CHAPTER - 02 TRIGONOMETRY - | Important Results = 1 cos’9 = 1-sin’Q and sin + =4 “1 and sec’ - tan’ => cot’ = cosec’9- 1 and cosec’9 - cot’ = 1 3. 1+ cota = cosec’ SinO yg — £080 1 1 1 4 tn0= SR™ coseeO = seo = co = —— cos) sino sind co iand 5. radians = 180", 1/2 = 90°, w/3 = 60, m/4 = 45°, /6 = 30° mi10 = 18%, 6°, 2/5 = 72 6 6 O=0 m=30 Ti4=45° mIS=60 m/2=90 = 180° sin 9 112 WB 1 0 cos 1 4B 112 0 A tan 0 1 V3 notdefined 0 2m 8. sin (-Q) =- sin , cos (-) = cos Q, tan (-9) = - tang, cot (-) = - cot Q, Sec (-@) = Sec (), cosec (-9) = - cosec 9 9. sin (A+B) = sinA.cos B + cos A sin B sin (A-B) = sin Acos B- cos Asin B 0s (A+B) = cos Acos B- sin A sin B cos (A-B) = cosAcos B+ sinAsinB10. "1 12. 13, 14, 15, 16. 17 18 Repeaters 2021-Jee MainiModule-1) an A 1 tan B an (A+B)= tan (4B) ama tan _ tan A = tan B tan (A-B) = Tyan an sin(A ~B+C) =cos.A eos BeosCftan A ~tan B + tan € ~tan A tan Btan C] cos(A + BY C)=cosAcosBeosC[I- tan AtanB- tanBtanC- tanCean A] tan A +tan B tan € ~tan A tan Bran T= tan A tan B= tan Bran C= tan Can A IfA+B+C=xthen i) tan A+ tan B+ tan C = tanAtan BtanC li) cotAcotB + cot BcotC + cot C. cotA=1 iil) sin 24+ sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 sin A sin B sin C iv) cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = -1 —4cos A cos B cos C Ayer Bseork tan(A+B=C)= vy) cot wy ard tnBcanBen Se an© tana vii) cos" As cos" Bi ct ‘0s Acos BeosC vill) sin? A=sin’ B+sin° C =2+2cas. cosBeosC IFA+ B+ C=, tan Atan B+ tan BtanC + tan C tanA= 1 cot A+ cot B+ cot C=cotA cot B. cotC and sin’A + sin’B + sin’C = 1-2 sinAsin B sin C cos* A +cos" B+ eos" C=2+2sin Asin BsinC IfA+ B= 9, (1+ tana) (1+ tan B) = 2, (cot A-1) (cot B-1) =2 IfA-B (tan A)( tan B) TA +B-=Sthen, (I cot )(I cot B) = Letand tani x x tan| 7 and tan| =~ 6 |= x Also tan| © sin 2A=2sinA cosA => sin A= 2sin (A/2} cos (4/2) A oo, A= SIDA sin Also sinA cos A = and sin@® Brilliant svupy CENTRE 19, 20. 2 22 23 24 25. 26 cos 2A = cosA - sin’A = 2 cos’A- 1 2A 2 si = 2 cos cos" $= E80 4 -cosA=2 sin(A/2) Also cos A = 4- cos 2A =2 sin’a Also sin’ A. L-cos 2A Teas 24 cotA-tanA= 2 cot 24 —!_ Sin Cos tan A= cotA+tanA= tan A = sin A = tan 2A = [-taney SINA=3sinA-4 sin => sinfy= SRA —SInIA ; ap. = 3C08A 4 00534 cos 3A = 4 cos’A- 3 cos A cosia = SOSA TOSSA 4 Stan A = tan’, ian A sin (A+B) sin (A-B) = sinPA - sin’ cos (A+B) cos (A-B) = cos*A - sin’B = sin {A+B} sin (A-B) = cos*A - cos*B tan 3A= fan’ A tan B lam Avtar B tan (A+B) tan (A-B) and cot(A~ B) eat (A ~ B)= sin 78° = cos 15° . C08 78°= sin 128 23 20. Repeaters 2021-Jee MainiModule-1) sin 22412 sin pi cos 224. tan 22'/.°= tan p/8 = \2-1 Cid. C-D 5 608 sin C + sin D = 2sin: sin C- sin D = 2eos dag tD cos C + c08 D = 2eos 2? cos cos C - cos D sin A cos B= ¥,[ sin (A¥B) + sin (A-B)] cos A sin B= 4, [sin (A+B) - sin (A-B)] cos A cos B = '/,{cos (A+B) + cos (A-B)] sin A sin B = -'/,[cos (A+B) - cos (A-B)] Special Results (1) cos A. cos 2A. cos 4A. cos 8A, cos (214) = net (2) cos 2aet os 3A 4 (3) cos A. cos (60%A) . cos (60+) = sin 3A (4) sin 4 sin (802A) sin (604A) = => (5) tan A. tan{60" A} ean{60" + Aj = tan 3A (6) cot A cot (60°- A) . cot (60° + A) = cots, sinnbf (first ante + last ante (7) cos A + cos (A+B) + cos (A+2B) +....... N terms = ay eee (8) sin + sin (A+B) + sin (A#2B) + nterms = (9) sin’ + cos*A = 1-2 sin? A. cos" (10) sirfA + cos®A = 1-3 sin’ cos’ (1) seo! A=tan! A= 1+ 2see? A tan? A cose’ A cot! A =1+2cosee"A.cot™ A (12) cosee'A~cot! A =1-+3e0see"A cot? A seo’ As tan’ A= 1436007 Atan? A rem@ Brilliant stupy iN 31. Periodic function f(x) is periodic with period t, if tis the least positive number such that f(x+t) = f(x) sin x is periodic with period 2n. cos x is periodic with period 2r, tan x is periodic with period m. cot x is periodic with period 7 sec x is periodic with period 2x cosec x is periodic with period 2 [sin x| is periodic with period m [cos x| is periodic with period m Note 1: If f0<) is periodic with period t, then f(ax+b) where a > 0, b any number. is also periodic with period va 9: f(x) = sin 3x is periodic with period 27/3, f(x) = sin(-3)) is periodic with period Note 2: Iff, (x) and f, (x) are periodic functions with periods T, and T. then f, (x) +f, (x) is periodic with period T where T is the LCM of T, and T. provided there is no positive c such that f(x) = f(x) and Le + x) =f, (x) sets where 6(sL6(x}6(s).t00) are periodic then period of f(x) is the L.e.m of the of\x)=ds] different periods. Note 4: f(x)=cosV¥ is not periodic, f(x) =sin(x" is not periodic Important Results 1. radians = 180°, x/2= 90, 2/3= 60, x/4= 45, ni6=30 2/10 = 18), 2/5 = 38, 2u/5= 72 2 0 o=e PA = 45° B= 60 n/2= 90 = 180° sin 0 42 U2 1 0 cos 1 v2 12 9 4 tan 0 1 iB not defined 0 3, sin 78°= cos 15° sin 18° = sin 2/10 = E cos38' = cos (/5) = “— sin 36°= sin x/5 = ;Repeaters 2021-Jee MainiModule-1) sin 54°= sin (90+36") = cos 36°, cos 54° sin 72°= sin (90°18) = cos 18, cos 72° in 36° in 18° cos 221/9= cosa/8 = X2+¥2 tan 22110 tan w/8 = = sin n/8 = /=r@, @ ismeasured in radians, Area of the sector Maximum value of a cos®—bsin8isVa7 — b> and minimum value of acos bsinivis Va 1b If a and b are positive numbers such that a» then the minimum value of asec bland where 0<0<%is fo—w If P(x, y) is any point in the cartesian plane then sin Q= yir, cos Q = xin, tan Q = vik; 98+ Trigonometric equations 1. Ifsin O= sina, O=nx+ (Po, a «[-n2, m2], net Ifcos O= cosa, 0=2nata,a <[0x]n IftanO=tana, 0=nzta,a «(-n/2, 2/2), nel 2. Ifsin'O = sin? a, cos*O = cos’a, tan'O= tan’ 9 =n te 3. IfsinO=0,0=nx If sin0 = 1:02 Qn + wi2; Ifsing =-1, 0= 2nx = wi2 4, Ifcos 0 = 0, then (204 1)% fcos 0 = 1, O= 2nz Ifcos O=-1, O= (2041) x 5. Ifsin © = sin &, cos 0 = cos o then 0 = 2nz + @ where a is the common value satisfying the given equations and lying between 0 and 2. 6 Tosolveacos 0 +b sin 0=c wherecs ¥ (a +b’), divide by V (a +b’) The following symbols in relation to AABC are universally adopted FEYB a c m2BAC=A m/ABC=B m-BCA~C AsBeCon AB=o.BC=a.CA=b atb= * Semi-perimeter of the triangle, S=—— 50, 2 +b+e * The radius of the circumeircle of the triangle, ie., circumradius = R * The radius of the incircle of the triangle, ie., intadius = r * Area of the triangle — A A A ™ renee (IN: \ “LA L ecice a aN c * If His the orthocentre of the AABC then orthocentie of HB is C and that of AALIC in Bete * Image (reflexion) of orthocentre on any side of ABC lies on the citcumcircle of the triangle * Angle bisector of \A13C divides the oposite side in the ratio of other two sides a BE:EC=c:b eryRepeaters 2021-Jee MainiModule-1) * If AD LBC ina right triangle ABC with BC is the hypotenuse then AD?=8D,0C B D c * Ina parallelogram ABCD, AC* | BD? = AB* ) BC ) CD? - DA? =2(AB® « BC*) * In ABC. AD is the median, the 4AD* = 2(AB* y AC*) BC? m length of the median In any polygon of 'n’ sides, the sum of the internal angles is (n~2)7 and sum of external angle is 2; For regular polygon of n side and ‘a’ is length of the side, then radius of incribed circle of the polygon Some basic formula (4) Sine rule In any triangle ABC bite 2be 2ca 2ab (2) Cosine Rule, In any AABC cosA= (3) Tangent Rule (Napiers Analogy) Cor (9) tani 4 B-C)_b-c (a) tan (4) HalfAngle formulae In any triangle ABC, If a*b+c = 2s, then pA [(S=b)isc) sos — [SUS tan d= [ls b}{s-c) a) () sin=J$ Bu) coss= fF 9) EME6) 6) (7) (ipsin® A (i sin = Projection formulae -In any AABC a=beos Ci ccosB : b= ceasA ~acosC; e=acosB=beos A Area of AABC tbesin A =Seasin B=4absine A - fe-ayisbe-a); R= A=2R*sin Asin Bsin€ In AABC | incircle rinradius |, |, |, are excircles and r,, are exradiiRepeaters 2021-Jee MainiModule-1) QUESTIONS LEVEL HOMEWORK) Only one option correct type 4. The value of tan 1®tan2°tan &...... tan 88% is. Ay B)0 C) x when simplified reduces to A) sinx cosx B) -sinex C) -sinxcosx D) sin’ 3, cos(540° -0)-sin(630’ ~0) is equal to ayo B) 2eos0 C) 2sin0 D) sind - cos 4, The value of sin(~@)sin(x—A) cosec’@ is equal to A)-1 Bo C) sind D) none of these sin 24) cos’ —sin6’ sin 66" 5. The value of 3S a cos sT sino cos A)-1 8)1 C2 D) none a8 tan 2B 6 If 3sinaSsinfs.then 7 ar_B is equal to Ay B)2 C3 d)4 7 Inatriangle ABC if tan A <0 then A)tan B.tanC>4 8) tanB tanc <1 C)tanB.tanC=4 D) None tan 158’ ~tan 115) 0 8 if tan 26°= x, then satan 1S is equal to Lex? lex lex" Box lax lex ru10. 1" 12. 13, 14 45. 16 18 (_cot A IfA+B= 226 then the value of | [5 4 is A)2 B) 1/2 D) 173 The value of tan 202 + tan22° + tan 203° tan 2221s Ay-1 B)0 ot D)2 (cos +sin 11) The value of (cost sin) A) tan 304° B) tan 56° C) cot 214 D) cot 34° The value of tan 3A— tan 2A— tan Ais equal to A) tan 3A tan 2A tan A B) -tan3A tan 2A tan A C) tan Atan 2A—tan 2A tan 3A—tan 3AtanA —D) None of these The value of Ajt 8) 3 D2 If lies in the third quadrant and 3 tan A— 4 = 0, then § sin 2A + 3 sin + 4cosA is equal to 24 48 Ajo 8) -> y= 5 3 If cosA = 3/4, then the value of 16 cos? (A/2) ~ 32 sin (A2) sin (5A/2} is A)-4 8)-3 os D)4 then cos 30 in terms of ‘ais ro 4) dary D} None Hftan?@- 2tan’ 6 =I, then the value of cos 26 + sin* ay B)2 c-1 D) Independent of ¢> 1 t Ifsint cost == and tin second quadrant then tan— is equal to a+ o2 D) -419, 20 a 22 23 24, 25. 2. 28, Repeaters 2021-Jee MainiModule-1) If f(8)=sin'6 + cos’ @, then range of P(8) is fh) of 34\ D) None of these ‘An maximum value of | +4sin 0 +3cos0 is A)-3 B)-4 cys D6 If tana + cota — athen the value of tan! + cot a = AValtdae=2 B) g'-4a°~2 C) aida -2 D) None IF 2 cos-+bsin0)—3 and asin0—-beos0—4 then 22+ b2has the value = N25 B) 14 C7 D) Nene sinx +¢osx The value of "= cas x A) [+ tanx tan’ x tan’ x B) 1+tanx + tan? x= tan’ x C) [tans + tan® x +tan’ x D) (1+ tan x)sec" x If (see A+ tan A)(seeB ~ tan BY(seeC + tan C) -(see A ~ tan A)(seeB- tanB) (see — tan C) then each side is equal to A B)2 co D) none Which of the following is correct? A) sint®> sin 1 B) sinte< sin 1 C) cos 1°> cos 1 D) cost? < sin 4 sin 10 is equal to B)2 1D) none of these The value of cos0~cos+ cos A) 12 B) 112 co D)4 sin(/ 10) cos(m/ 10) 16 zy 16@® Brilliant svupy CENTRE 29. 30. 31 32. 33, 36. Wfa+B=y 2s, then a. gy tan £+tanb Zant tnttanS 1 ¢) tanZ+tan 2 a. D) tan Stan 1=cos4® | 1 10) The value of the expression | | + e0sTT 10 Ay 18 8B) 116 cy 44 Do All solutions of the equation 2 sin@ + tan 6 — 0 are obtained by taking all integral values of m and nin a) 2na = wnel B) nx or 2mx+—{wheren,me | D) nm or 2ma== where n, met n C) nz or mu 43 where n,m If ola [0 5. the number of solutions of the equation sin 7x + sin4x + sinx = Ois A)3 8) 5 ce Dj None. ‘The general solution of the equation 2 cos2x = 3.2cos’% —4 is A)x=2ngnecl B)x=nmnel C)xqnmi4ncl DO) x=nn/2.n If 2cos" (=x) +3sin(t+ x) vanishes then the values of x ying in the interval from 0 to 2xare A)x=n/60r5r/6 B)x=x/30rSn/3 C)x—n/4OrSm/4 D) x=a/2 OF Sx/2 1 The most general solution of tan@ — —] and COSO——= js A) ane = n B) nx-(-I)" 4 nel ©) 20z-Z.ncl —_D) None ofthese A tree 12m high, is broken by the wind in such a way that its top touches the ground and makes an angle 60° with the ground, The height from the bottom of the tree from where it is broken by the wind is approximately A) 5.87m, 8) 5.21 C) 5.36 05.937. 38. 39, 40, 44 42, 43, 45, Repeaters 2021-Jee MainiModule-1) Ifthe angle of elevation of a cloud from a point 200m above a lake is 30° and the angle of depression Of its reflection in the lake is 602, then the height of the cloud above the lake, is A) 200m 8) 500m C) 300m D) 400m The maximum value of |2sin0—9sin*0. is Ay3 84 cys c)6 E} None £(0) = Seos0=3 cos then the range of £(0), is A)E5,11] 8) [-2,10} C)E3.9] D) 4,10] The value of the expression sin 75 —cos 75) A) 2sin15 8) |W ©) 143 D) 2sinI5 —) 2 = 4sin 10” sin 70 The value of ANRIO Sin 2sin 7 B)2 cy 12 D) none cosx 3 - K = where x.y€(0.%) then tantxty) = cosy B) Jig CO) Vis D) Viz, =) vio 36 and 6 <(0,7) then the value of sin Q is o) 8 7 Sind7 Snot! Sint! Sin2s'. is A) sin36 B) sin? C) Cos36" D) Cos? Angles 4,8 and C ofa triangle ABC are in AP. If £ =~ then angle Ais equal to- Az 8) 6 fla B © cos’ > is equal to- AA 8) OF D) None of thesec an is equal to B)1 C2 D) None of these A)O 8) 3 C3 D9 50. If qsina— psinB then {) is equal to tan p+4 p= at B) ; ) it ) oar LEVEL - Il 1, Let P- {0.sin—cos0~ V2 cos} and Q = 10. sin 0+ cos ~ V2 sin0} be two sets, Then 1) PoQandQ-Ps@ 2QaP 3PZQ 4P=Q 2. If F(x) = sin’ x cos" x, then the range of f(x) is ! \ 1) (5 1 2) [+ 4) None of these is Ble 4) 2) bla 4, The value of cos=>.cos 1 556 2) wie40. n 12, Repeaters 2021-Jee MainiModule-1) If G2 x =<. and tne side a=2, then area of the triangle is 44 22 QB 24. In AABC,a = 4, b= 12 and B= ot!’ then the value of sin A is- 1 I 2 VS 4) i 3m x cos’ Scos—=+ sin’ = sin— 25. The value of cos! = cos-— gong is I NF q Integer type 1. fsx 2 Let f(x) Then forall x = k. the value of f,(x)—f, (x) is equal to v2sina 4 1 aod) 28d ang =u. | 02 |, then tan(a. + 2p 8 IS 2 eels (1 ' 28) is equal to 4, The angles A,B and C of a triangle ABC are is A.P and a b=1: V3 if c= 4om, then the area is (sq.cm) of this triangle is 5. The number of solutions of the equation 1+ Sin® x = cos? 3x, xCHAPTER - 03 TRIGONOMETRY - II SYLLABUS Inverse Trigonometric functions: (i) Sin"!(siax)= vand other similar formula (fi). sin“(//)- cosse x and other similar formula. ila) =—sirla Tana) =—T “a0 Ies)en antes Ss") S00"Ma) Cot(-2) Sintra Conte 5h, Tan"'es Corte 5/ 5 Conse") S00") 5 Tan x Ton ty — Tan wi Tani*9-6 Tay = Tan ‘Simple problems Graph of the following trigonometric functio y=Sin x; y=Cosx; y=Tanx; 1. Inverse trigonometric functions 4. If sing = x, the value of @ lying in [-7/2, 72/2] is called the principal value of six and is denoted by sim or arc sinx 2. Ifcos @ =x the value of @ lying in (0, 7] is called the principal value of cos“'x and is denoted by cos or ate C08 x 3. Iftan @ =x, the value of g lying in (1/2, 1/2) is called the principal value of tanx and is denoted by tan ix of arc tan x 4, sin(sing) = 6, -12 <0 < n/2 cos'(cosQ)= 9.05055 tan'i(tang) = 0, -1/2 1Repeaters 2021-Jee MainiModule-1) 6. sin’ (x) =-sin'x, -1ex<1 cos"(-x)= m-cos'k -T 0 = x + tan'(1x) ifx <0 x4 I-w 9. tan'x + tan'y= tan'| | ifx>0, y>Oandxy <1 +) =F + tan xa 0.yolanday >| cy Tra | where fa 10.2 tan'x = tan'| 7 el If |s[o1 x-2tant 2ain ly = sin 4) 11.0" Shame 15, sin (cos'x) = cos(sin'x) = yj > 16. tan (cot! x) = cot (tan! x) = tix, x>0 47. tar! tanty «tan! 7 = tan { Twa) 18. when 0 = aq oF p= 1g dg »F 2. The value of tan) 2tam is Ay 8)0 C) z D) a 3 Ox x 4 5 then x= Ay4 BS C4 dS 5 a py == es 4 a )F 6 ae aye 6 dG ot The value of ©ot] cos” Og &)3 ) None. al- &)10 “1 12 13, 14, 15, 16. an tan A) C)tan || NB) We sin| cot” fean(o L A)x 3) — OTS If A = tan! x then sin 24 = Dy tur y- by) 28 Ts Repeaters 2021-Jee MainiModule-1) &) tar 2 Vie If two angles of a triangle are cot”! 2and cot” 3 then the third angle is A) cot4, a7 Cc) 6 sec? (tan-'2) + cosec? (cot 3) = ANS 8) 10 Cc) 15 tan (-2) + tart (- A) ot ala Ifcos! x +e0s! y~cos'7 =x then A) 2+ y+ 24 xyz =0 C)xee P+ 24 xyz=1 sin” + sin = tan" (V3) cor" - Tt Lin a a> B) e+ y+ 24 Qyz=0 D) x24 24 224 Qxyz = 4 &) 25 E) P+ 24 24 Qnyz + 1=0 E)018 19. 20. 24 22 23. 24. sin sin lon x NS a> co WFO -cot! 7=cot” +cat! 18 then cot = Al2 8)3 oa 0)5 2sin! 1 at pt Number of solutions of sin x +sin A)O B)1 C2 D3 Ipsin! x cos” x & then x= 1 ari 20 V6 “70 ipsin x +eor"{ |= Ajo 8) il 1 If see" \ =cosee 'y then cos '— | cos —= XN y a m A) a a5 E) Infinite Er25. tan! 2) tan7 3) tan 4 Is equal to A) ttan 26. cos y= Dx 27, tan! 2s tan I 1 1 1 ATE Bs OR oF 28. If cosp + cos-tg + cos-'r = 3 then pq + gr +10 = Aj-3 a)0 O38 D1 28. ifeot" (cosery” — tan” (cose) = x then sinx = A) tar ©) ano D) cotar 34 32, Ajab B) 2ab ©) vab D) Rab 33. Sin [s0 ‘Locos Repeaters 2021-Jee MainiModule-1) ¥ sla 5; E)-1 E) 2Nab £) 237. 38. 39. 40. sin ‘m, then the value of xis wo Sei Gy iwi 0 9 x Har! sun !y+tan! za oF, then D) nial A)X by +2 = xyz B)xt yt z= 2xyz C) xy + zx +yz=1 D) xy zx + yz=1 If sin! sin-y+sin'7-—>, then value of say? A)O 84 c)2 The principal value of cos (—"2)is A) 25 B) 2n/3 Cj The principal value of Sin”! 30 1 8) op az Do E) None of these E) 442 E) None of these E)1 E) None of theseRepeaters 2021-Jee MainiModule-1) LEVEL - II We 16 Ifx =sin n10) and y = cos '(cos 10), then y-x is equal to ‘yn 2) 78 3)0 4) 10 The value of cos[2cos-%x + sin-hk] at =4is (mu Iu cot! Viana ~ tan Viana then tan) 7-5 = 1) Veota 2) Viana 3) sina. 4) Veosa. a 2b 2b a b vy Allx satisfying the inequality (cot! x) —7 (cot! x)=10 > 0, lie in the interval 1) (-x.c0t5), cot 4, cot 2) 2) (cotS.cot4) 3) (cot2.”) 13spy CEN @ Brillient r d = tan 8 Ifa, a8 8.187 in AP. with C.D as d then | ‘ +tan! tan + tar") aa Tray Tras, tan | @2DM tan WDA an a 1 laa, 2) aha, tan ay a) tan! nd 3) a, +a, 4) Ita, 9 ia-cos! =tan x where 0 Lian Dan | stan Land | 3) stan'| Zan 4) 2tan"| Stan 16. Ifcos"' s+ cos" y =2 then sin x vin” y is equal to 7 4) tsi = 2) B—cos 1 2) WB a5 44 -tf co 33% 49. The principal value at tan'| cot 3n 3n x x Vy ay az at fp +cos 'fl—p ~cos Ye = Fuhen q= 1 ay 2) BE 3) 4) weI Soartl aS 21. The value of cot) Lear] 1+ 2K is 2a, tan] SoS dz iy _{X 4) tan! gy w'(S 3) x y -ifg2 aloe LY gn 1) a3, cot!{2?+L\scor{2 +4 scor{ 2? +b \e.e= il 1 T 1) tan! 2) cot > 3) tan > at 24, ip S=tn{| A ta] 4 tan ! then tan $= mene we oanid T(t 199m + 20) | 20 20 n Tam Dm 9 Wao 25. cosee w= nF ae a5 4a LEVEL -IIl Integer type 4 Thevalue of cot] Scot"| 1+ 3°20 |g x = 5 for O«|x| <2. then x equals 5. sec*(tan™'2); cosec*(cot'3) =