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Lecture 2

This document contains lecture notes from EMCH361 Fall 2016. [1] It outlines the classroom topics which will coincide with and support the laboratory topics, including basic concepts, report writing, data analysis, displacement and velocity measurement, circuits, strain measurement, force and pressure measurement, and temperature measurement. [2] It discusses analyzing experimental data using statistical distributions like Gaussian, Student's t, Weibull, and Poisson. [3] It covers statistical analysis concepts like means, deviations, standard deviation, variance, and confidence intervals and how they are used to determine the uncertainty and best value of a measurement from experimental data.

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Icy45
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© © All Rights Reserved
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34 views

Lecture 2

This document contains lecture notes from EMCH361 Fall 2016. [1] It outlines the classroom topics which will coincide with and support the laboratory topics, including basic concepts, report writing, data analysis, displacement and velocity measurement, circuits, strain measurement, force and pressure measurement, and temperature measurement. [2] It discusses analyzing experimental data using statistical distributions like Gaussian, Student's t, Weibull, and Poisson. [3] It covers statistical analysis concepts like means, deviations, standard deviation, variance, and confidence intervals and how they are used to determine the uncertainty and best value of a measurement from experimental data.

Uploaded by

Icy45
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

EMCH361

Professor Y.J. Chao

Lecture #2
Fall 2016

1
CLASSROOM TOPICS

(attempts to coincide with and support Laboratory topics)

Chapter 1: Basic Concepts


Chapter 12: Report Writing
Chapter 11: Analysis of Experimental Data
Chapter 5: Displacement and Velocity Measurement
Chapter 2: Circuits
Chapter 6: Strain Measurements
Chapter 7: Force, Torque, and Pressure Measurements
Chapter 8: Temperature Measurements

Technical Presentation 2
Analysis of Experimental Data

• Number of test samples


• Distribution of the test data

Gaussian (Normal)
Student’s t
Weibull
Chi-square 2
Poisson
................

3
Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data
One variable X

• For a given measurement of a physical quantity x


• Scattered data

• What is the “best” value of x ?


X

4
Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data
Some terminologies:

X
The arithmetic mean
is defined as :

Xm

where n is the total number of data


(3.3)
and xi is the data. It is an average
!!!

Note: xm is the “sample mean”, which is an estimate of the “arithmetic


mean”. xm approaches the “arithmetic mean” when n (i.e. Gaussian
distribution)
5
The deviation of each reading - di
X
(3.4)
d2
xm

• The average of the


deviation of all readings is
zero

d2=x2-xm

6
Standard Deviation (root-mean-square deviation)
Biased standard deviation – when a large number of
samples is taken

2 Is called The Variance

Sample Standard Deviation


Unbiased Standard Deviation - when a small set of
samples is taken

7
3.14 Standard Deviation of the Mean
The arithmetic mean How good is this mean value?
is defined as :
Standard Deviation of the Mean
(for small sample data)

where n is the total number of data


and xi is the data.

8
Answers;

9
Example 3.7 Continued
Standard deviation, variance

Unbiased standard deviation

Example 3.21 Uncertainty of the mean value of example 3.7

And, therefore – X = Xm ±σ = 5.613 ± 0.198


(One standard deviation) 10
Example 3.21 Uncertainty of the mean value of example 3.7

And, therefore : X = Xm ±σ = 5.613 ± 0.198


For one standard deviation
or 68.3 confidence level
or 2.15 to 1 odd

Or:
X = 5.613± 2σ =5.613± 0.396 cm
For two standard deviation
or 95.4 confidence level

or 21.1 to 1 odd

11
Gaussian (normal) distribution
(when # of data is large)

x  xm  z
Confidence interval z
Confidence level (area)
Shown with z=1 and 1.9 2σ

3.8σ
Chances for deviation from mean value of normal
distribution curve
z = confidence interval
(how many σ you desire?)
Use the standard deviation σ
x  xm  z

With ?% confidence level


z

For small data samples, use

z
x  xm 
n
From probability analysis

13
Geometric mean xg

• Application in biological processes or


financial resources

Compound !!!!

14
Example: A five year record of a mutual fund investment

Compound !!!!
15
Next Class

• Curve fitting using regression analysis


• Minimization of a function to achieve a best estimate of
data

16
EMCH361

END of
Lecture #2

17

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