The Cell Cycle

&
Cell Division
BOT 1P: Lecture 5
 The Cell Cycle
the sequence of events by
which a cell duplicate it’s
genome, synthesis the
other constituents of the
cell and eventually divides
into two daughter cells

http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/2001/pr
ess.html
 Key terms
• CHROMATIN – network of DNA and fibrils in a
nucleus that is not dividing
• CHROMOSOME – structure of DNA that
transmits genetic information to the next
generation
• CHROMATIDS – two copies of the same
chromosome attached together
• CENTROMERE – constriction where sister
chromatids of a chromosome are held together
MITOSIS
 Mitosis
The process of cell division which results
in the production of two daughter cells
from a single parent cell.

The daughter cells are identical to

one another and to the original parent
cell.
 Stages of Mitosis

1. Interphase
2. M-Phase:
A. Prophase
B. Metaphase
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase & Cytokinesis
Cell Cycle Diagram
 Interphase
A. G1 phase
B. S phase
C. G2 phase
 G1 Phase
• Gap 1 Phase
• Organelles double
• Accumulates materials for DNA synthesis
 S phase
• Synthesis phase
• DNA replication
• DNA synthesis or replication takes phase
 G2 phase
• Gap 2 Phase
• Cell synthesizes proteins necessary for
cell division
 Interphase
The cell prepares for division
• Animal Cell • Plant Cell
– DNA replicated – DNA replicated
– Organelles replicated – Organelles replicated
– Cell increases in size – Cell increases in size
 Interphase
Animal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

M-Phase
 Prophase
• Nucleoli and nuclear
membrane
disintegrates
(disappears)
• Spindle fibers appear
• Chromatins undergo
coiling and pairing

Note: the chromosome

formed at this stage each
has one centromere and
two chromatids
 Prophase
The cell prepares for nuclear division

• Animal Cell • Plant cell

– Packages DNA into – Packages DNA into
chromosomes chromosomes
 Prophase

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

 Metaphase
• Chromosomes align
at the equator of the
cell

• Note: chromosomes
are attached to the
spindle fiber by
means of
centromeres
 Metaphase
The cell prepares chromosomes for
division
• Animal Cell • Plant Cell
– Chromosomes line up – Chromosomes line up
at the center of the cell at the center of the cell
– Spindle fibers attach – Spindle fibers attach
from daughter cells to from daughter cells to
chromosomes at the chromosomes at the
centromere centromere
 Metaphase

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

 Anaphase
• Chromatids split to
form two sister
chromosomes each
• Sister chromosomes
migrate to the
opposite poles of the
cell
 Anaphase
The chromosomes divide
• Animal Cell • Plant Cell
– Spindle fibers pull – Spindle fibers pull
chromosomes apart chromosomes apart
– ½ of each – ½ of each
chromosome (called chromosome (called
chromotid) moves to chromotid) moves to
each daughter cell each daughter cell
 Anaphase

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

 Telophase
• Chromosomes clump at the
poles of the cell
• Chromosomes uncoil and are
transformed into thread-like
chromatins
• Nucleoli and nuclear membrane
reappear
• Spindle fibers disintegrate
• Cell plaste is formed

Note: after telophase, the daughter

cells go through the interphase
and the cell cycle is repeated
 Telophase
The cytoplasm divides
• Animal Cell • Plant Cell
– DNA spreads out – DNA spreads out
– 2 nuclei form – 2 nuclei form
– Cell wall pinches in to – New cell wall forms
form the 2 new between to nuclei to
daughter cells form the 2 new
daughter cells
 Telophase

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

Animal Mitosis -- Review
Interphase Prophase

Metaphase Anaphase

Telophase Interphase
 Cytokinesis
• Division of cytoplasm
• The last process of M-Phase wherein two
daughter cells splits.
• Organelles like mitochondria and plastids are
distributed between the two daughter cells.
 Significance of Mitosis
1. Responsible for the growth of multi-cellular
organisms
2. Restore nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio during cell
division
3. Responsible for cell repair
4. In humans (replacement of upper epidermis,
cells of the lining of the gut and blood cells)
5. In plants (results in the continuous growth of
plants)
Plant Mitosis -- Review
Interphase Prophase

Metaphase Anaphase

Telophase Interphase
 REMEMBER!
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase IPMATC
Telophase
Cytokinesis
MEIOSIS
 Meiosis

Meiosis is the type of cell division by which

germ cells (eggs and sperm) are produced.

One parent cell produces four daughter

cells.
Daughter cells have half the number of
chromosomes found in the original
parent cell
 Meiosis

During meiosis, DNA replicates

once, but the nucleus divides twice.
 Meiosis I
The First Division of Meiosis
 Prophase I
Prophase 1:
Each chromosome
duplicates and
remains closely
associated. These
are called sister
chromatids.

http://everyschool.org/u/logan/cellreproductionx/rogersa/research/meiosis.html
 Prophase I

http://everyschool.org/u/logan/cellreproductionx/rogersa/research/meiosis.html
 Metaphase I & Anaphase I
Metaphase 1:
Chromosomes align at
the center of the cell.
Anaphase 1:
Chromosome pairs
separate with sister
chromatids remaining
together.

http://everyschool.org/u/logan/cellreproductionx/rogersa/research/meiosis.html
 Telophase I
Telophase 1:
Two daughter cells are
formed with each
daughter containing
only one chromosome
of the chromosome
pair.

http://everyschool.org/u/logan/cellreproductionx/rogersa/research/meiosis.html
 Meiosis
Second Division of Meiosis
Four haploid daughter cells
are formed.
 Prophase II
Prophase 2:
DNA does not replicate.

http://everyschool.org/u/logan/cellreproductionx/rogersa/research/meiosis.html
 Metaphase II
Metaphase 2:
Chromosomes line up at
the center of the cell
Anaphase 2:
Centromeres divide and
sister chromatids move
separately to each pole.

http://everyschool.org/u/logan/cellreproductionx/rogersa/research/meiosis.html
 Telophase II
Telophase 2:
Cell division is complete.
Four haploid daughter
cells are formed

http://everyschool.org/u/logan/cellreproductionx/rogersa/research/meiosis.html
 Meiosis

http://www.biosci.uga.edu/almanac/bio_103/notes/apr_3.html.
 Meiosis Animation

http://www.rothamsted.bbsrc.ac.uk/notebook/courses/guide/movie/meiosis.htm
Differences in Mitosis & Meiosis
• Mitosis • Meiosis
– Asexual – Sexual
– Cell divides once – Cell divides twice
– Two daughter cells – Four haploid
– Genetic information daughter cells
is identical – Genetic information
is different
 Comparison Animations

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html

http://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/curr/science/sciber00/7th
/genetics/sciber/animatin.htm
Study Hard! God bless!
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