functions of respiratory system

• gas exchange move air
filter air
warm air
exchange gases

• temperature regulation

• acid – base regulation

• vocal production
• smell

parts of respiratory system

• conducting zone move air
• nose , nasal cavities
• pharynx
• larynx
• trachea
•
bronchus and its branches
• respiratory zone exchange gases
• respiratory bronchioles
• alveoli and alveolar ducts

parts of conducting zone

• upper respiratory tract above thoracic cavity
• nose
• pharynx
• lower respiratory tract within thoracic cavity
• larynx
• trachea
• lung
 nose
• external nares = nostril
• nasal septum = ??
• nasal conchae and meatus superior, middle, inferior
– function ??
• vestibule
• posterior nasal aperture = internal nares
• olfactory epithelium superior
pseudostrat ciliated + neurons
• paranasal sinuses air filled
lined with same mucosa
– which bones ??
respiratory mucosa
• what kind of tissue ??

– also goblet cells secrete mucus

• functions :
– mucus traps dust, bacteria, other small particles
– cilia moves contaminated mucus to pharynx
– moistens and warms the air

pharynx
• nasopharynx
– pharyngeal and tubal tonsils
– pharyngotympanic tube
– respiratory mucosa
– uvula
• oropharynx
– stratified squamous epith (friction from food)
– palatine , lingual tonsils
• laryngopharynx
– divides to esophagus (food)
larynx (air)
larynx
• = voice box
• hyoid bone to trachea

• function:
– air passage cartilages
– vocal production vocal cords
• tissues:
– superior to vocal cords
– inferior to vocal cords

larynx - cartilages
• thyroid cartilage
– laryngeal prominence = Adam’s apple
• cricoid cartilage inferior, ring of cartilage
• epiglottis closes during swallowing
– vestibular ligament
• internal
– arytenoid (2) anchor the vocal cords
– corniculate (2)
– cuneiform (2)

larynx – vocal structures

• vocal cords = vocal folds elastic ct
simple squamous epith
• rima glottidis - opening
• glottis = rima glottidis + vocal cords
• intrinsic muscles
– cricoarytenoid muscles

trachea
• = windpipe
• job = move air fast

• 16 – 20 cartilage rings keep trachea open

incomplete posteriorly
• trachealis muscle posterior wall
contracts during cough
• carina
• pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

bronchial tree
• primary (main) bronchus R&L
• secondary (lobar) bronchi 3 right ; 2 left
• tertiary (segmental) bronchi 10 each lung
• bronchioles < 1mm diameter
– elastic c.t replaces cartilage
– simple cuboid or columnar w/o cilia
– smooth muscle
• terminal bronchioles
respiratory zone

• respiratory bronchioles lead into alveolar ducts

• alveolar ducts lead into alveoli
• alveolar sacs cluster of alveoli
• alveoli

alveoli
• = functional units of gas exchange

• alveolar type I cells tissue?

• capillaries tissue?

• respiratory membrane
– = alveolar + capillary epithelium + basal lamina
 alveoli
• alveolar type II cells = septal cells
– pulmonary surfactant
• elastic c.t.
• macrophages

respiratory histology
• startified squamous epithelium nasal cavity
oro – and laryngopharynx
larynx above vocal cords
• respiratory epithelium nasopharynx
larynx below vocal cords
trachea , bronchi and bronchioles
• simple cuboidal epithelium respiratory bronchioles
• simple squamous epithelium alveoli

lungs
• apex superior tip
• base diaphragmatic surface
• surfaces
– costal
– vertebral
– mediastinal
• cardiac notch L lung
• hilus root
– pulmonary art and veins
– bronchus
– nerves
– lymph vessels
lobes of the lung
• right: superior lobe left: superior lobe
middle lobe
inferior lobe inferior lobe
• fissures : divide lobes
– left oblique fissue
– right oblique fissure
horizontal fissure

Pleura
• pleura
– parietal
– visceral

• pleural cavity between 2 pleura

• pleural fluid
– prevent friction allows easy movement of lungs
– sticky holds lung close to thoracic wall
during inhalation
 blood supply
• for gas exchange
– pulmonary arteries
– pulmonary veins

• for lung tissue

– bronchial arteries
– bronchial veins

nerve supply
• parasympathetic bronchoconstriction

• sympathetic bronchodilation
vasodilation , vasoconstriction

• sensory

breathing muscles
• diaphragm
– action flattens - increases thoracic volume
• intercostal muscles
– external ICM pull up and out increase volume
– internal ICM pull down and in decrease volume

neural control
• medulla rhythmicity area
• pons
• hypothalamus, limbic emotions
• cerebrum conscious control
• sensory O2 , CO2 , pH changes
– central chemoreceptors
• medulla, hypothalamus
– peripheral chemoreceptors
• carotid and aortic bodies

diseases
• asthma
• COPD
– emphysema
– chronic bronchitis
• pneumonia
• cystic fibrosis
• atelectasis
• cancer