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Lecture 4

This document contains notes from Lecture 4 of the EMCH361 class. [1] It lists the chapter topics that will be covered in class, including basic concepts, report writing, data analysis, displacement and velocity measurement, circuits, strain measurement, force and pressure measurement, and temperature measurement. [2] It then provides examples and explanations of measurement techniques and instruments like calipers and discusses concepts such as sensitivity, hysteresis, accuracy, error, uncertainty, and uncertainty analysis. [3] Finally, it outlines the lab sessions and assignments for the semester, including the topics, dates, and report due dates.

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Icy45
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© © All Rights Reserved
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23 views

Lecture 4

This document contains notes from Lecture 4 of the EMCH361 class. [1] It lists the chapter topics that will be covered in class, including basic concepts, report writing, data analysis, displacement and velocity measurement, circuits, strain measurement, force and pressure measurement, and temperature measurement. [2] It then provides examples and explanations of measurement techniques and instruments like calipers and discusses concepts such as sensitivity, hysteresis, accuracy, error, uncertainty, and uncertainty analysis. [3] Finally, it outlines the lab sessions and assignments for the semester, including the topics, dates, and report due dates.

Uploaded by

Icy45
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EMCH361

Professor Y.J. Chao

Lecture #4
Fall 2016

1
CLASSROOM TOPICS

(attempts to coincide with and support Laboratory topics)

Chapter 1: Basic Concepts


Chapter 12: Report Writing
Chapter 11: Analysis of Experimental Data
Chapter 5: Displacement and Velocity Measurement
Chapter 2: Circuits
Chapter 6: Strain Measurements
Chapter 7: Force, Torque, and Pressure Measurements
Chapter 8: Temperature Measurements

Technical Presentation 2
Measurements and Instrumentation –length/dimension

Dial/ Vernier Caliper

3
Measure the outside diameter

4
Measure the inside diameter

Measure the depth

5
Error or uncertainty involved? 0.9
0.8

0
0 10

Ex. 17.8 mm

One-half of the smallest scale


Zero-order uncertainty of the instrument or interpolation error, uo

1
u0   resolution (P% = 95%)
2
Ex. Resolution: 0.1 mm
1
u0   resolution  0.05mm 6
2
Basic Concept
• Terminology in measurement
– Sensitivity – 25 cm scale for 1 mV. The sensitivity is therefore
25 cm/ 1 mV.
– Hysteresis – reading is approached from above or below (e.g.
friction, thermal effect)
– Accuracy : a percentage of full-scale reading, e.g. a 100 kPa
pressure gage has an accuracy of 1% (meaning +-1 kPa)

– Error : Precision (uncertainty) – random component of error.


Associated with probability.
– Error : Bias – difference between the measured and the true
value. Can be improved by calibration or adjustment of the
instrument.

7
Uncertainty Analysis

Error: a difference between


the true value and the
measured one

(what if we do not know


the true value?)

Uncertainty: probable error that defines an interval about


the measured value within which we suspect
the true value must fall, e.g. X=X1X2 = (X1+ x2)  (X1-x2)

Uncertainty analysis: the process of identifying and quantifying errors

8
Two types of errors in measurement

mean

Uncertainty
x  x  u x (based on P%) 9
Uncertainty : by statistical analysis of series of observations

10
Gaussian (normal) distribution
x  xm  z
standard deviation σ
- Confidence interval z
- zσ corresponds to a Confidence internal =1
particular confidence level 2σ
(area)

3.8σ
Confidence internal =1.9

11
Chances for deviation from mean value of normal
distribution curve
z = confidence interval
(how many σ you desire?)

x  xm  z
Corresponding to ?%
confidence level z

For small data samples, use

z
x  xm 
n
From probability analysis
e.g. Probability =0.683 =
confidence level of 68.3% for one σ
12
Gaussian (normal) distribution

Tabulated values in next page or p.391-393 in textbook


13
For example : one σ
0.34143 or 68.3% P

Z
Table 11.3
p.391

14
Example :
Given: Assume that the population has a normal distribution with
mean xm = - 4 and standard deviation  = 5.2.
Find the interval in which 90% of the population lies.

x  xm  z  

+ -
Area 0.4500 0.4500 (each side)
z 1.645 -1.645 (from table- previous page)
x 4.554 -12.554 Min-max

x    z 
x  4  1.645  5.2  4  8.554
or,  12.554  x  4.554
15
Odds or Chances

16
Example 3.11 – determine the min # of measurement required to achieve
a particular confidence level
Standard deviation

95% confidence level or P

p.391, table 11.3

17
p.75

Table 11.3
p.391

18
Example 3.12

Standard deviation

9.9 V 10.0 V 10.1 V 10.2 V


19
Example 3.12

The odds ? 20
Lab sessions for EMCH361 - Fall 2016
Labs: Room A018, 300 Main St.; Room A232 (the first lab)

Sec I (M 3:30PM- 5:30PM),


Sec II (M 5:30PM- 7:30PM),
Sec III (M 7:30P- 9:30PM),

Sec IV (T 2:50PM- 4:50PM),


Sec V (T 4:50PM- 6:50PM),
Sec VI (T 6:50PM- 8:50PM),

Sec VII (W 3:30PM- 5:30PM),


Sec VIII (W 5:30PM- 7:30PM),

Sec IX (Thur 2:50PM- 4:50PM),


Sec X (Thur 4:50PM-6:50PM)

21
Spring 2016
Lab Assignments and Tentative Schedule ; Rm A018 (except Lab I)

Assignment (TA) Note Lab Dates Report Due Dates

Lab 1: Hardness test


(Graham Hurst) Sept 12-15
Technical Writing Sept 18
Rm A232
Chapter 12 (Monday)

Lab 2: Uncertainty and its Uncertainty and its Sept 26-29 Oct 3
propagation propagation; (Monday)
(Christopher Marsh) Chapter 11

Lab 3: Electrical
Measurement Basic electric Oct 3-6 Oct 10
(Sreehari Rajan) elements; Chapter 2 (Monday)

Lab 4: Strain
measurement: strain gage Oct 17-20 No report
installation (No report, Strain; Chapter 6
plate needed)
(Xiaoyi Sun)

22
Lab Assignments and Tentative Schedule

Lab 5 Oct 24-27 Oct 31


Force, Regression
Strain measurement: (Monday)
Analysis;
(Xiaoyi Sun)
Chapter 6
Computer , Labview
Lab 6: Temperature Oct 31-Nov 3 Nov 7
Thermocouple;
measurement (Yueyang (Monday)
Chapter 8
Zhao)

Oral technical Oct 31-Nov 16


presentation (Four sessions)

3 days after
Due date for Memo of your
presentation presentation

23
EMCH361

END of
Lecture #4

24

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