ech

ECE-D&E Subject: C.P, Geethanjali College of Engg & Technology (B.Tech. I Year) Prepared By J Uma Mahesh
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

UNIT–IV:

Arrays: Introduction, One-dimensional arrays, Declaring and Initializing

arrays, Multidimensional arrays

1. What is an array? How to declare and initialize arrays? Explain with examples

Ans: Array:-

An array is defined as an ordered set of similar data items. All the data items of an array are
stored in consecutive memory locations in RAM. The elements of an array are of same data type
and each item can be accessed using the same name.

Declaration of an array:- We know that all the variables are declared before they are used in
the program. Similarly, an array must be declared before it is used. During declaration, the size
of the array has to be specified. The size used during declaration of the array informs the
compiler to allocate and reserve the specified memory locations.

Syntax:- data_type array_name[n];

where, n is the number of data items (or) index(or) dimension.

0 to (n-1) is the range of array.

Ex:int a[5];

float x[10];

Initialization of Arrays:-

The different types of initializing arrays:

1. At Compile time
(i) Initializing all specified memory locations.
(ii) Partial array initialization
(iii) Initialization without size.
(iv) String initialization.
2. At Run Time
1. Compile Time Initialization
We can initialize the elements of arrays in the same way as the ordinary variables when they are
declared. The general form of initialization of arrays is

1
ech
ECE-D&E Subject: C.P, Geethanjali College of Engg & Technology (B.Tech. I Year) Prepared By J Uma Mahesh
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

type array-name[size]={ list of values};

(i) Initializing all specified memory locations:- Arrays can be initialized at the time of
declaration when their initial values are known in advance. Array elements can be initialized
with data items of type int, char etc.

Ex:- int a[5]={10,15,1,3,20};

During compilation, 5 contiguous memory locations are reserved by the compiler for the variable
a and all these locations are initialized as shown in figure.

Fig: Initialization of int Arrays

Ex:-

int a[3]={9,2,4,5,6}; //error: no. of initial vales are more than the size of array.

(i) Partial array initialization:- Partial array initialization is possible in c language. If the
number of values to be initialized is less than the size of the array, then the elements will be
initialized to zero automatically.

Ex:-

int a[5]={10,15};

Even though compiler allocates 5 memory locations, using this declaration statement; the
compiler initializes first two locations with 10 and 15, the next set of memory locations are
automatically initialized to 0's by compiler as shown in figure.

Fig: Partial Array Initialization

Initialization with all zeros:-

Ex:-

int a[5]={0};
(ii) Initialization without size:- Consider the declaration along with the initialization.

Ex:-

char b[]={'C','O','M','P','U','T','E','R'};

In this declaration, even though we have not specified exact number of elements to be used in
array b, the array size will be set of the total number of initial values specified. So, the array size
will be set to 8 automatically. The array b is initialized as shown in figure.

Fig: Initialization without size

Ex:- int ch[]={1,0,3,5} // array size is 4

(iv) Array initialization with a string: -Consider the declaration with string initialization.

Ex:-

char b[]="COMPUTER";

The array b is initialized as shown in figure.

Fig: Array Initialized with a String

Even though the string "COMPUTER" contains 8 characters, because it is a string, it always ends
with null character. So, the array size is 9 bytes (i.e., string length 1 byte for null character).

Ex:-

char b[9]="COMPUTER"; // correct

char b[8]="COMPUTER"; // wrong

ech
ECE-D&E Subject: C.P, Geethanjali College of Engg & Technology (B.Tech. I Year) Prepared By J Uma Mahesh
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Run Time Initialization

An array can be explicitly initialized at run time. This approach is usually applied for
initializing large arrays.
Ex:- scanf can be used to initialize an
array. int x[3]; scanf(“%d%d
%d”,&x[0],&x[1],&x[2]);
The above statements will initialize array elements with the values entered through
the key board. (Or)
for(i=0;i<100;i=i+1)
{
if(i<50
)
sum[i]
=0.0;
else
sum[i]
=1.0;
}
The first 50 elements of the array sum are initialized to 0 while the remaining 50 are initialized
to
1.0 at run time.

2. How can we declare and initialize 2D arrays? Explain with examples.

Ans: An array consisting of two subscripts is known as two-dimensional array. These are
often known as array of the array. In two dimensional arrays the array is divided into rows
and columns. These are well suited to handle a table of data. In 2-D array we can declare an
array as :

Declaration:-

Syntax: data_type array_name[row_size][column_size];

Ex:- int arr[3][3];

where first index value shows the number of the rows and second index value shows the
number of the columns in the array.

Initializing two-dimensional arrays:

Like the one-dimensional arrays, two-dimensional arrays may be initialized by following

4
th 1,1,1}; initializes the elements of the first row to zero and the second row to one. The
ei initialization is done row by row.
r
de
cl
ar
at
io
n
w
it
h
a
lis
t
of
in
iti
al
va
lu
es
en
cl
os
ed
in
br
ac
es
.

x:

in
t
a[
2]
[3
]=
{
0,
0,
0,
5
ech
ECE-D&E Subject: C.P, Geethanjali College of Engg & Technology (B.Tech. I Year) Prepared By J Uma Mahesh
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The above statement can also be written as

int a[2][3] = {{ 0,0,0},{1,1,1}};

by surrounding the elements of each row by braces.

We can also initialize a two-dimensional array in the form of a matrix as shown below

int a[2][3]={

{0,0,0},

{1,1,1}

};

When the array is completely initialized with all values, explicitly we need not specify the size of
the first dimension.

Ex: int a[][3]={

{0,2,3},

{2,1,2}

};

If the values are missing in an initializer, they are automatically set to zero.

Ex: int a[2][3]={

{1,1},

{2}

};

Will initialize the first two elements of the first row to one, the first element of the second row to
two and all other elements to zero.
3. Explain how two dimensional arrays can be used to represent matrices. (or)

Define an array and how the memory is allocated for a 2D array?

Ans: These are stored in the memory as given below.

 Row-Major order Implementation

 Column-Major order Implementation

In Row-Major Implementation of the arrays, the arrays are stored in the memory in terms of
the row design, i.e. first the first row of the array is stored in the memory then second and so on.
Suppose we have an array named arr having 3 rows and 3 columns then it can be stored in the
memory in the following manner :

int arr[3][3];

arr[0][0] arr[0][1] arr[0][2]

arr[1][0] arr[1][1] arr[1][2]

arr[2][0] arr[2][1] arr[2][2]

Thus an array of 3*3 can be declared as follows :

arr[3][3] = { 1, 2, 3,

4, 5, 6,

7, 8, 9 };

and it will be represented in the memory with row major implementation as follows :

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

In Column-Major Implementationof the arrays, the arrays are stored in the memory in the
term of the column design, i.e. the first column of the array is stored in the memory then the
second and so on. By taking above eg. we can show it as follows :
arr[3][3] = { 1, 2, 3,

4, 5, 6,

7, 8, 9 };

and it will be represented in the memory with column major implementation as follows :

1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9

Two-dimensional arrays of variable length

An array consisting of two subscripts is known as two-dimensional array. These are often known
as array of the array. In two dimensional arrays the array is divided into rows and columns,.
These are well suited to handle the table of data. In 2-D array we can declare an array as :

Declaration:-

Syntax: data_type array_name[row_size][column_size];

Ex: int arr[3][3] ;

Where first index value shows the number of the rows and second index value shows the no. of
the columns in the array.
These are stored in the memory as given below.

arr[0][0] arr[0][1] arr[0][2]

arr[1][0] arr[1][1] arr[1][2]

arr[2][0] arr[2][1] arr[2][2]

Initialization :-

To initialize values for variable length arrays we can use scanf statement and loop constructs.
Ex:-

for (i=0 ; i<3; i++)

for(j=0;j<3;j++)

scanf(“%d”,&arr[i][j]);

4. Define multi-dimensional arrays? How to declare multi-dimensional arrays?

Ans: Multidimensional arrays are often known as array of the arrays. In multidimensional
arrays the array is divided into rows and columns, mainly while considering multidimensional
arrays we will be discussing mainly about two dimensional arrays and a bit about three
dimensional arrays.

Syntax: data_type array_name[size1][size2][size3]------[sizeN];

In 2-D array we can declare an array as :

int arr[3][3] = { 1, 2, 3,

4, 5, 6,

7, 8, 9
};
where first index value shows the number of the rows and second index value shows the number
of the columns in the array. To access the various elements in 2-D array we can use:

printf("%d", a[2][3]);

/* output will be 6, as a[2][3] means third element of the second row of the array */

In 3-D we can declare the array in the following manner :

int arr[3][3][3] =

{ 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9,
 10, 11, 12,
13, 14, 15,
16, 17, 18,

19, 20, 21,

22, 23, 24,
25, 26, 27
};

/* here we have divided array into grid for sake of convenience as in above declaration we have
created 3 different grids, each have rows and columns */

If we want to access the element the in 3-D array we can do it as follows :

printf("%d",a[2][2][2]);
/* its output will be 26, as a[2][2][2] means first value in [] corresponds to the grid no. i.e. 3 and
the second value in [] means third row in the corresponding grid and last [] means third column
*/

Ex:-

int arr[3][5][12];

float table[5][4][5][3];

arr is 3D array declared to contain 180 (3*5*12) int type elements. Similarly table is a 4D array
containing 300 elements of float type.

5. Write a program to perform matrix addition.

Ans: /*ADDITION OF TWO MATRICES*/

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<process.h>

void main()

int a[10][10],b[10][10],c[10][10];
int i,j,m,n,p,q;

printf("\n Enter the size of Matrix A:");

scanf("%d%d", &m,&n);

printf("\n Enter the size of Matrix B:");

scanf("%d%d", &p,&q);

if(m!=p || n!=q)

printf("Matrix addition not possible.");

exit(0);

printf(" Enter the Matrix A values:\n");

for(i=0;i<m;i++)

for(j=0;j<n;j++)

scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);

printf(" Enter the Matrix B values:\n");

for(i=0;i<p;i++)

for(j=0;j<q;j++)

scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);

for(i=0;i<m;i++)

for(j=0;j<n;j++) c[i]

[j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j];
printf("\n The Matrix A is\n");

for(i=0;i<m;i++)

for(j=0;j<n;j++)

printf(" %d",a[i][j]);

printf("\n");

printf("\n The Matrix B is\n");

for(i=0;i<p;i++)

for(j=0;j<q;j++)

printf(" %d",b[i][j]);

printf("\n");

printf("\n The Output Matrix C is\n");

for(i=0;i<m;i++)

for(j=0;j<n;j++)

printf(" %d",c[i][j]);

printf("\n");
 }

OUTPUT:

Enter the size of Matrix A:2

Enter the size of Matrix B:2

Enter the Matrix A values:

Enter the Matrix B values:

1
The Matrix A is

123

456

The Matrix B is

654

321

The Output Matrix C is

777

777

6. Write a program to perform matrix

multiplication Ans: /*MATRIX

MULTIPLICATION*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<process.h>
void main()
{
int a[10][10],b[10][10],c[10][10];
int i,j,k,m,n,p,q;
printf("\ Enter the size of Matrix A:");
scanf("%d%d", &m,&n);
printf("\ Enter the size of Matrix B:");
scanf("%d%d", &p,&q);
if(n!=p)
{
 printf("Matrix Multiplication not possible.");
exit(0);
}
printf(" Enter the Matrix A values:\n");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
printf(" Enter the Matrix B values:\n");
for(i=0;i<p;i++)
for(j=0;j<q;j++)
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
for(j=0;j<q;j++)
{ c[i]
[j]=0;
for(k=0;k<n;k++) c[i][j]=c[i]
[j]+a[i][k]*b[k][j];
}
printf("\n The Matrix A is\n");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
printf(" %d",a[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
printf("\n The Matrix B is\n");
for(i=0;i<p;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<q;j++)
printf(" %d",b[i][j]);
 printf("\n");
}
printf("\n The Output Matrix C is\n");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<q;j++)
printf(" %d",c[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
}

OUTPUT:
Enter the size of Matrix A:2
3
Enter the size of Matrix B:3
2
Enter the Matrix A values:
2
2
2
2
2
2
Enter the Matrix B values:
3
3
3
3
3
3
The Matrix A is
222
222
The Matrix B is
33
33
33
The Output Matrix C is
15 15
15 5