Myca Ramos
EDUC 60
BSE 1-SCI 1
September 17, 2020
EDUC 60 – THE TEACHER AND THE COMMUNITY, SCHOOL
CULTURE AND ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP
Chapter 2: Historical Foundations of Education
1. Given the different characteristics of the different periods in Philippine
history, what were the goals of education/schools during the: (25 pts)
a. Pre-colonial
ANSWER:
In Pre-colonial era the children were provided vocational trainings which was
supervised by their parents, tribal, tutors, or those assigned for specific,
specialized roles in their community example is a babaylan. They used oral
tradition to pass to generation to generation the stories, songs, poetries, dances,
medicinal practices and advices regarding of all sorts of community life issues.
Their education goal is not to become a profession unlike to nowadays education
system. Their goal was to become good wives and husbands because in pre-
colonial everything was so simple and they only want to have in the future is to
build a family in their community. That is why they only taught their children the
vocational trainings that will educate them to survive and to build family.
REFERENCE:
History of Education in the Philippines. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.k12academics.com/Education%20Worldwide/Education%20in%20the%20
Philippines/history-education-
philippines#:~:text=During%20the%20pre%2Dcolonial%20period,for%20example%2C%2
0the%20babaylan).
b. Spanish period
ANSWER:
In Spanish period the goal of the education system was to teach Filipinos the
Spanish’ religion, culture, and language in order to slowly colonized us, Filipinos.
As a matter of fact, during the early years of Spanish colonization, the education
of Filipinos was mostly about Christianity and it was controlled by the Roman
Catholic Church. The education system in Spanish period or the Education Decree
of 1863 was religion-oriented and the education was inadequate, suppressed, and
controlled.
I believe that the Spaniards made Filipinos believed that they were just educating
us about Christianity however, their real goal was to colonize and steal our land
from us.
REFERENCE:
Historical Perspective of the Philippine Educational System. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.deped.gov.ph/about-deped/history/
History of Education in the Philippines. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.k12academics.com/Education%20Worldwide/Education%20in%20the%20
Philippines/history-education-
philippines#:~:text=During%20the%20pre%2Dcolonial%20period,for%20example%2C%2
0the%20babaylan).
c. American regime
ANSWER:
In American regime, academics are more highlighted in their Education
System. The rising enrollment, widespread economic depressed, and a growing
demand by big businesses and technological advances in factories encouraged the
educational curriculum in this period to focus on practical job skills to create
professionals. Therefore, the goal in this period was to educate Filipinos for them
to become professionals to contribute in the society. In the same era the free and
compulsory elementary education was established by the Malolos Constitution
and due to that education was easier for the Filipinos.
REFERENCE:
History of Education in the Philippines. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.k12academics.com/Education%20Worldwide/Education%20in%20the%20
Philippines/history-education-
philippines#:~:text=During%20the%20pre%2Dcolonial%20period,for%20example%2C%2
0the%20babaylan).
d. Japanese regime
ANSWER:
In the Japanese regime’s goal was to spread new Asian order. They
promoted friendly relation between the Philippines and Japan because they want
to emphasize that the Philippines is in Asia and Asian is for Asia. They oriented
Filipinos that the Philippines is a member of East-Asia Co-prosperity Sphere. I
believe this may also their way of slowly colonize the Philippines. During this time
their education aims to foster a new Filipino culture based on self-consciousness
of the people of Orientals. Moreover, they diffuse the Japanese language in
exchange of terminating the English language because they want to eradicate the
western culture that the Philippines adapted during the other colonial period.
That is why the Japanese Regime’s goal was to spread the new Asian order and
emphasize that the Philippines is part of Asia.
REFERENCE:
de Guzman M. (2013). Philippine education system during the Japanese
Occupation. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/msk1r1ko/miaropedjap#:~:text=SIX%20BASIC%20PR
INCIPLES%20OF%20THE,up%20over%20emphasis%20to%20materialism.
Sabado M. (2015). Philippine education during the Japanese era. Retrieved from
http://philippinejapan.blogspot.com/2015/03/philippine-education-during-
japanese.html
e. Post-colonial period?
The goal in the Post-colonial until present days is to create competitive and
skilled individuals to contribute in the society. In the modern days we already have
K-12 for the Filipinos to have a more quality education and also to be more globally
competitive.
2. Was equal access to quality education met during the:
a. Pre-colonial
ANSWER:
In my point of view, even though they do have an education in Pre-colonial
period however, they did not have an access to a quality education because it was
informal and unstructured. They were just learning about the basic things to
survive and build a family. They don’t have a proper method and principles to
teach their children in the community. They were just relying to the knowledges
of the elderlies and the tribal tutors like babaylan and katalonan. Therefore, they
did not have an equal access to quality education because they did not have a
quality education after all.
b. Spanish period
I believe that in the Spanish period in the Philippines they did not have an
equal education for Filipinos. In fact, they favorably give a quality education to
Spaniards only and it was fortunate for Filipino if they will have an access to
education and they were called as Ilustrados. One of Ilustrados during the Spanish
Period is Jose Rizal who exposed the Spaniard’s injustice in his books. Another
thing to note in this period is the inequality of education for women. Women was
not really prioritized in this period because they were expected to just stay at
home and be a wife. That is why I really believe that quality education was not
equally accessed by the Filipinos in this period.
c. American regime
I consider the American Regime had an equal access to quality education.
As a matter of fact, the American made the curriculum democratic and free to
every Filipino no matter their age, sex, religion and socio-economic status.
Moreover, they implemented the Act no. 74 that established the public primary
school in 1901 and intermediate school in 1904 which they provided free public
education. They trained Filipinos in a democratic way of life, citizenship, moral
character and fundamental vocational education. Due to these reasons I believe
that during the American Regime they had an equal access to quality education.
REFERENCE:
Educational system during America period. (n.d). Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/mhel15/educational-system-during-american-
period-presentation
d. Japanese regime
I believe that the Japanese regime in the Philippines did not have an equal
access to quality education especially for women. I know that a lot of women in
this period was abused and raped by the Japanese soldiers. They were called as
the comfort women. If we will just look at this part of the picture of the Japanese
regime, we can already see that there is inequality and injustice that happened in
this period. Furthermore, aside from the comfort women they also did not treated
Filipinos very well. There are numerous reports about brutality that Filipinos did
not experience under the American regime. Addition to that, the Filipino children
wasn’t able to focus on their education because they were more focused on
helping their parents tide over difficult times. That being the case, I believe that
Filipinos in this period did not have an equal access to quality education.
e. Post-colonial period? Discuss your answer (25 pts)
I belong to the children under the Post-colonial period and I believe that
the quality education is still not equally accessed by every Filipino. Only the
privilege ones are able to have a formal education because of the poverty. I must
admit that the Philippines is still not a very developed country and we are still
striving to be one of the rich countries. The issue in education is not properly
addressed by the government because the country’s economy is still not very fit
to educate all of the Filipino despite of the goal of the government to educate all
of us. Especially in this pandemic where some students are forced to stop their
education due to financial problems that is brought by the pandemic. That is why
until the present time the quality education is still not equally access by everyone.
3. DepEd’s mission is “to protect and promote the right of every
Filipino to quality, equitable, culture-based, and complete basic
education.” Has the Philippine education system from pre-colonial to
present given equal access to quality, culture-based and complete basic
education? Or was it a privilege of a few? Explain your answer. (50 pts)
The education in the Philippines is molded and honed by the history. It passed
through different curriculums under different periods. By the years passed by we slowly
enhanced it thus we can be more globally competitive and morally upright in that way the
Filipinos will contribute and be a good citizen to our nation. However, do we really have
an equal access to a quality, culture-based and complete education like in the mission of
the Department of Education (DepEd)? Or education is only a privilege of a few?
The education system now aims to develop student’s competence in academics,
practical activities, and leadership therefore they can serve the nation with skills and
knowledge. It is compulsory to attend school for 13 years in K-12 for children age starts
with 5-7 years old. This system is mandatory for all Filipino children however, there are
many cases which children are forced not to attend school due to the lack of financial
needs. This is not very new to us to hear stories about children who’re not attending
school because it is a very common thing in the Philippines. In fact, according to the
statistics, 9% of Filipinos aged 6-24 years are out of school based on the results from the
annual poverty indicator survey. The reasons of the participants in the survey are because
of: family matters, lack of personal interest and high cost of education. Due to this reason
it is indeed education is only for the privileged ones.
I believe that education is a right of a child however, in the reality education is a
privilege of a few. Especially when the k-12 curriculum was implemented it results to
more difficult access to education for the deprived Filipinos. Because, it added more years
and expenses for both students and parents. Another thing to note is the neoliberalism
in education is now taken in another level. Neoliberalism is a term which means a favor
free-market capitalism. In simpler term, the private sectors have the freedom to
manipulate their production, increase their prices whenever and wherever they wish
resulting to leaving behind the children who can’t afford the expensive education. As a
consequence of these reasons many children comprised their right to have an access to
quality education.
As one of the privileged ones who can access to quality education. I want to use
this privilege as an advantage to change education into a right for every Filipino children
and who are deprived of it. As a future teacher I want to be a voice for the deprived ones
hence they can be heard by the government. We should help them not to be left behind
because if we will just depend on the promises of the politicians it will just go in vain.
Therefore, every privileged one should use this privilege that is given to us to use it in
advantage to change our nation into a better one.
REFERENCE FOR QUESTION 3:
Filipino H. (2017). Talk about privilege. Retrieved from http://heraldofilipino.com/talk-
about-privilege/
International Bureau of education and UNESCO:
http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/Countries/WDE/2006/ASIA
_and_the_PACIFIC/Philippines/Philippines.pdf [In English. Last Checked: August 2006.]
Philippine Statistic Authority: https://psa.gov.ph/content/nine-percent-filipinos-aged-6-
24-years-are-out-school-results-2017-annual-poverty-
indicators#:~:text=Based%20on%20the%202017%20Annual,children%20and%20youth%
20(OSCY).&text=Of%20the%203.6%20million%20OSCYs,6%20to%2011%20years%20old.
[In English. Last Checked: June 2018.]
Education in the Philippines. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines#Curriculum
