Wy Preface v About the Authors x About the Contributor xi 4 WwW 12 Ag 2 24 2.2 2.3 3 34 3.2 3.3 4 44 4.2 43 44 45 Speaking Mathematically Nature of Mathematics 1 Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World 2 The Fibonacci Sequence 13 Mathematics for our World 17 Variables 24 The Language of Sets 30 The Language of Relations and Functions 39 Problem Solving 55 Inductive and Deductive Reasoning 56 Problem Solving with Patterns 69 Problem-Solving Strategies 80 Sta cs 101 Measures of Central Tendency 102 Measures of Dispersion 112 Measures of Relative Position 120 Normal Distributions 131 Linear Regression and Correlation 143Is of Modular Arithmetic 302 to Group Theory 312Mathematics in the Modern World is about mathematics as a system of knowing or understanding our surround- ings. Itis similar to an English literature textbook, an introduction to philosophy textbook, or perhaps an introductory psychology textbook. Each of those books provides glimpses into the thoughts and perceptions of some of the world’s greatest writers, philosophers, and psychologists. Reading and studying their thoughts enables us to better understand the world we inhabit. In a similar way, Mathematics in the Modern World provides glimpses into the nature of mathematics and how it is used to understand our world. This understanding, in conjunction with other disciplines, contributes to a more Complete portrait of the world. Our contention is that + Planning a shoppi when one has knowle, Tip to several local stores, or several cities scattered across Europe, is more interesting ge of efficient routes, which is a concept from the field of graph theory. + Problem solving is more enjoyable after you have studied «variety of problem-solving techniques and have practiced using George Polya’ four-step, problem-solving strategy * Generally, knowledg: of mathematics strengthens the way we know, perceive, and understand our surround- The central purpos. of Mathematics in the Modern World is to explore those facets of mathematics that will strengthen your quantitative understandings of our environs. We hope you enjoy t ourney Mathematics in the Modern World has the following — Fach CHAPTER OPENER in Judes a list of sections that er and includes an aneedote, ation that introduces the student to a cription, or explai topic in the chaptersented in the text.‘The EXERCISE SETS were carefully written to provide a wi variety of exercises that range from drill and practice to in a Data analysis exercises @ Graphing calculator exercises Exercises that require the InternetAt the end of each chapter is aCHAPTER Soe” the concepts presented in each section of the cl a _ is paired with page numbers of examples that illust | and exercises that students can use to test their a concept. Sateyee TE” ISES are found near the end of each chapter. These exer- student integrate the major topics presented in the chapter.‘ital en eto Sve Historical Note ‘These margin notes provide his- torical background information related to the concept under dis cussion or vignettes of individu: als who were responsible for ma jor advancements in their fields of expertise. Take Note : ~ ‘These notes alert students toa point requiring special attention, or they ‘are used to amplify the concepts . Math Matters _ This feature of the text typically contains ‘an interesting sidelight about mathematics, | its history, or its applications. “Point oF wTenest Point of Interest ‘These short margin notes provide in- teresting information related 10 the ‘mathematical topics under discussion, Many of these are of a contemporary nature and, as such, they help students understand that math is an interesting ‘and dynamic discipline that plays an. {important role in their daily lives. putale eter, reported tobe the oly person vata college degree in ‘rigmatlogy the study of pues Calculator NoteNature of Mathematics The emergence of digital technology has sparked a monumental rise in the rate at which we consume and produce data, Before the Internet, it could take hours to get several volumes of resources from the library for a research Paper, Today, a few minutes (or seconds, depending on the speed of your connection) using your mobile same information, or even more. A few decades ago, it took hours f¢ photographs to be printed and shared. Now, it 01 sa matter seconds for your perfect selfie to be uploaded and viewed by yc relatives and friends on the other side « | World In this fast-paced society, how often have you stopped to apprecia The Fibonacel the beauty of the things around Sequence about the underlying principles . H Mathematica contemplating about the process nisms t our World easier, if not more comfortable? » 2 every day and the fundame c r possible are often overlooked As rational creatures, w i tern whether consciously or subconsciously. Recognizin 1 natural, like our brain is hardwired t gnize them. hum: recognized the repeating interval of day and night, the cycle of th moon, the rising and falling of tides, and the chan; f the seasons ‘Awareness of these patterns allowed humans to survive. In a similar fashion, many flora and fauna also follow certain patterns such as the arrangement of leaves and stems in a plant, the shape of a snowflake the flowers’ petals, or even the shape of a snail’s shell Do you also notice patterns around you? What other examples can you think of? In this chapter, we will be looking at patterns and regularities in the world, and how mathematics comes into play, both in nature and in human endeavors.will be the next face in the sequence? It should be easy enough to made up of two smiling faces—one without teeth and one with ng with a toothless face, the two faces then alternate. Logically, the face follow is ‘What is the next figure in the pattern below? ‘given figures, directic the lines seem to rotate at 90-degree j i On. always parallel to one side of the square: Hence cane, a= she other patterns, the length ofthe lines inside the trend, inde tle sme Rah é lines inside the box, each suce figure has the number | ‘the next figure should have five‘There are other types of symmetry depending on the number of sides or faces that ‘symmetrical, Take a look at these images.A figure has a rotational symmetry of order n (n-fold rotational symmetry) if 1/ complete turn leaves the figure unchanged. To compute for the angle of rotation, w the following formula: __ Angle of rotation Consider this image of a snowflakeYou can try it out for yourself area of a piece of paper with c ran, Aare still plenty of spots that are exposed, Follo with the second row of coid the question of why some ‘ones. A new model by three variables that could affect the o fies the density of stripe patterns; ters involved in stripe formation; and the ‘of the stripe. ' 4A Logarithmic Spiral are easily considered as things of beauty. Their vibrant colors make them very appealing as gifts or decorations. If you look note that different flowers have different number of petals. . Both flowers have only 3 petals,Rr Analyze the given sequence for its rule and identify the next three terms. a. 16, 32, 64, 128 a. 1,1,2,3,5,8 ‘The sequence in Check Your Progress 2 Item B is a special sequence called the Fibonacet Sequence. It is named after the Italian mathematician Leonardo of Pisa, who was better Known by his nickname Fibonacci. He is said to have discovered this sequence as he looked athow a hypothesized group of rabbits bred and reproduced. The problem involved. hhaving a single pair of rabbits and then finding out how many pairs of rabbits will be born ina year, with the assumption that a new pair of rabbits is born each month and this new Pair, in turn, gives birth to additional pairs of rabbits beginning at two months after they were born. He noted that the set of numbers generated from this problem could be extended by getting the sum of the two previous terms, Starting with 0 and 1, the succeeding terms in the sequence can be gen adding the two numbers that came before the term ed by Bas 0,1,1,2 0,1,1,2,3 O10 235. Dl 258) 558 5+8=13 0,1, 1,2, 3, 58, 13 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, While the sequence is widely known as Fibonacci sequence, this pattern is said to have been discovered much earlier in India. According to some scholarly articles, Fibonacci ‘sequence is evident in the number of variations of a particular category of Sanskrit and Prakrit poetry meters. In poetry, meter refers to the rhythmic pattern of, syllables, Fibonacci sequence has many interesting properties. Among these is that this pattern is very visible in nature. Some of nature's most beautiful patterns, like the ery arrangement of sunflower seeds, the number of petals in a flower, and the shay spiral snail’s shell—things that we looked at earlier in this chapter—al) cota Fy pe ofa “number. I ip als interesting to note that the ratios ofsucessiveFibona a POMSEC| “approach the number @ (Phi), also known as the Golden Ratio, This j numbers‘The Parthenon is said to exhibit the application of the Golden Ratio. | Let Fib(n) be the nth term of the Fibonacci sequenc 5. Determine the pattern in the successive sums , Fib(2) = 1, Fib(3) = 2, and so on. the previous question. What will be the sum of Fib (1) + Fib(2) + ... + Fib(10)? = Answer completely. 6,368, what is 6. If you have a wooden board that is 0.75 1shopping habits ofits customers and make ales. Scientists can plot bird migration routes populations, Social media analysts can crunch all online| the netizens’ sentiments on particular issues or personalities. Cyaan Software can generate a map of word that are most talked about im soci font, the more netizens are talking about the concept oF to ‘Mathematics for Prediction It is sometimes said that history repeats itself, As using exis nerate analysis. siecan also warn us of weather disturbances that can affect our a months. Astronomers also use patterns to predict the Scere a nee ee eclipses. In 2017, announcements were made about heavenly pl }. Forany —_, such that s>r 6 The reciprocal of any positive real number is , Forall quadratic equations E, : Every nonzero real number has a a. All nonzero real numbers —_. for r c, Forall nonzero real numbers 1, there areal, number 5 such that __. ; . Every positive number has a positive square root. a. All positive numbers a ». For any positive number e, there is for . For all positive numbers e, there is a positive — number r such that 1 . There is a real number whose product with number leaves the number unchanged. ‘a. Some —_ has the property that its b. There is a real number r such that’ Cf eee ce. There isa real number r with the for every real number s, ‘There is a real number whose pi nation x€ $ means that x is an el He Pitan ct of 3A et ay be pci tet notation by writing al of hs element between braces For cxamy : denotes the set whose elements are 1, 2, and 3. A variation es caer over ines tse whee ea , tefer to the set of all integers from 1 to 100. A similar notation ean also 4 infinite set, as when we write (1, 2,3, 0 refer tothe set of all postive integers. (The symbol .-. is called an ellipsis and is read “and so forth.”) The axiom of extension says that a set is completely determined by what its a ‘are—not the order in which they might be listed or the fact that some elements might listed more than once. EEXMTERAbE Using the Set-Roster Notation be a Let A=(1,2,3}, B=(3,1,2), and C=(1,1,2,3,3,3). What are the elements of A, B, and C? How are A, B, and C related? b. Is (0)=07 €. How many elements are in the set (1, {1} } 4G. For each nonnegative integer n, let U, = (n,—n) Find U, J,,and Uy Solution @ A, Band C have exactly the same three elements: 1,2, and 3. Therefore, A, B, and Care simply different ways to represent the same set b. (0) #0 because (0) is a set with one symbol that represents the number zero ment, namely 0, whereas 0 is just the The set (1, {1}) has two elements: | and the set whos. only element is 1. 4. U, 1-1), U, =(2,-2),U, = 0,-0) =(0,0) = {0}, TE Ty a LetX= (a,b,c), Y= 4, ¢, b}, and Z = (a, b, b,c, ¢, X, ¥, and Z? How are X, Y, and Z related? _ bs How many elements are inthe set (a, (a, b} (a})? a a Positive integer x, let A,= Gah eal A), and Ay, sae 2" rts ©}. What are the elements of f HWVASSH Noa WIND NO~ origin corresponds to a negative real number, which is _from the origin and putting a minus sign in front of the numbers is therefore divided into three parts: the set of posi negative real numbers, and the number 0. Note that 0 is neither Labels are given for a few real numbers corresponding to points 0 3 ww ‘The real number line is called continuous because itis imagined of integers corresponds to a collection of points located at fixed number line, Thus every integer is a real number, and bec separated from each other, the set of integers is called d ‘mathematics comes from the distinction between continuous _ objects. a ‘Another way to specify a set uses what is called thelt ¢I-2<.x <5} is the open interval of real numbers (strictly) b pictured as follows: Bb. {x€ ZI-2 =. 34, For all numbers x, x +x > x. 35. For all numbers x,.x° = x. 36. For all numbers x, [t + 3) = |x| + 3, 37. Forall numbers x, —x <¥. G+ D at, ' @-) Exercises 39 and 40, find a pair of numbers that pro- counterexample to show that the given statement is n=4 In Exercises 41 and 42, use ‘mine the missing numbers in each magic AA. A magic square of 42. A mag order 4 order’ 5 LEE a) ale Pole zee o| [2 sfet_[_ afl [a wf [a ; Is 2{s| 43. Use deductive reasoning to show thatthe following prO= cedure always produces a number that is equal 10 the original number. Procedure: Pick a number. Multiply the number by 6 and add 8. Divide the sum by 2, subtract twice the original number, and subtract 4, } . Use deductive reasoning to show thatthe following pro- cedure always produces the number 5. F Procedure: Pick a number. Add 4 to the number and ‘multiply the sum by 3. Subtract 7 and then decrease this. difference by the triple ofthe original number. i Jose) is given $5000 to invest in the stock: ‘chooses a different stock. One chooses a utility stock, and the other an oil stock. From the fol clues, determine which sibling bought wl ‘a, Anita and the owner of the ‘their shares through an online br ‘Tony and the owner of the auAUBUSt 4S Was the convention held in Chicago. >. The baseball ‘Card collectors did not meet in Phi Adelphia, and the coin collectors did not meetin San Diego or Chicago, ‘© The convention in Atlanta was held during the week of July 4, whereas the coin collectors convention - + Was held the week after that d. The convention in ‘Chicago had more collectors attending it than did the ‘stamp collectors 48. Map Coloring The following map shows eight ‘states in the central time zone of the United States, Four colors have been used to color the states such ‘supermarket, deposit y purchase a book at the bookstore. Yo errands in any order however, you must ‘your home. The driving time in a eee (ofthese locations is given inthe following Credit union Home Find a route for which total driving time is less than 30 minutes, . Driving Time Suppose, in Exercise 49, that you 54, ‘o goo the supermarket after you have completed th ‘other (wo errands. What route should you take to mi ‘ize your travel time? @ The Monty Hall Problem Redux You can Use the Internet to perform an experiment to determine the best strategy for playing the Monty Problem, which was stated in the Chapter 3 opener age 55. Here is the procedure, 4. Usea search engine to find a website that of the Monty Hall problem, Tk , Problem is also known as the three-door4 represents the third term ofa sequence, 4, represents the nth term of a sequence, In the sequence 2, 6, 12,20, 30, ..5 1 + my ‘When we examine a sequence, itis natural to ask: * What isthe next term? ‘© What formula or rule can be used to generate the terms? “To answer these questions, we often construct a difference table, ences between successive terms ofthe sequence. The following table for the sequence 2, 5, 8, 11, 14 sequence: 2 5 * 1 2 \7\.7 \ 7a 3 3 3 2 first differences: the sequence, we predict that 14 + 3 = tion might be wrong; forethe next term in the sequence, the sequence. Predict the Next Term of a Sequence ‘Use a difference table to predict the next term in the sequence. 2,7, 24, 59, 118, 207, Solution Construct a difference table as shown below. NAAN oe first differences: ee yw NAN 4S oe third differences: The third differences, shown in blue in row (3), are all the same constant, 6, Extending | — row (3) so that it includes an ‘additional 6 enables us to predict that the next second dif | ference will be 36. Adding 36 to the first difference 89 gives us the next first difference, 125. Adding 125 to the sixth term 207 yields 332. Using the method of extending the | difference table, we predict that 332 is the next term in the sequence. {sea dfeence able opredit the nex the sequence. 1, 14, 51, 124, 245, 426, ..‘a. Examine the figures for patterns, Note that the second figure has two ti of the horizontal sections and one tile between the horizontal sections. figure has three tiles on each horizontal section and two tiles between sections, The fourth figure has four tiles on each horizontal section and between the horizontal sections. ‘Thus the number of tiles in the nth figure is given by two groups of Jess one. That is,{you find it difficut to determine how the tems of a sequence are being generated, ight be able to find a solution on the Inernet. Oe resource is The On-Line lopedia of Integer Sequences® at Wwwwoeis org Here are two sequences from this website 9:9, 12, 21,22, 23, 25.29, 31,32, 33,35, 39,41 ail-term formula: The natural numbers whose nay mes, in English, end with vowels. , 10, 10, 10, 8 Ath term formula: Beethoven's Fifth Symphony | st the C minor scale, and so on, ‘ands for the first note inFibonacei discovered that the number of pairs of rabbits for any month aft two months canbe determined by ating the numbers of pst of abit in A recursive definition for a sequence is one in which each successive sequence is defined by using some of the preceding terms. If we use notation F,, to represent the nth Fibonacci number, then the numbers int ‘sequence are given by the following recursive definiti | The Fibonacci Numbers2(13) = 5=21 26 -5=21 = 21 which is true, Evaluating 2F, ~ Fy. for several additional v wwe find that in each case 2F, — Fy 1 = Fy... Thus, by inductive conjecture 2F, ~ Fi, = Fj. form = 3 is true statement. Note: Tl ‘of Fibonacci numbers can also be established using deductive reasoning, Exercise 32 of this section TETRA STI Determine whether each ofthe folk ‘ments about Fibonacci numbers is true or false 2 form = b. 2F, +4=F,.)forn=3 Polygonal Numbers ‘The ancient Greek mathematicians were interested in the geome with numbers. For instance, they noticed that triangles can be construc 10, or 15 dots, as shown in Figure 3.1 on page 76. They called the 15,» triangular numbers. The Greeks called the m numbers and the numbers 1, 5, 12, 22, 35,... pentagonal ‘An ntheterm formula for the triangular numbers i:21. Find the third, fourth, hte defined by a, ='3, a; = 5, and a n=3. 22. defined by a, = 2, a, = 3, and a, forn = 3, . Binet’s Formula The following fo as Binet's formula for the nth Fibonacci Pergwer, 72+), 1 (eS za-slicing numbers related to the tri- which are defined by 3 V5 ‘One straight cut through a thick se produces two pieces. Two straight cuts amaximum of 4 pieces, Three straight can amaximum of 8 pieces. You might be ned to think that every additional cut doubles the ious number of pieces. However, for four straight ‘will find that you get a maximum of 15 ‘The advantage of this formula over the formula F, = F,_, + Fai é the nth Fibonacci number without finding ceding Fibonacci numbers, ‘Use Binet’s formula and a calculator to { 20th, 30th, and 40th Fibonacci numbers. net's Formula Simplified _Binet’s Exercise 23) can be simplified if you roun Culator results to the nearest integer. In the fo formula, nint is an abbreviation for “the integer of { 1 (: +V5 int | V5\" 2 If you use 1 = 8 in the above formula, as will show 21.00951949 for the value insi Rounding this number to the nearest i 21 as the eighth Fibonacci number, Use the above form of Binet's formt calculator to find the 16th, 2ist, and 32¢ numbers.26. The nth-term formula n(n — 1)(n — 2)(n — 3)(n — 4) 40, 4-3-2-1 si generates 2, 4, 6, 8, 15 for n = 1,2, 3,4, 5. Make ‘minor changes to the above formula to produce an ihterm formula (with n = 1, 2,3, 4, and 5) that will generate the following finite sequences. a 2,4,6,8,20 Db. 2,4,6, 8, 30 Fibonacci Sums Make a conjecture for each of the following sums, where F, represents the nth Fibonacci number. a Fat 2Fyis + Foot BF, + Fest Fass? 28. Fibonacci Sums Make a conjecture for each of the © following sums, where F, represents the nth Fibonacci number. 4 Beeb art th 2 Bot het Fett Fa =? s Triangle The triangular pattern in the fol- "Towing figure is known as Paseals triangle Pascal's i intrigued mathematicians for hundreds of it is named after the mathematician 3.1662), there is evidence that it was hi 1300s. The numbers in ‘There are many patterns that can be discovered in Pascal’s triangle. a. Find the sum of thé numbers in each row, except row 0, ofthe portion of Pascal's triangle shown above, What pattern do you observe concerning these sums? Predict the sum of the numbers in tow 9 of Pascal's triangle. n(n +1) 2 called triangular numbers. Where do the triangular numbers appear in Pascal's triangle? 30. A Savings Plan You save penny on day 1. On each ofthe following days you save double the amount ‘of money you saved on the previous day. How much money will you have aftr: b. 10days? eS days? 4. n days? Hint: 2! = 2,2? = 4,2 = 8,25 = 16, 28 = 32, su 42! = 1024, «2! = 32768, os 31. A Famous Puzzle The Tower of Hanoiis «puzzle invented by Edouard Lucas in 1883. The puzzle of three pegs and a number of disks of distinct d ters stacked on one of the pegs such thatthe disk is on the bottom, the next largest is placed. largest disk, and so on as shown on page 80. ‘The object of the puzzle isto transf cone of the other pegs. The rules re . The numbers 1, 3,6, 10, 15,.... a. 5 days? et ;32. Use the recursive Sn eee and deductive reasoning to verify that, for ‘size coins to simulate the puzzle, ee numbers, 2F, ~ Fy» = Fyey for n = 3, Hin ‘use one of the many websites that provide a 4 c nition, F, George Polya After a brief stay at Brown University, George Polya (pdl'ya) moved to Stanford Univer sity in 1942 and there unti his retirement at Stanford, he published books and a number of articles ‘mathematics journals. Of the F, + Fy. and Fy = yay + Problem-Solving Strategies Polya’s Problem-Solving Strategy Ancient mathematicians such as Euclid and Pappus were interested in solving mat matical problems, but they were also interested in heuristics, the study of the meth and rules of discovery and invention. In the seventeenth century, the mathematician af philosopher René Descartes (1596-1650) contributed to the field of heuristics, He tried! develop a universal problem-solving method. Although he didnot achieve tis goal did publish some of his ideas in Rules for the Direction of the Mind and his betters work Discourse de la Methode cess, Leibnitz wrote, “Nothing is more important than to see the sources of in which are, in my opinion, more interesting than the inventions themselves: One of the foremost recent mathematicians to make a study of problem sol in 1940. The basic problem-solving strategy that Pol ing four steps. Polya's Four-Step Problem-Solving Strategy 4. Understand the problem, 2. Devise a plan. Carry out the plan. Review the solution.‘Review the Solution We have made an organize list. The list hi the list considers all possibilities. so we are confident ‘in which a baseball team can winexactly two out of fou CHECK YOUR PROGRESS BNUraneaiti ‘many ways can a student answer the questions if the student tions with “false” and the other three with “true”? In a basketball league consisting of 10 teams, each team plays each of the other teams three times. How many league games will be played? Solution Understand the Problem There are 10 teams in the league, and each team plays | exacly thre games agains each of the other eams. The problem is wo termine the | total number of league games that will be played Devise a Plan Try the strategy of working a similar but simpler problem, Teague with only four teams (denoted by A, B, C, and D) in which each team) of the other teams only once. The diagram at the left illustrates that the games: represented by line segments that connect the points A, B, C, and D. ‘Since each of the four teams will play a game against each of the other t ‘might conclude that this would result in 4 - 3 = 12 games. However, the only six line segments. t appears that our procedure has counted each instance, when team A plays team B, team B also plays team A. To p result, we must divide our previous result, 12, by 2. Hence, four tea other once in +; = 6 games, Carry Out the Plan Using the process de. play each other once in a total of > = 45 games, bee “opponent exactly three times ioeDetermine the digit 100 places to the right of the decimal point in the decimal rep- resentation + Solution Understand the Problem Express the fraction 's a decimal and look for a patt the decimal 0,259259259, ‘over and over forever, we know that the digit located 100 plat mal point is either a 2, a5, ora 9. A table may help us to see a pattern and enable us determine which one of these digits is in the 100th place. Since the decimal digits re every three digits, we columns. Carry Out the Plan Only in column 3 is each of the decimal digit locations bby 3, From this pattern we can tell that the 99th decimal digit (be 3) must bea 9. Since a2 always follows a9 inthe pattern be a2. ee. GFScan also be worked bby using algebra. Let A be the amount of money Stacy had just ‘before she purchased the hotel. ‘Then [314 809 +20] - 250 F(A ~ 800) + 200 ~ s000 ‘A= 800 + 400 = 10000 ‘A ~ 400 = 10,000 A= 10400 Friedrich Gauss (1887-1985) Devise a Plan We could ‘guess and check, but we might need to make sey ‘before we found the correct solution, An algebraic method might work, the necessary equation could be a challenge. Since we know the end result, let's method of working backwards. Carry Out the Plan Stacy must have had $5000 just before she landed on Ilinois. Avertue; $4800 just before she passed GO; and $9600 prior to landing on Boardwalk, This means she had $10,400 just before she purchased the hotel Review the Solution To check our solution we start with $10,400 and proceed through of the transactions. $10,400 less $800 is $9600, Half of $9600 is $4800, $4800. increased by $200 is $5000. Half of $5000 is $2500. Melody picks a number. She doubles the num ber, squares the result, divides the square by 3, subtracts 30 from the quotien, and. gets 18. What are the possible numbers that Melody could have picked? What operation does Melody perform that prevents us from knowing with 100% certainty which num= ber she picked? A Mathematical Prodigy Carl Friedrich Gauss (gous) was a scientist and mathematician. His work encom- passed several disciplines, including number theory, analysis, astronomy, and optics. He is known for having shown mathematical prowess as early as age three, It reported that soon after Gauss entered elementary school, his teacher assigned. problem of finding the sum of the first 100 natural numbers. Gauss was able to, ‘mine the sum in a matter of a few seconds. The following solution shows the process he used. 4 Understand the Problem The sum of the first 100 natural numbersis T+2434+-°498499+ 100ion is obvious or impossible. These deceptive problems ‘you carefully read the problem several times and that you check Sure it satisfies all the conditions of the problem. EXXIIIERAN sotve a Deceptive Problem ‘A hat and a jacket together cost $100. The jacket costs $90 more than the the cost of the hat and the cost of the jacket? Solution Understand the Problem After reading the problem for the first time, you. that the jacket costs $90 and the hat costs $10. The sum of these costs is SIC ‘cost of the jacket is only $80 more than the cost of the hat. We need to fi amounts that differ by $90 and whose sum is $100. Devise a Plan Write an equation using h for the cost of the hat and h + 90 of the jacket, h+h+90= 100 Carry Out the Plan Solve the above equation for h. 2h +90 = 100 «Collect like terms, 2h= 10 *Solve forh,2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20122013 GURE3.4 U.S. median age at first marriage _Sovnce US, Cena Breas, US. Deparment of Cnmerce Figure 3.3 isa bar graph that displays the average U.S. movie ‘the years from 2008 to 2014. The years are displayed on the horizontal bar is used to display the average ticket price for a given year. The high ‘greater the average ticket price for that year fe Figure 3.4 shows two broken-line graphs. The red broken-line grap ‘median age at first marriage for men forthe years from 2005 to 2013. The, Tine graph displays the median age at first marriage for women during the Period. The ? symbol on the vertical axis indicates thatthe ages between Oand: displayed. This break in the vertical axis allows the graph to be displayed in form. The segments that connect points on the graph indicate trends. Iner are indicated by segments that rise as they move to the right, and decreasing tren indicated by segments tha fall as they move to the right. The blue arrows in Fi show that the median age at which men married for the first time in 2006 was 27: rounded to the nearest half of a year. Figure 3.5 is a circle graph or pie chart that uses circular sectors to dis centage ofthe 180,000,000 U.S. Facebook users in selected age groups as of [EECUTTTBBa Use Graphs to Solve Problems‘years from 2008 t0 2014. se Figure 3.4 to estimate the median age at first marriage 10 the nearest half of a year. Use Figure 3.5 to estimate the number of U.S. Facebook users in the 25-3 ‘group. Round to the nearest hundred thousand, =e Cele ea reay Routes on a Probability Demonstrator ‘The object shown atthe left is called a Galton board or probability demonstrator, It was invented by the English statistician Francis Galton (1822-1911). This particular board has 256 small red balls that are released so that they fall through an array of hexagons. The board is designed such that when a ball falls on a vertex of one of the hexagons, it is equally likely to fall to the left or to the right. As the ball continues its downward path, it strikes a vertex of a hexagon in the next row, where the process of falling to the left oF to the right is repeated. After the ball passes through all the rows of hexagons, it falls into ‘one of the bins at the bottom. In most cases the balls will form a bell shape, as shown by the green curve. Examine the numbers displayed in the hexagons in rows 0 through 3. Each number indicates the number of different routes that a ball can take from point A 10) the top of that particular hexagon. EXCURSION EXERCISES Use the probability demonstrator, in the left margin, to work Excursion Exercises 1 t0 4, a How many routes can a ball take as it travels frm A to B, from A to C, from A to D, from A to , and from A to F? Hint: Ths problem is similar to Example 1 on page 81 ‘How many routes can a ball take as it travels from A to G, from A to H, from A to I, from A to J, and from A to K? a Explain how you know that the number of routes: from A to J is the same as the number ofSource: Natlonal Asociation of Thette Owners Es ate the number of admissions for the year 2009. Round to the nearest tenth of a billion. b. Which year had the least number of admissions? ot os fae horizontally c. Which year had the greatest number of admissions? = Tardoesthe bookworm wae? 7 BOM OTe Aen es ha movie thane bon office revenues, in billions of dollars, for the years from Linch 1 /ginch 2007 to 2014. SPIRO RS Total US. and Canada box office revenuesPercentage of the total box office revenue Produced by each movie rating in 2014 Source: Box Office Mojo 4. Which movie rating brought in the largest share of the 2014 box office revenue? b, Determine the 2014 box office revenue produced by the PG-rated films. Round to the nearest tenth of a billion doltars, 30. Votes in an Election Ina school election, one can ‘didate for class president received more than 94%, but Hess than 100% ofthe votes cast. What i the least pos Sible number of votes cast? 31; Floor Design A square floor is tled with congruem Square tiles. The tiles on the two diagonals of the lor are blue, The rest ofthe tiles are green. If 101 blue tiles are used, find the total number of tiles on the floor Of Children How many children are there vherein ‘each girl has as many brothers a boy has twice as many sisters as 37. Examination Scores On three « Dana received scores of 82,91, and 76. What ¢ does Dana need on the fourth examination to rai average to 857 38. Puzzle from a Movie In the movie Die Hard: With a Vengeance, Bruce Wil lis and Samuel L. Jackson are given 4 S-gallon jug and a 3-gallon jug and they must put exactly 4 gallons of water on a scale to keep a bomb from exploding Explain how they could accom. plish this feat 39. Find the Fake Coin You have eight coins, ‘They all [ook identical, but one isa fake and is slightly fighter than the others. Explain how you can use a balance Scale to determine which coin is the fake in exactly a three weighings b. two weighings,reasoning is the process of reaching @ g specific examples. A conclusion based a » Reasoning Deductive reasoning isthe process of reaching a See Examples 6 and 7 on bby applying general assumptions, procedures, or principles. and then try Exercises 1 and and 96. x | Counterexamples A statement is true statement provided itis true inall eases. If you can find one case in which a statement is not true, called a counterexample, then the statement isa false statement. Sequences A sequence isan ordered lis of numbers. Each number ___-See Example 2 on page 71, and then ina sequence is called a term of the sequence. The notation a, is used Exercises 11 and 14 on page 95, to designate the nth term of a sequence. A formula that can be used to enerate all the terms of a sequence is called an nth-term formula _| Difference Tables A difference table shows the differences between : See Example 1 on page 70, and then successive erms of a sequence, and in some cases it can be used to | _ Predict the next term in a sequenc eci Sequence Let F, represent the nth Fibonacei number. ne terms in the Fibonacci sequence are given by the rect | see Example 3 on page 73, and then t | Exercito show that the following con pes aie. Conjecture: For all numbers x, (x + 4) "8. Find a counterexample to show thatthe following con __jecture is false pee for numbers a and b, (a + a =a + a, ~2, 2, 12, 28, 50, 78,” =4, -1, 14,47, 104, 191, 314,” se a difference table to predict the next term of each 18, ~64, - 150, 288, 490, ? ¢ has an nth-term formula of” supermarket and coached by his fi d. The game between the Tigers am rancher cannot leave the dog alone with the sored by the drurscreaa aa the dog will eat the rabbit. The rancher 27. Map Coloring The following map ve the rabbit alone with the carrots because tries in the Indian subcontinent. Four coloi ‘will eat the carrots. How can the rancher get used to color the countries such that no: Sftvee With the critters and the carrots? countries are the same color. from Investments An investor bought es of stock for a total cost of $1200 and then sold shares for $1400. A few months later, the investor t 25 shares of the same stock for a total cost ofangles Two perpendicular line seg- the interior of a rectangle into four ‘rectangles. The areas of these smaller rectan- x, 2, 5, and 10 square inches. Find all possible Average US. retail gasoline prices for regular Source: The Wot Almanac nd Book of Facts 2015 a, What was the maximum average orice pr gallon ce during the years from 2007 to 20137 b. During which two consecutive years did the price increase occur? 39. Super Bowl Ad Price ‘The following graph ws Price fora 30-second Super Bowl ad from 2008 to 4, consists of two line segments, and figure a, “ ‘of four line segments. I the pattern of adding ‘line segment to each end of the shortest line $continves, how many line segments will be in b. figure ay? In the following addition problem,and/or dimes? |. Counting Problem In’ bow ‘a basketball team win exactly . Vacation Money Shelly has sa a vacation, Shelly spends $22 for a taxi, and one- for a room with a view. Joan of $150, Shelly firStatistics The U.S. government collects data on the population of the United States. It then issues statistical reports that indi i changes and trends in the U.S. population. For ioe according to The World Factbook, published by the ani Intelligence Agency (CIA), in 2015 there were approx “3 105 males for every 100 females between the oe Se ao approximately 79 men for every 100 women. See the eo below. a Here are some other statistics from The World Factbook There are 2.45 pliysicians per 1000 people in the United States © In 1910, the mean annual family income in the United States was $687, Tn 2015, the mean annual family income was approximately $68,500. 900. fal family income was approximately However, the median annu: ¢ median is one of the topics of this The difference between the me: chapter. an and thiThe Median Anott of average is the median. Essentially, the median is the or ery io middie numbers in ist of numbers that have been ‘numerical order from smallest to largest or largest to smallest. Any list of that is arranged in numerical order from smallest to largest or largest 10 st inked list Median ‘The median of a ranked list of n numbers is: es enFete Seon evapo * the middle number if mis odd ® the mean of the two middle numbers if n is even. EXQIEAN Find a Median ‘The average price of the homes in neighborhood is often stated in id the median of the data in the following lists. terms ofthe median price of he F™é them ne ana : homes that have been sold over a. 4,8,1,14,9,21,12 — b, 46, 23,92, 89,77, 108 a given time period. The median price, rather than the mean, is Solution used because itis easy to caleu- a. The list 4,8, 1, 14,9, 21, 12 contains 7 numbers. The median of alist with an odd Tate and less sensitive o extreme ‘number of entries is found by ranking the numbers and finding the middle number, Ranking the numbers from smallest to largest gives. 1,4,8,9, 12, 14, 21 prices, The middle number is 9. Thus 9 is the median, b. The list 46, 23, 92, 89, 77, 108 contains 6 numbers. The median of alistof data | with an even number of entries is found by ranking the numbers and ti the mean of the two middle numbers. Ranking the numbers from smallest largest gives 1 ae) 23, 46,7, 89, 92, 108 ae is The two middle numbers are 77 and 89. The mean of 77 and 89 is 83, Thus $3 is the median of the data. re CHECK YOUR PROGRESS: a. 14, 27,3, 82, 64, 34, 8, 51 b. 21.3, 37.4, 11.6, 82.5, 17.2 es eee 2 Find the median ofthe data inthe‘other numbers, there is no mode. a AA ist of numerical data can have more than one mode. For instance, 6,2,7,9,2, 4,9, 8,9, 7, the number 2 occurs thre times andthe mumbes 20 times. Each of the other numbers occurs less than three times. Thus ‘modes for the data EZ Find a ode Find the mode of the data in the following lists. 4 18,15, 21, 16, 15,14, 15,21 b. 2,5,8,9, 11,4,7, 23 Solution , In the list 18, 15, 21, 16, 15, 14, 15, 21, the number 15 occurs more often than other numbers, Thus 15 is the mode. b, Each number in the list 2,5, 8, 9, 11, 4, 7, 23 occurs only once. Because no m ‘occurs more often than the others, there is no mode. b. 12, 34, 12, 71, 48, 93, 71 ‘The mean, the median, and the mode are all averages; however, they are gener not equal. The mean ofa set of data isthe mos sensitive ofthe averages. A change in an Of the numbers changes the mean, and the mean can be changed drastically by changing fan extreme value In contrast, the median and the mode of a set of data are usually not changed b changing an extreme value ‘When a data set ha’ one or more extreme values that are very different from ‘majority of data values, the mean will not necessarily be a good indicator of an avet ‘value. In the following example, we compare the mean, median, and mode for the ‘of 5 employees of a small company. Salaries: $370,000 $60,000 $36,000 $20,000 $20,000 sum of the 5 salaries is $506,000. Hence the mean is‘The total roundtrip distance is 120 mi The ime tion was 1h, and the time spent onthe return trip was 2h. ‘tip was 3 h. Thus, total distance Average rate = oe ‘total time The Weighted Mean ‘counts the final examination score as 2 test scores. To find the ou dent's scores, the professor frst assigns a weight to each score. In this ould assign each of the test scores & wi od eal a weighted mean of (65 X 1) +0 x 1) + 05 XD + 0X2) 3 Note that the numerator of the weighted mean above is the ‘each test score and its corresponding weight. The number in| ‘of all the weights (I +1 + 1+ 25). The procedure for can be generalized as follows.ints with oe wai ea 4 The Bis worth 3 points, with a weight of 4 the A is worth ~ Dis worth 1 point, with a weight of 3; and the C is worth 2 sum ofall the weights is 4 +3 + 3 + 4, 0r 14 p Gx4+GX9+0XN+CXY Cee ee Weighted mean 7} 35 4 Dillon's GPA for the fall semester is 2.5. ETAT ASEM Table 4.2 shows Janet’s spring semester grades. Use the weighted mean formula to find Janet’s GPA for the spring sem Round to the nearest hundredth, Data that have not been organized or manipulated in any manner are called data. A large collection of raw data may not provide much readily observable info tion. A frequency distribution, which is a table that lists observed events and th quency of occurrence of each observed event, is often used to organize raw di instance, consider the following table, which lists the number of laptop computers ow by families in each of 40 homes in a subdivision, 4 TABLE 4.3 Number of Laptop Computers per Houscholdx rT on fi quency distribution. The only change ‘with the frequencies ff,» »fe This procedure Find the mean of the data in Table 44. ‘The numbers in the right-hand column of Table 44 are the frequencies f for in the frst column, The stim of all the frequencies is 40. e Saf) ¥ OFC +A FG DEE ‘Mean » 40 975 ‘The mean number of laptop computers per household forthe homes in| 1975. Ee following frequency distribution shows two-bedroom homes, the number that are three-bedr00m) four-bedroom homes, ‘and the number that are five-b numberof bedrooms forthe 45 homes.interpola from 0. __ 2. Use linear interpolation to find the number that is 0.3 of the way fi 0.8652. Note that because 0.8765 is larger than 0.8652, three-tenths of the ‘ence between 0.8765 and 0.8652 must be subtracted from 0.8765 to find the 0.4 of the difference between 141 ‘ind the number that | bes. 1.414, Round your estimi and 1732 and add this number to the smaller num! the nearest thousandth, 4. We know that 2! = 2 and 2° = 4, Use linear interpolation to estimate 2!2, 5. Atthe present time, a football player weighs 325 Ib. There are 90 days until the Player needs to report to spring training at a weight of 290 Ib. The player wants to {ose weight ata constant rate. That is, the player wants to lose the same amount of weight each day ofthe 90 days. What weight, o the nearest tenth of a pound, should the player attain in 25 days? Graphic artists use computer drawing programs, such as Adobe Dlustrator, to dra Geintermediate frames ofan animation. For instance, in the following figure, the «Glew the small green apple on he lef andthe large ripe apple on the right The d Free ty in ytetPolation procedures to draw the five apples between the two drawn by the artist. The “average” of the small green appl atthe far let andthe lange “ie apple at the frightwill this necessarily change the n of the set? Explain, ‘a set of data has a mode, then must the average daily expenditure? ‘mode be one of the numbers in the set? Grade Point Average _Insome a student's grade point average (GPA) Academy Awards The following table assigning leter grades the following displays the ages of female actors when ‘A =400 B-=267 D+ “they starred in their Oscar-winning Best Actor A+ =367 C+= 2331 D per : B+=333 C B =300 C-=167 «In Exercises 17 1020, use the above find each students GPA. Round to the ne 33 49 417, Jerry's Grades, Fall Semester 36 45 49 29 61 2 “Find the mean andthe median forthe data in the tale ‘ound to the nearest tenth, ‘Academy Awards The following table dis- plays the ages of male actors when they starred in ‘Oscar-winning Best Actor performances.ts a8 20% of the course grade. Alan 20.7 +92, and 84. Alan received8 achieved during that day. For instance, mum daily temperature of a city was 60° and the Aaily temperature was 90°, then the midrange of =15 ithe midrange of the following daily temperatures, h were recorded at 3-hour intervals the midrange of the following daily temperatures, ‘were recorded at three-hour intervals 6°, 4%, 14°, 21°, 25°, 26°, 18°, 12°, 28 player had 92 hits out of 274 players batting average was 775 ~ 0. second half ofthe season, the player of 282 times at bat. The player's batting av fp = 0213, uae a, What isthe average (mean) of 0.336 , Whatis the player’ batting average for season? . Does the answer in part a equal the . Commuting Times Mark averaged 60 m ‘the 30-mile trip to college. Because of hean was able to average only 40 mph during the ‘Consider the data in the following table. ‘Summary of Yards Gained in Two Football GamesThe Range In the preceding section we introduced three types of average values for a data: ‘mean, the median, and the mode. Some characteristics of a set of data may not _ from an examination of averages. For instance, consider a soft-drink dispensing “that should dispense 8 oz of your selection into a cup. Table 4.5 shows data | these machines. ‘The mean data value for each machine is 8 oz. However, look at the values for Machine |. The quantity of soda dispensed is very inconsistent—in $o | the soda overflows the cup, and in other cases too little soda is dispensed, The || obviously needs adjustment. Machine 2, on the other hand, is working just “quantity dispensed is very consistent, with lite variation | __ This example shows that average values’ do not reflect the spread or d measure the spread or dispersion of data, we must introduce st801-8 =001 799-8 = -0.01 795-8 = -005 803-8 = 003, 80 The Standard Deviation ‘The range ofa set of datas easy to compute, but it can be deceiving, The ran sure that depends only on the two most extreme values, and as such measure of dispersion ta is ess sensitive to extreme vales isthe standard ‘The standard deviation of a set of numerical data makes use of the amount by’ are positive when the data value is greater than the mean ¥ and are negative wher Jess than the mean ¥. The sum of al the deviations (x ~ %) i 0 forall ef dat. is shown in Table 46 for the Machine 2 data of Table 4 Because the sum ofall the deviations of the data values from the mean is _ Standard Deviations for Populations and Samples [Ue xj.ag.ty oo is a population of n numbers | standard deviation of the population ispi nat, _—— Solution : ‘The mean for each sample of batteries is 7h. ‘The batteries from EverSoBright havea standard deviation of py (Ce AE =+03=7 ‘ a 1234 = = 13 G7 138 “The batteries from Dependable have a standard d “The batteries from Beacon have a standard deviation of pe (SL Te 66- D+ + O5S= 7 oi e 7 “The batteries from Dependable have the smallest standard deviation, teaults, the Dependable company produces the most consistent batteries life expectancy under constant use ATTN A consumer testing strengths of 3 brands of grinch rope. The results ofthe tests are table. According to the sample test results, which which the breaking point has the smallest standard deviation? A eeeraniieand then enter the above times into li (On a TI-83/84 calculator, pres a jisplays the Li Press [Star] > [EnreR] ‘The calculator displays the a deviations shown below. Because we are working with a population, we a ae in the population standard deviation. From the calculator screen, Si ox = 1.021. TI-83/84 Display of List _TI-S3/S4 Display of &s, and 6 Mean 35e=29386 0348 Sx=l.056590956 ¢ Sample standard deviation= Population standard deviation graphing calculator to find the mean’ land the population standard deviation of the race times in the following table. Olympic Men's 400-Meter Dash Results, in Seconds, 1900-2012 44 402 532 500 482 496 476 478 46D Mb519 462-9459 46.7 449, 451° 438 4466 ‘asa 4460 4427 4387 43:50 43.49 43.84 4400 43.75 43.94Although the variance of a set of data is an important measure of disadvantage that is not Shared. by the standard deviation: the vari Same unit of measure asthe original data, For instance, if set of data ‘measured in hours, then the variance of the data will be measured in square Standard deviation of this data set is the square root of the variance, and as ‘measured in hours, which is a more intuitive unit of measure. MESTENTIED vanes ane snare tha | EXCURSION A Geometric View of Variance and Standard Deviation’ The following geometric explanation of the variance and standard deviation of a set of data is designed to provide you with a deeper understanding of these important concepts. Consider the data x), x... ay, which are arranged in ascending order. The average, oor mean, of these data is “TAKE NOTE Up to this point we have used and the variance is # = — as the formula for the Zr, 2_ te = et ss o "mean. However, many statistics _ : 2 a Resisiuge the formula py — =~ In the last formula, each term (x, — 2)’ can be pictured as the area of a square whose sides "forthe mean. Letting the sub- are of length |x, ~ py, the distance between the ith data value and the mean, We will _ seriptivaty fiom 1tonhelps us __tothese squares a tiles, denoting by T, the area of the tle associated with the data value remember that we are finding re + Which means that the variance may be thought of as the area of t n caverage-sized tile and the standard deviation as the length of a side of this eum tile. By drawing the tiles associated with a data set, as shown on the next page, you ‘ : ae Adapted wit permission from “Chebyshevs Theorem: A Geometic Approach?” The ournal Wol.26, No.2, March 199. Article by Pat Touhey, College Miseicordia8,6,8,6,8,6,8,6,8,6,8 =5,-12, -1,4.7,11 =17, =19, -5, ~4, 11, -31 Mountain Climbing A mountain climber ‘plans to buy some rope to use as lifeline, Which ‘Mean breaking strength: 500 Ib; standard n of 10 1b Lotteries Which would you expect to be er: the standard deviation of 5 random picked from I to 47 in the California Super oF the standard deviation of 5 random numbers ‘t0 69 in the multistate PowerBall lottery’ 19, Fast-food Calories A surve ‘aurants noted the numberof hamburger. The results are given Calories in a mid-sized hamburger sia Find the mean and sample standard d data. Round to the nearest hundredth, 20. Energy Drinks A survey of 16. the caffeine concentration of each 21, Weekly Commute cities noted the averageyan a he mean and sample standard deviation of the tures. Round each result to the nearest . Ate there any temperatures inthe dataset that do not lie ‘within 2 standard deviations of the ‘mean? If 50, lst them. 24. Pick 5 numbers and compute the population standard 26. a, All ofthe numbers ina sample are the number, What is the standard deviation of deviation ofthe numbess. {, Add a nonzero constant c to each of your original sample? numbers, and compute the standard deviation ofthis b. Ifthe standard deviation of a sample is 0 new population, all ofthe numbers inthe sample be the sam 'b. Use the results of part a and inductive reasoning to number? i state what happens to the standard deviation of a «If ovo samples both have the same standard de tion, are the samples necessarily identical? jon when a nonzero constant c is added to 27. Under what condition would the variance of a sample be equal to the standard deviation of the sample? 25. Pick 6 numbers and compute the population standard deviation of the numbers. ‘a. Double each of your original numbers and compute the standard deviation of this new population. . Use the results of part a and inductive reasoning to state what happens to the standard deviation of a population when each data item is multiplied by a positive constant k. Measures of Relative Position zScores gee Consider an Internet site that offers movie downloads. ‘estimate of the mean time to download a certaizScore i ‘The z-score for a given data value x is the number of standard deviations that above or below the mean ofthe data, The following formulas show how to the z-score for a data value x in a population and in a sample. Population: z,=~—* Sample: z (BUTERITON wnat docs a z-score of 3 for a data value x ‘zscore of -I fora data value x represent? a In the next example, we use a student's the student did on each test in comparison to the other students. EET compare xScores Raul has taken two tests in his chemistry class. He scored 72 on the first test, for which the mean of all scores was 65 second tes, for which the mean of all scores was 45 and the standard deviation was I In comparison to the other students, did Raul do better on the first test or the test? Solution Find the e-score for each test. the standard deviation was 8. He received a 60 on a | _ sores for two tests to determine how ae (a{group Jested a sample of 100 light bulbs. It found thatthe mean _of the bulbs was 842 h, with a standard deviation of 99, One particular tight Company had a z-score of 1.2. What was the fife span of this tight Solution Substitute the given values into the e-score equation and solve for x 108 = x 842+ Solve fr 950 = x ‘The light bull had a life span of 950 h Roland received a score of 70 on a test for wh the mean score was 65.5. Roland has learned that the ‘score for his test is 0.6, deviation for this set of test seores? 6Quartiles The three numbers Q;, Q:, and Q, that partition a ranked data set into four ‘mately) equal groups are called the quartiles of the data. For instance, for below, the values Q, = 11, = 104 are the quartiles of the 91, 104, 159, 181, 312, 354 t Q The quartile Q, is called the first quartile. The quartile Q, is called the se tile. Wis the median of the data. The quartile Q, is called the third quartile. The: method of finding quartiles makes use of medians.is the noft ‘median. Thus Q, is the mean of the data values “The third quanti the median ofthe data values greater than the ‘Thus Q; isthe mean of the data values with fanks of 19 and 20. TTA The following table lists the weights, in Of 15 avocados in a random sample. Find the quartiles for the data. Weights, in ounces, of Avocados 4 108 8 Box-and-Whisker Plots ‘A box-and-whisker plot (sometimes called a box plot) is often used to provide ‘summary of a set of data. A box-and-whisker plot shows the median, the first , and the minimum and maximum values of a data set. See the figure | Minigvum Median, Mei we é 5 Whiskeros [Number of Rooms Occupied 8 77 5 68 8 Box plots are popular because they are easy to construct and they illustrate several ‘important features of a dataset in a simple diagram. Note from the box plot in Exam ple 6 that we can easily estimate * the quartiles ofthe data * the range of the data * _& the postion ofthe middle half ofthe data as shown by the length of the box, Seine Haphing calculators can be used to produce box-and-whisker plots, For insta Pa ngEgMB4, you eter the data into a ist, as shown onthe fist seen in Figure 4, {12 ou menu is used to enter appropriate boundaries that contain all the date, U Hey seavence End} tsar #013 [ENTER] and choose from the Type menu the bow “whisker plot icon (sce the third screen in Figure 4.1). The key is then. lay the box-and-whisker plot. After the calculator displays the box-and-whisker [rsice] key and the > key enable you to view ... and the minimum andTn the stem-and-leaf diagram at the lft, we have placing all of the scores that ar the 40s in the top row, the 8 ‘second row, the scores that are in the 60s in the third row, and so on. The scores have been placed to the left of the vertical line, li ‘stems. "The ones digits of the test scores vertical line. In this diagram, they are the leaves. It the distribution ofthe scores. Only two of the scores are in 158 the 70s, and none ofthe scores are inthe 50s. The lowest scr Is 425 Dui Ai 234558 45666 68 Steps in Construction of a Stem-and-Leaf Diagram ms and list them in a column from smallest to largest OF 1. Determine the st Legend 846 represents 86 largest to smallest 1 of each stem asa leaf to the right ofthe stem, ‘plains the meaning ofthe stems nd the leaves Ine 2. List the remaining di 3, Include a legend that © a title for the diagram. The choice of how many leading digits to use as the stem will depend on the particu= «oe ntance, consider the following data set in which a ta¥el agent has customers for a cruise. lar data set. F recorded the amount spent by ct Amount Spent for a Cruise [$3500 $4700 $7200 $2100 | s6200 $5900 $2100 $4100 | sago0 4900 $5400 $5400 4500 $2900 $3700 $3700 _ $4800 ‘One method of choosing the stems ist let each thousands digit bea stem reas digit be a Tea, Ifthe stems and leaves fe assigned in this manner, then tion 2|1, with a stem of 2and a Heat of 1, represents a cost of $2100, and Sit oat of $5400. A stem-and:-leaf diagram can 1% be constructed by stem in a column from smallest to IarEes the left of a vertical line and si yresponding leaves ‘ote rif the line ‘See the diagram below. “Amount Spent for a Cruise a1233378 44556889 24558 Legend: 3{7 represents 73 EXCURSION EXERCISES 1. The following table lists the ages of customers who purchased a cruise. Con stem-and-leaf diagram for the data. 2348 1335568 23666 45 Legend: represents, ‘Ages of Customers Who Purchased a Cruise People were part ofa test to determine how long, in seconds, Ive a logic problem when exposed to different ambient noise levels. Gro ven the problem in a room where a constant E‘tion of 11.5. Find the z-score for each of the following. b. x= 95 «+= 50 d. x= 75 A data set has a mean of ¥ ~ 212 anda standard devia- tion of 40. Find the z-score for each of the following, a. x= 200 bo x= 224 c. x= 300 d. x= 100 ‘A data set has a mean of ¥ — 6.8 and a standard devia- tion of 1.9. Find the z-score for each of the following. b. d. x= 50 of ¥ = 4010 anda standard devi- z-score for each of the following b. x= 4200 a. x = 4030 ‘A blood pressure test was given 10 450 women ages 20 to 36. It showed that their mean efolie blood pressure was 1194 mm Hg, with stan d deviation of 13.2 mm He. oe 5. Determine the z-score, tO the nearest hun¢ L ; 4 woman aa ‘a systolic blood pressure reading a x= 6.2 e. x= 9.0 _ A data set has a mean ation of 115. Find the 3. Blood Pressure Cholesterol A test involving 380 men ages found that their blood cholesterol levels had a.m 182 mg/dl and a standard deviation of 44.2 ‘a. Determine the z-score, to the nearest for one of the men who had a blood of 214 mg/dl b. The his blood cholesterol level? Round to the nearest hundredth. Tire Wear A random sample of 80 tires showed | that 1,700 mi, with a stan- the mean mileage per tire was 4 dard deviation of 4300 mi. ‘a, Determine the z-score, tothe nearest hundredth, fora tire that provided 46,300 mi of wear. ? b. The z-score for one tire was ~2.44. What mileage — did this tie provide? Round your result to the nearest hundred miles. . Test Scores Which of the following three test is the highest relative score? ‘a, A score of 65 on atest with a mean of 72 standard deviation of 82 _ b. A score of 102 on a test with standard deviation of 18.5 ‘c. A score of 605 on a test‘was $178,500, find ies whose 201 '. more than $178,500. '$66,650 and $178,500, Monthly Rents A recent survey by the ‘US. Census Bureau determined that the median ‘monthly housing rent was $708. Ifthe first quartile ‘for monthly housing rent was $570, find the percent ‘ ‘housing rents that were _—-@. more than $570. b. less than $708, between $570 and $708. PM comninate to School A survey was given to 18 stu- ‘dents: One question asked about the one-way distance the student had to travel to attend college. The results _ in'miles, are shown inthe following table. Use the ‘median procedure for finding quartiles to find the frst, ‘second, and third quartiles for the data, iptions The following table shows the number iptions a doctor wrote each day for Use the median procedure for finding quartiles the first, second, and third quartiles for the data, Source: U.S. Census Bureau 20. The table below shows the heights, in inches, of 15 domly selected National Basketball Association ( \d-whisker plot fa data sets, placing the second plot bel the first. Write a valid conclusion based on the dati, 21. The table below shows the numbers of bushels of Barley Cultivated per acre for 12 one-acre plots of land for different strains of barley, PHT-34 and CBX21,Using the same seae, draw a box-and-whisker plot for each of the Placing the second plot below the first. Considering that high tions are harmful to humans, in which of the two neighborhoods we to live? ‘The population 3, 4, 9, 14, and 20 has a mean of 10 and a standard devia tion of 6.356. The z-scores for each of the five data values are z) = —1.101, (0.944, 2, ~ —0.157, 214 ~ 0.629, and zy) ~ 1.573. Find the mean and the standard deviation of these z-scores ). The population 2, 6, 12, 17, 22, and 25 has a mean of 14 and a standard devia- tion of 8.226, The z-scores for each of the six data values are 2: ~ ~1.459, % = -0.973, 2 = —0.243, 2, = 0.365, 2» = 0.973, and 25 ~ 1.337. Find the mean and the standard deviation of these z-scores. » Use the results of part a and part b to make a conjecture about the mean and standard deviation of the z-scores for any set of population data. For each ofthe following, determine whether the statement is true or false. 1. For any given set of data, the median ofthe data equals the mean of Q, and Qs. b. For any given set of data, Q, ~ 0: = Qs ~ Q ¢. Az-score for a given data value x in a set of data can be a negative number, 4d, Ia student answers 75% of the questions on a test correctly, then the student's ‘core on the test will place the student at the 75th percentile.FIGURE 4.2 histogram for the frequen distribution in Table 34 a pictorial view of how the data are distributed. In Figure 4.2, the height of each bar of the histogram indicates how many subscribers experienced the: download times shown by the class on the base of the bar. 2 Examine the distribution in Table 4.8 below. It shows the percent of subscribers are in each class, as opposed to the frequency distribution in Table 47, which shows the ‘number of customers in each class. The type of frequency distribution that ent of data in each class is called a relative frequenc quency histogram in Figure 4.3 was distribution. It shows the percent of subscribers along its vertical axis TABLE 4.8 A Relative Frequency Distribution- “The percent of data all he clases wih lower boundary of 25 0 the sum of the percents printed in red in Table 4.9 ‘below. Thus the p subscribers who required at least 25 s (0 download the file is 69.1%. TABLE 4.9 Download time (in seconds) OS wos =u searce en oe alee 35-00) 9) Maes b. The percent boundary of “Thus the percent of 8 download the file is 15. require atleast "Me. The probability that a subscriber ¢h te exe han 20st downoad the ls 01925Every normal distribution has the following properties. ofthe Ake = The graph is symmetric about a vertical line through the mean * The mean, median, and mode are equal. * The y-value of each point on the curve is the percent (expressed as a decimal) the data at the corresponding x-value. ** Areas under the curve that are symmetric about the mean are equal. = The total area under the curve is 1 In the normal distribution ‘shown at the left, the area of the shaded region i This region represents the fact that 15.9% of the data values are greater than or equal to 10. Because the area under the curve is 1, the unshaded region under the curve has area 1 0159, or 0.841, representing the fact that 84.1% of the data are less thaw 10 {he following rule, called the Empirical Rule, describes the percents of data that lie within 1,2, and 3 standard deviations ofthe mean in a normal distribution Empirical Rule for a Normal Distribution | dn. normal distribution, approximately | © 8% of the data lie within 1 standard deviation of the mean | © 25% of the data lie within 2 standard deviations of the ‘mean, * 994% ofthe data lie within 3 standard deviations ofthe ‘mean. Anormal distributionapproximately (95%)(1000) = (0.95)(1000) = 950 Of the stations charge between $2.74 and’$3.46 for a gallon of D. The $3.28 price is | standard deviation above the mean. Sée Figure 45, ‘normal distribution, 34% of all data lie between the mean and 1 standard Above the mean. Thus, approximately (34%)(1000) = (0.34)(1000) = 340 of the stations charge between $3.10 and $3.28 fora gallon of regular gasO}Ne- Half of the 1000 stations, or 500 stations, charge less than the mean. Therefore about 340 + 500 — $40 of the stations charge less than $3.28 fora gallon/af regular gas. The $3.46 price is 2 standard deviations above the mean. Ina normal distribution: 95% of all data are within 2 standard deviations of the mean, Tis means that the other 5% of the data will lie either more than 2 standard deviations above the mean or more than 2 standard deviations below the mean. We are interested only in the data that are more than 2 standard deviations above the mean, which is $ of 5%, oF 2.5%, ofthe data. See Figure 4.6. Thus about (2.5%)(1000) = (0.025)(1000) = 25 of the stations charge more than $3.46 for a gallon of regular gas. 4 Data more than 2 above 1 u-200 (Li ela FIGURE 4.6 re ea A vegetable distributor knows that during the raat August, the weighs of it tomatoes are normally distributed with a mean of 0.61 Ib and a standard deviation of 0.15 Ib. a. What percent of the comatoes weigh less than 0.76 1b? b Ina shipment of 6000 tomatoes, how many tomatoes can be expected to weigh ‘more than 0.31 1b?a ‘This norm ree tic be a normal distribution, 7 it has: re ‘cores is elle the standard normal dsrbution. See Figure 47. = ‘and a standard deviation of 1. Original normal distribution, FIGURE 4.7 Conversion of a normal distribution to the standard ‘normal distribution The Standard Normal Distribution The standard normal distribution is the normal dist and a standard deviation of 1, tribution that has a mean of 0FIGURE 4.8 A is the area of the shaded region. 9, round 0:382 10 the nearest produce 0.38. 0,040 0.044 0.048 0,052 0.056 0.060 0.064 0.067 0071 0075 0.079 0.083 0.087 0,091 0.095 0.099 0.103, 0.106 0.110 ond O18 0.123 0,126 | 0.129 0133 017 0.141 \ 0.285) 0255 0.258 0261 0.264 0.267 0270 0273 0276 0279 0.282 0.288 0291 0.294 0297 0300 0302 0305 0.308 oat 0313) 0316 | 0319 0321 0324 0326 0329 0331 0334 036 0339 0341 0344 0346 0.348 0351 0353 | 0355 | 0419 0421 0422Area: 0.294 Hion between ¢ = =0.67 und 2 = In Figure 4.10, the region to the right of 2 = 0.82 is called a tail re region isa region of the standard normal distribution to the right of a positive {othe left of « negative z-value, To find the area ofa tail region, we subtract the ‘Table 4.10 from 0,500. This procedure is illustrated in the next example, Find the Area of a Tail Region ind the area of the standard normal distribution to the right of 2 = 0.82. Solution Table 4.10 indicates that the area from z= 0 to z= 0,82 area (o the right of ¢ = 0 is 0.500 sq 0,500 ~ 0,294 © 0.206 sq is 0.294 square unit, nit. Thus the area to the right of 2 =O igure 4.10 TRON ind the area of the standard normal tion to the left of z= = 1.47, e Normal Distribution, Areas, Percentages,‘The z-score for 11.25 oz is 11.25 - 11.5 Zs = — 99 125 1) of the data in a normal distribution are between z =O and z = 1.25. Because the data are normally distributed, 39.4% of }1 Portion of data to Rolie = — 125° the data is also between z = 0 and z = ~1.25. The percen of data to the left of 2 = 1.25 is 50% — 39.4% = 10.6%. See Figure 4.11. Thus 10.6% of the cups filled by the soda machine will receive less than 11.25 02 of soda. ‘The z-score for 11.55 ounces is Table 4.10 indicates that 0.394 (39.4 155 - 11.5 eae le 02 ‘Table 4.10 indicates that 0.099 (9.99) ofthe data ina normal distribution is between z = and z = ‘The z-score for 11.2 07 i FH .12 Portion of dat 4 FIGURE 4.12 Porton of St ‘Table 4.10 indicates that 0.433 (43.3%) ofthe data in a normal distribu data are normally distribu between two z-scores ic between 2 — Oand z = 1.5. Because the peat are also between z= O and: = 15.866 Figure 4.12, ame cups that he vending racine wal il with between 1.2.02 oftsoda is 43.3% + 99% = 53.2% ‘A cup will overflow ifit receives mo 2-5 _o5 dicates that 0.494 (49.4%) of ‘Table 4.10 in the data in the standard is 4.10 inde ioreon¢ = Oar = 2 TS PEE ‘z= 25 is determined by st tracting 4 the time the willStandard normal distribution EX AMPLE Be EX) Cut-Off Scores A cut-off score is a score that separates dat group satisfy a certain requirement and the Fequirement. If the data are normally distributed, then we method shown in the following example 4 into two groups such that the data in one data in the other group do. not satisfy the can find a cut-off score by the The OnTheGo company manufactures laptop computers. A study indicates that the life |, with a mean of 4.0 years and a standard. 'Y Period should the company offer if the com ‘o fail during the warranty period? spans of its computers are normally distributed, deviation of 1.2 years. How long a warranty pany wishes less than 4% of its computers Solution Figure 4.14 shows.a standard normal distribution with 4% ofthe data to the left of om unknown z-score and 46% of the data othe right ofthe z-score but tothe let rae of O. Using Table 4.10, we find that the z-score as: is 1.75. Our unknown z-score isto the left of 0, 0 If we let x represent the time in years that arequired to take the special reading class? 3. A secondary school system finds thatthe 440-yard-dash times ff are normally distributed, with an average time of 72 and a 5S s. What eer nes? Round to the nearest hundredth of a second. Humans are, on average taller 2 en A biologist measured hundreds of cuckoo bird RBS. frequency distribution below to answer ‘that follow. Lengths of Cuckoo Bird Eggs Boys’ Heights toxlay than they were 200 years ago. Today, the height of 14-year-old boys is about 65 Use the relative frequency distribution of heights of « er the following que cof 19th-Century Boys, Age 4f the weights of its parcels were nor- i ted, with a mean of 24 oz and a standard tion of 6 oz, Bey What extent of ihe sels weighed between 12.07 ‘and 30 02? ao -b. What percent of the 42.02? Parcels weighed more than A baseball franchise finds that the atten- ~ ance at its home games is normally distributed, with a ‘mean of 16,000 and a standard deviation of 4000. ‘8. What percent of the home games have an attendance between 12,000 and 20,000 people? 'b. What percent of the home games have an attendance of fewer than 8000 people? Traffic A highway study of 8000 vehicles that passed by acheckpoint found that their speeds were normally * distributed, with a mean of 61 mph and a standard deviation of 7 mph, ___ & How many of the vehicles had a speed of more than 68 mph? bs How many of the vehicles had a speed of less than fee 40 Toph? pmen’s Heights A survey of 1000 women ages 20 that their heights were normally distributed, fF 65 in, and a standard deviation of 2.5 in. a. How many of the women have a height that is within I standard deviation of the mean? at A 23, The region where 24, The region where z< 1.92 1 In Exercises 25 to 30, find the z-score, (0 0 dredth, that satisfies the given condition. 25. 0,200 square unit of the area of the standard distribution is to the right of z. ‘square unit of the area of the standard ribution is to the right of z. 27. 0.184 square unit of the area of the standard. tribution is to the left of z. 28. 0.330 square unit of the area of the standard distribution is to the left of z. 29. 0.363 square unit of the area of the standard normal distribution is to the right of z. 30. 0.440 square unit of the area of the standard normal, distribution isto the left o 26. * In Exercises 31 to 40, answer each question, Round. scores to the nearest hundredth and then find the requ A values using Table 4.10 on page 137. J 31. Cholesterol Levels The cholesterol levels of a group of young women at a university are normally tributed, with a mean of 185 and a standard devia of 39. What percent of the young women have a cl terol level @. greater than 219? ‘b. between 190 and 2257 iology A biologist fc of monarch butterflies to be normally dis 4 mean of 52.2 mm and a standard deviation, ‘What percent of the butterflies had aw esp 4. less than 48.5 mm? , between 50 and 55 mm?Rope Strength The breaking point of a particular {ype of rope is normally distribut probability that a piece of this rope chosen at random “will have a breaking point of, a, less than 320 Ib? 3. The standard normal distribution has a mean of 0. Every normal distribution is a bell-shaped distribution. ‘normal distribution, the mean, the median, and the ‘of the distribution are all located at the center of ‘mean of a normal distribution is always larger than cd deviation of the distribution. a. above 114. . between 90 and 118. a 41, [OY Heights Consider the data set of the All babies born in the United States d ticular year. Do you think this data set is nearly normally distributed? Explain. a2. a Weights Consider the data set of the weights of all Valencia oranges grown in California ‘during a particular year. Do you think this data nearly normally distributed? Explait 48, I daa Value x from a normal distribution i postive, then its z-score also must be positive. 49, All normal distributions have a mean of O. 50. a. Make a sketch of two normal distributions the same standard deviation but different 51. Determine the approximate z-scores for quartile and the third quartile ofthe st(72,06 (270,45) 250,50 O78 eT: (27, raat (2, 42) (a) seas) (227,70)0 —o(245,79) (218, 78) Length of eruption (seconds) a 200 210 220 230 240 250 240 270 * 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270) Seconds between eruptions Seconds between eruptions, FIGURE 4.15 FIGURE 4.16 One way for the geologist to ere {wo eruptions and the duration of the second eruption is to find a line that approxima the data points plotted in the scatter plot. The shown in Figure 4.16, Of all the possible lines that ean be drawn, the one that is usually of most inte Called the line of best fit or the least-squares regression line, The least-squares regres Une isthe Hine that its the data beter than any other line that might be drawn, squares regression tne is defined as follows.The Formula for the Least-Squares Line ‘The equation of the least-squares line for the ” Grdered pairs (x,y) Gavge)s Gye eos Ge A) | is $ = ax +b, where | nd - 208) an ae Gx ‘To apply this formula to the data for Old Faithful, we fist find summation. Dx= 2386 Ly = 8 Ee = 573,560 Next, we use these values 0 find the value of a. Bay ~ (2a) nde - Gx? 636) — (2386)(822) ee ‘We then inthe valves of F and 5, Birr a=x ‘200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 Seconds between eruptions ‘We can now use the regression equation to estimate the duration of an ae time between eruptions. For instance, if the time between two eruptions then the estimated duration of the second eruption $ = 0.1189559666x + 53.81710637 = 0.1189559666(200) + 53.81710637 ~B The approximate duration of the eruption is seconds, As our example demonstrates, it can be challenging to calculate all of the values {o find a regression line. Fortunately, many computer programs and calculators eg form these calculations. The following example shows the use of a TI-84 to fing regression line for the Old Faithful data Enter the data from Table 4.11 into LI . as shown at the right Press the [STAT] key, tab to [EALC), and scroll to 4. Then ress [ENTER]Press the [VARS] key and scroll to [¥=WaRS} Press [ENTER] twice, Now enter "(200)" and press [EwTem] The predicted. duration of the eruption is approximately 78 seconds. Here is an additional example of calculating regression lines. Professor R. Alexander wanted to determine whether the stride length of a dinosaur, as shown fossilized footprints, could be used to estimate the speed of the dinosaur. Stride length ‘an animal is defined as the distance x from a particular point on a footprint to that point on the next footprint ofthe same foot. (See the figure at the left.) Because are extinct, Alexander and fellow scientist A. . Jayes carried out experiments with many types of animals, including adult men, dogs. camels, ostriches, and elephants. Some of the results from these experiments are recorded in Table 4.12. These data will be: in the examples that follow : TABLE 4.12 Speeds for Selected Stride Lengths Adult men(The regres , = 17368. ee Freres cpr) 29 onsiser os 310 Find the equation of the least-squares the stride length and speed of camels given in Table 4.12c. It-can be proved that for any set of ‘ordered pairs, the graph of the ordered Pair (3,3) is a point on the least-squares Tine that models the set. This fact can serve as a check. If you have calculated the least-squares line fora set of ordered Pairs and you find that the point (3, 3) "3.6, 65125) does not lie on your line, then you know that you have made an error. Once the equation of the least-squares line is fo tions. This procedui st tenth of a meter per second, a 28m b. 48m a. From Example 1, the regression equation is $ = 2730263158, Substitute 2.8 for x and evaluate the resulting $ = 2730263158 — 3.316447368 = 2.730263158(2.8) ~ 3.316447368 ~ 4398 “xpression,(28,43) Average speed of adult men in veters per sccm ‘Stride length of adult men (in meters) FIGURE 4.18 Interpolation and extrapolation Linear Correlation Coefficient ‘To determine the strength ofa linear relationship between two variables, statisticians use ion coefficient, which is denoted by the variable r and, 4 statistic called the linear correla is defined as follows. | Linear Correlation Coe! |For the m ordered pairs (1, )1) (8.92) (Xs sss (fs Ju) the linear correlation coefficient ris given by uch as regression analysis a ae eae correlation. He was particu- (Say) ~ (Sx)(Zy) ested in applying these atistical concepts tothe study of fedity. The term standerd devia- as invented by Pearson, and ‘his work in the area of‘Strong negative ce. Negative correlation, correlation, r = ~0.9 r= -05 FIGURE 4.19 1 Find the linear correlation coefficient for stride length versus speed of an adult Use the data in Table 4.12a. Round your result to the nearest hundredth, Solution The correlation coefficient r is displayed on the same screen as the values for the regression equation. The sereen from Example 1 is shown again atthe right. The linear correlation coefficient, rounded to the est hundredth, is 0,99, STRATEN Find the linear correlation coefficient length versus speed of camel as given in Table 4.12c. Round your result totFor any set of ordered pairs, the linear : the least-squares line both have the same sign. Interchanging the variables in the ordered pairs & ‘Thus the value of r for the ordered pairs (x),.¥1)- asthe value of r for the ordered pairs (y\,.%))- Oe |. The value of r does not depend on the units used. You ean, | ___ Nasal rom, for example, et 10 inches ‘and the value of F i Exponential Regression ‘Earlier in this chapter we examined linear regression models, In on tial function may more closely model a set of data, For exany merchant has determined the values of rm i ‘measured in carats, but are similarThe following table shows Earth’s atmospheric pressure P at an al ‘meters, Find an exponential function that models the atmospheric function of altitude. Use the function to estimate, to the nearest tenth, spheric pressure at an altitude of 11 km. Which of the scatter diagrams below suggests 4. « nearly perfect positive linear correlation the x and y variables? ». little or no linear correlation between the x Variables? 4. strongest positive linear correlation between the and y variables?» Find », and Lay ind a, the slope of the least-squares line, and b, the Srinterceps of the least-squares line the least-squares line on the scatter diagram from part a Is the point (7, 7) 00 the least-squares line? ‘Tse the equation of the least squares line to predict value of y when x = 7.3 to the nearest hundredth, the linear correlation © coefficient ‘$10 10, find the equation of the least ‘and the linear correlation coefficient for the Round the constants, «band the nearest 6. (4,8), (6, 11), (8 189) 10), (7, ~12)} an. (3,540) price of a 2010 Corvette ‘of 30,000. «. Find the linear correlation 4. What is the significance of the fact correlation coefficient is negative for @rrctciowieg ane shows the length, in cen Lumeters, of the humers ‘and the total wingspa, in centimeter, of several preronaurs, which afe oct fying reptiles (Source: Southwest Educational Development Laboratory) Prerosaur Data‘are given in the following table, tutes of Health) table shows the percen Fs old or older who were overweight in me of that man, v. a Life Expectancy The average times for women of various ages in States are given in the following table. (Source: } Institutes of Health)The following table on 1 ‘shows the Sees and fees at private ay isan es and universities forthe school years 200% pig ‘through 2014-2015. (Source: National Cems orteny - cation Statistics) Pre Using 1 for 2009-2010, 2 for 2010-2011, and so on, find the linear correlation coefficient and the equa- tion of the least-squares line for the tuition and fees at private 4-year colleges and universities, based on the year. rmarizes essential concepts lowing table sum and Bxercises that canbe used 10 tes, 70H! this chapter. The references given in the right-hand understanding of a concept. — the year. Based on the linear correlation found in parts a and b, are the equations in parts a and b good and fees at 4-year colleges a ‘The equation of a least-squares line is written in the form $= ax + b. Explain the mes of the value of a for each equation you wrote in parts a and b. . e Search for bivariate data (in a magazine, in ‘a newspaper, in an almanac, or on the Internet) that can be closely modeled by a linear equation. ‘a, Draw a scatter diagram of the data. b. Find the equation of the least-squares line and the linear correlation coefficient for the: ‘data. * Graph the least-squares line on the seatter diagram inparta. ‘ d. Use the equation of the least-squares line to predict ‘a range value for a specific domain value,‘See Example 1 on page 121, and then t Exercises 8a and 12 on page 158, Sce Example 4 on page 123, and ther Exercise 8b on page 158, ed the pth percentile of a data set provided than x. Given a set of data and a data | |Outhn The wandard normal | See sample normal distribution thst has u mean of 0 und xercise 21 on ion ean be converted into deviation of 1, Any normal distributk ‘normal distribution by converting data valucn to thelr 1 Then the percent of data values that lie in ‘given imerval ind ws the aren under the standard normal curve between the ores of the endpoint of the given interval, Table 4.10 on puge 137 the areas under the standard normal curve for z-wores between 0 ression and Correlation we Bivariate data are data given as ordered pairs, | See Examples 1 and 2.00 paige CF least squares line, fora vet of | then uy Bxereaes 240 and 24 gal deviations from ¢ itaguusren Line for the m ordered pairs (x.y) (Yb Cs 1) we = ax +b, whore ee 2H ww bey Un 104 line can be used to predict the value of 1 yariable is known ation of the feast-squ ‘variable when the value of the othe " etticent ‘The linear correlation coeticent corr a eat elonsipbawecn vane, Hh nronger the near relationship is betweea 4, Find the regression equation and linear correl '. Use the equation to predict the time it would take 0.06% to reach a BAC level of ess than 0.005%. Rout "41, Find the mean, median, and mode for the following Basketball Draw a box-and-whisker plot data. Round noninteger values to the nearest tenth. lowing data 3, 7,11, 12,7,9,15 Points Scored by Top 20 Women’s National Basketball ‘Associaton Players ina Recent Year 2. Grade Point Average Use the 4.0 grading system: ~ 702 «656 618 A=4,B=3,C=2,D=1,F=0 55 535 528 S22 geal A student’s grade point average (GPA) is calculated as 470 465453 ‘weighted mean, where the student’s grade in each ‘course is given a weight equal to the number of units Source: Worse’ Neiioal BaD a that course is worth. Find Justin’s GPA for the fall . Movie Attendance Use the following relati semester, Round to the nearest hundredth. quency distribution to estimate eee Justin's Grades, Fall Semester attendees who were a, at least 40 years of age.el | a, Find the linear correlation coefficient for the data. 'b. On the basis of your answer to part a, is there a strong linear relationshi |r| > 0.9 tevel, between hours of sleep and minutes to complete a task’ “@ Nutrition The following table shows the percent of water and the mur of calories in various canned soups to which 100 g of water are adkjot easy to summarize in afew paragraphs the subject Known as logic. For lawyers and judges, logic isthe fiheorrect reasoning. They oftea use logic tp pommm- nicate more effectively, construct valid argument Jegal contracts, and make decisions, Law analyze schools consider a Knowledge of logic to be one of the most important predictors of future success for their new students. A sizeable portion of the LSAT {Law School Admission Test), w hich is required by law school applicants as Part of their admission process, concerns logical reasoning. A typical LSAT Jogic problem is presented in Exercise 29, page Many other professions also make exten grammers use | gic to design computer software fo design circuits for smart phones, and mathematicians us: Jems and construct mathematical proof In this chapter, you will encounter ses ets of logic. Specifically, you will use ® analyze information and th * determine the validity of slid conclusio“Is the test today?” isa question "Go get the newspaper” is a command, “This is a nice car” isan opinion, "Denver isthe capital of Colorado” i a statement of fact. ‘The symbolic logic that Boole was instrumental in creating applies only to that are statements as defined below. A Statement A statement isa declarative sentence that is cither true oF false, but not be necessary to itis statement. For instance, ‘determine whether a sentence is true tod consider the following sentence. Yosemite National Park is located in California.Open the door. 7055 is a large number. . In the year 2024, the president of the United States will be a womans 1>3, Charles Dodgson One of the best-known logicians is Charles Dodgson (1832-1898). His mathemati= Dodgson cai works include A Syilabus of Plane Algebraical Geometry, The Fifth Book of (lewis Euclid Treated Algebraically, and Symbolic Logic. Although Dodgson was a dis~ Carroll) tinguished mathematician in his time, he is best known by his pen name Lewis Carroll, which he used when he published Alice’s Adventures in Won- derland and Through the Looking: Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom enjoyed Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland to the extent that she told Dodgson she was looking forward to reading another of his books. He promptly sent her his Syllabus of Plane Algebraical Geometry, and it was reported that she was less than enthusiastic about the latter book. Simple Statements and Compound Statements ‘A simple statement is statement that conveys a single idea, A. ‘ment is a statement that conveys two or more ideas.fees Uer eames Pifandoniyitg | iandonlyit | Truth Value and Truth Tables The truth value of a simple statement is either true (T) or false o cl The truth value of a compound statement depends on the truth values my statements and its connectives. a A truth table is a table that shows the truth value of a compound statemer | Possible truth values ofits simple statements. The negation of the statement “Today is Friday.” is the statement “Today is not} n is used to denote the negation of a st day.” In symbolic logic, the tilde symbol fa statement pis true, its negation ~p is false, and if a statement p is false, its neg ~p is true. See the table at the left. The negation of the negation of a statement i Original statement. Thus ~(~p) can be replaced by p in any statement. Write the Negation of a Statement Write the negation of each statement. 4. Ellie Goulding is an opera singer b. The dog does not need to be fed. Solution ‘a, Ellie Goulding is not an opera singer, b. The dog needs to be fed. ETT Write the negation of each statement, . The Queen Mary 2s the world’s largest ruse ship b. The fire engine is not red.bday iy Friday andi raining, >. Wis not raining and 1am going toa movie. ‘6. Tam going to the basketball game or Iam going (0 @ 4. If itis raining, then 1 am not to the basketball game. Solution a pAq be ~qAr avr ab gos KSEE Use p. 1 and» define in ‘rite the following compound statements in symbolic form. , Today is not Friday and | am going to a movie. b, Tam going to the basketball game and I am not going 0 movie. Lam going tthe movie if nd only iit is ning 4. AF today is Friday, then Tam not going 1o move In the next example, we translate symbolic statements into English sentences: ranslate Symbolic Statements Consider the following statements, _p: The game will be played in Atlanta 4g: The game will be shown on CBS. rr The game will not be shown on ESPN. sy ‘The Mets are favored to win, Write each of the following symbolic statements in words. agp bars 6 se~PEN Ar Schipoiad indicate which simple statements are grouped together. _ 8 comma are grouped together. See Table 5.3. TABLE 5.3 and ~q ate grouped together because they are both to the left ofthe ‘rand s are grouped together because they are both to the right ofthe Ifa statement in symbolic form is written as an English sen Siatements that appear together in parentheses in the symbolic form will all be on Same side of the comma that appears in the English sentence. EXOTIC RE Translate compound state nts Let p, 9, andr represen the following : You get a promotion, 4 You complete the training. You will receive a bonus‘Thusthe wanslaion is: ~g-—> (=p A~2)- MST tp, «and renee »: Kesha's singing style is similar to Uffie's. 4: Kesha has messy ha » Kesha is a rapper. & Write (p /\ q) + r as an English sentence. . Write “If Kesha is nota rapper, then Kesha does not have messy hair and singing style is not similar to Uffi’s.” in symbolic form. affect the meaning of the state= ‘The use of parentheses in a symbolic statement may ind statement p\/ 4 ‘ment, For instance, ~(p \/ q) indicates the negation of the compou However, ~p \/q indicates that only the p statement is negated. “The statement ~(p \/ 4) is ead as, “It is not true that, p or g.” The statement =P / @ is read as, “Not p or q: If you order cake and ice cream in a restaurant, the waiter will bring both cake and ice cream. In general, the conjunction p /\q is true if both p and q are true, and the ‘conjunction is false if either p or q is false, The truth table at the left shows the four POS: sible cases that arise when we form a conjunction of two statements. Truth Value of a Conjunction ‘The conjunction p /\q is true if and only if both p and q are true. ‘Sometimes the word but is used in place of the connective and. For instance, “I my bike to school, but I ride the bus to work,” is equivalent to the conjunction, “T ride n bike to school and Ire the bus to work.” ; i ‘Any disjunction p \/q is true if p is true or q is true or both p and g are tru ‘uth table at the left shows thatthe disjunction p or q is false if both p and however, its true in all other cases. ‘Truth Value of a DisjunctionQuantifiers and Nega In a statement, the word some and the phrases there exists and at least one existential quantifiers. Existential quantifiers are used as prefixes to assert the of something. Ina statement, the words none, no, all, and every are called universal ‘The universal quantifiers none and no deny the existence of something, whereas the YNersal quantifiers all and every ae used to assert that every element ofa given set some condition. Recall that the negation of a false statement is a true statement and the n ‘rue statement is a false statement. It is important to remember this fact when form Pegation of a quantified statement. For instance, what is the negation of the false ment “All dogs are mean"? You may think thatthe negation is “No dogs are mean this is also a false statement. Thus the statement “No dogs are mean” is not the a of “Al dogs are mean.” The negation of “All dogs are mean.” which i a false es isin fact*Some dogs are not mean,” which is true statement, The statement fe not mean” can also be stated as “Atleast one dog is not mean” or “There that is not mean.”