Semester Gasal 2020

Woro Setyarsih

Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Jurusan Fisika FMIPA
[email protected]
VECTOR ANALYSIS
 Chapter Objectives
• Operations of vector algebra
• Dot product of two vectors
• Differential functions in vector calculus
• Divergence of a vector field
• Divergence theorem
• The curl of a vector field
• Stokes’s theorem
3
 Chapter Outline
• Basic Laws of Vector Algebra
• Orthogonal Coordinate Systems
• Transformations between Coordinate
Systems
• Gradient of a Scalar Field
• Divergence of a Vector Field
• Curl of a Vector Field
• Laplacian Operator
4
 Scalar

 A scalar is a quantity that has only

magnitude
 E.g. of Scalars:
 Time, mass, distance, temperature,
electrical potential etc

5
 VECTOR
A vector is a quantity that has both
magnitude and direction.
E.g. of Vectors:
Velocity, force, displacement, electric
field intensity etc.

6
Basic Laws of Vector Algebra
• Cartesian coordinate systems

7
Vector in Cartesian Coordinates

A vector A in Cartesian Coordinates
may be represented as

A  Ax , Ay , Az 


OR
A  xˆ Ax  yˆ A y  zˆAz

8
Vector in Cartesian Coordinates
• Vector A has
magnitude A = |A| to
the direction of
propagation.

• Vector A shown may

be represented as

A  xˆAx  yˆ Ay  zˆAz
9
 Component Vectors

• The vector A has

three component
vectors, which are
Ax, Ay and Az.

10
 Unit Vectors
• A unit vector along vector A is;
• A vector with magnitude = 1 (unity)
• Directed along the coordinate axes in the
direction of increasing coordinate values

11
 Unit Vectors

• Vector A can be represented as

A  xˆAx  yˆ Ay  zˆAz

• The magnitude of A is written as |A| and is

calculated by
2 2 2
A  Ax  Ay  Az

12
 Unit Vectors

• Unit vector in the direction of vector A is

 
A A
aA  
2 2
Ax  Ay  Az
2 A

13
 Example 1: Unit Vector

• Specify the unit vector extending from the

origin towards the point

G 2,2,1

14
 Solution to Example 1

Construct the vector extending from origin

to point G
G  2 xˆ  2 yˆ  zˆ

Find the magnitude of G

G 22
  2    1  3
2 2

15
 Solution to Example 1

• So, unit vector is


G 2 2 1
aG   xˆ  yˆ  zˆ
G 3 3 3
 0 .667 xˆ  0 .667 yˆ  0 .333 zˆ

16
 Equality of vectors

• A and B are equal when they have equal

magnitudes and identical unit vectors.

17
 Vector Algebra
• For addition and subtraction of A and B,
 
C  A  B  xˆ  Ax  Bx   yˆ Ay  B y  zˆ Az  Bz 
D  A  B  xˆ  A  B   yˆ A
x x y  B   zˆ A
y z  Bz 

18
Example 2: Vector Algebra

If A  10 x̂  4 ŷ  6ẑ

B  2 xˆ  ŷ
Find: 
(a) The component of A along ŷ
 
(b) The magnitude of 3 A  B
  
(c) A unit vector C along A  2 B

19
 Solution to Example 2

(a) The component of A along ŷ is
Ay  4
 
(b) 3 A B  310,4,6  2,1,0
 30,12,18  2,1,0
 28,13,18
 28x̂  13ŷ  18ẑ

20
 Solution to Example 2
 
Hence, the magnitude of 3 A  B is:

3A  B  28 2
  13  18  35.74
2 2

  
(c) Let C  A 2 B
 10,4,6   4,2,0 
 14,2,6 
 14 x̂  2 ŷ  6ẑ
21
 Solution to Example 2

So, the unit vector along C is:


cˆ 
C

14 ,  2 ,6 
C 14    2   6 
2 2 2

14 2 6
 xˆ  yˆ  zˆ
15 .36 15 .36 15 . 36
 0 .911 xˆ  0 . 130 yˆ  0 . 391 zˆ
22
Position and Distance Vectors

• A point P in Cartesian coordinate

maybe represented as P x, y, z 


• The position vector rP of point P is
the vector from origin O to point P

rP  OP  xa x  ya y  z a z
23
Position and Distance Vectors


rP  3a x  4a y  5a z
24
Position and Distance Vectors

• If we have two

position vectors, rP

and rQ , the third vector
or distance vector can

be defined as rPQ .
  
rPQ  rQ  rP
25
Example 3: Position Vectors
Point P and Q are located at 0,2,4
and  3,1,5, calculate:
(a) The position vector P
(b) The distance vector from P to Q
(c) The distance between P and Q

(d) A vector parallel to PQ with magnitude of 10

26
 Solution to Example 3

(a) rP  0a x  2a y  4a z  2a y  4a z
  
(b) rPQ  rQ  rP
  3,1,5  0,2,4
 3ax  a y  a z

(c) Since rPQ is a distance vector, the distance
between P and Q is the magnitude of this
distance vector.
27
 Solution to Example 3
Distance, d

d  rPQ   32
  1  1  3.317
2 2


(d) Let the required vector be A then

A  Aa A

Where A  10 is the magnitude of A
28
 Solution to Example 3
 
Since A is parallel to PQ , it must have
 
the same unit vector as rPQ or rQP

 rPQ   3,  1,1
 aA  
rPQ 3 . 317

So, A  10   3,  1,1


3 . 317
29
 Multiplication of Vectors
 
• When two vectors A and B are multiplied,
the result is either a scalar or vector,
depending on how they are multiplied.

• Two types of multiplication:

 
 Scalar (or dot) product AB
 
 Vector (or cross) product AB
30
 Scalar or Dot Product
 
•The dot product of two vectors, A and B is

defined as the product of the magnitude of A ,

the magnitude of B and the cosine of the
smaller angle between them.

 
A  B  A B cos AB

31
 Dot Product in Cartesian

• The dot product of two vectors of Cartesian

coordinate below yields the sum of nine
scalar terms, each involving the dot product
of two unit vectors.

A  Axa x  Aya y  Az a z

B  Bx a x  B y a y  Bz a z
32
 Dot Product in Cartesian
• Since the angle between two unit vectors of
the Cartesian coordinate system is 900 , we
then have:
ax ay ay ax ax az az ax ay az az ay 0
• And thus, only three terms remain, giving
finally:  
A B  Ax Bx  Ay B y  Az Bz

33
 Dot Product in Cartesian
 
• The two vectors, A and B are said to be
perpendicular or orthogonal (90°) with
each other if;
 
AB 0

34
 Laws of Dot Product
• Dot product obeys the following:
   
– Commutative Law A  B  B  A
 
2 2
– Distributive Law A A  A  A
      
A   B  C   A  B  A  C
 
35
 Properties of dot product

 Properties of dot product of unit vectors:

ax  ax  a y  a y  az  az  1
ax  a y  a y  az  az  ax  0

36
 Vector or Cross Product
 
• The cross product of two vectors, A and B is a
vector, which is

equalto the product of the
magnitudes of A and B and the sine of smaller
angle between them
 
A  B  nˆ A B sin  AB

37
 Vector or Cross Product

 
A  B  nˆ A B sin  AB

Direction of n̂ is
perpendicular (90°) to
the plane containing
A and B

38
 Vector or Cross Product

 It is also along one

of the two possible
perpendiculars
which is in direction
of advance of right
hand screw.

39
 Cross product in Cartesian
• The cross product of two vectors of Cartesian
coordinate:

A  Axa x  Aya y  Az a z

B  Bx a x  B y a y  Bz a z
yields the sum of nine simpler cross products,
each involving two unit vectors.

40
 Cross product in Cartesian
• By using the properties of cross product, it gives
 
   
A B  Ay Bz  Az B y a x   Az Bx  Ax Bz a y  Ax B y  Ay Bx a z

and be written in more easily remembered form:

ax ay az
 
A B  Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz
41
 Laws of Vector Product

• Cross product obeys the following:

   
 It is not commutative AB  BA
      
 It is not associative A  B C    A B   C
   
      
 It is distributive
A  B  C   A B  A C
 

42
Properties of Vector Product
 Properties of cross product of unit vectors:

ax  a y  az , a y  az  ax , az  ax  a y

Or by using cyclic permutation:

43
 Example 4:
Dot & Cross Product

Determine the dot product and cross

product of the following vectors:

A  2a x  3a y  4a z

B  a x  5a y  6a z

44
 Solution to Example 4

The dot product is:

 
A B  Ax Bx  Ay B y  Az Bz
 (2)(1)   (3)(5)   (4)(6) 
 41

45
 Solution to Example 4
The cross product is:
ax ay az ax a y az
 
A B  Ax Ay Az  2 3 4
Bx By Bz  1  5 6
 (3)(6)  (4)(5)a x
 (2)(6)  (4)(1)a y
 (2)(5)  (3)(1)a z
 2a x  8a y  7a z 46
Scalar & Vector Triple Product
• A scalar triple product is
A  B  C   B  C  A   C  A  B

• A vector triple product is

A  B  C   BA  C   CA  B

known as the “bac-cab” rule.

47
 Example 5

Given A  x̂  ŷ  ẑ2 , B  ŷ  ẑ and C   x̂2  ẑ3 .

Find (A×B)×C and compare it with A×(B×C).

48
 Solution to Example 5
x̂ ŷ ẑ
A  B  1  1 2   x̂3  ŷ  ẑ
0 1 1

x̂ ŷ ẑ
A  B C   3  1 1   x̂3  ŷ7  ẑ2
2 0 3

A similar procedure gives A  B  C    x̂2  ŷ4  ẑ

49
 Coordinate Systems

• Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z)

• Circular Cylindrical coordinates (  ,  , z )

• Spherical coordinates (r ,  ,  )

50
 Cartesian coordinates
• Consists of three mutually orthogonal axes
( x, y, z ) and a point in space is denoted
as P( x, y, z )

51
 Cartesian Coordinates
• Unit vector of a x , a y , a z in the direction of
increasing coordinate value.

52
Cartesian Coordinates

• Differential in Length
dL  dx a x  dy a y  dz a z

53
Cartesian Coordinates
• Differential Surface

54
 Cartesian Coordinates
• Differential Surface

dS x  dydz a x
dS y  dxdz a y
dS z  dxdy a z

55
 Cartesian Coordinates

• Differential Volume dV  dxdydz

z

56
x
Circular Cylindrical Coordinates
z

x 57
Circular Cylindrical Coordinates

• Form by three surfaces or planes:

– Plane of z (constant value of z)
– Cylinder centered on the z axis with a radius
of  . Some books use the notation r .
– Plane perpendicular to x-y plane and rotate
about the z axis by angle of 
• Unit vector of a  , a , a z in the direction of
increasing coordinate value.
58
Circular Cylindrical Coordinates
• Differential in Length dL  da   da  dza z

59
Circular Cylindrical Coordinates

• Increment in
length for 
direction is:
d

• d is not
increment in
length!
60
Circular Cylindrical Coordinates
• Differential Surface
dS   ddza 
dS  ddza
dS z  dda z

61
Circular Cylindrical Coordinates
• Differential volume dV  dddz

62
 Example 6
A cylinder with radius of  and length of L
Determine:

(i) The volume enclosed.

(ii) The surface area of that volume.

63
 Solution to Example 6
• (i) For volume enclosed, we integrate;
V   dV
v
   2 z  L
      dd dz
0 0 z 0

2 
  
2
0   z  L0 z 
0
2 
 2 
   2 L 
 2 
  2 L 64
 Solution to Example 6
• (ii) For surface area, we add the area of
each surfaces;
2 L 2  2 
S   ddz    dd    dd
0 z  0 0 0  0 0
     
sides bottom top
 
  2
  2

       z 0 z     0      
2 z L 2 2
 0
0
2  0
2 
 2L    2 2

 2L  2 2
65
 Example 7
0 0
The surfaces   3,   5,   100 ,   130 , z  3, z  4.5
define a closed surface. Find:

(a) The enclosed volume.

(b) The total area of the enclosing surface.

66
 Solution to Example 7
(a) The enclosed volume;
5 2 .269 4 .5
V  
3

 1 .745
  d  d dz
z 3
5
  2  2.269 

 1.745   3 z 
4 .5
 
3
2 
 (8)(0.524) (1.5) Must convert
 6 .288 into radians
67
 Solution to Example 7
(b) The total area of the enclosed surface:

2.269 5 4.5 2.269

Area  2


1.745
 dd  
3 z 3
 3ddz
 1.745
4.5 2.269 4.5 5
 
z 3
 5ddz  2   ddz
 1.745 z 3 3

 20.7
68
Spherical Coordinates

69
 Spherical Coordinates
• Point P in spherical coordinate, P (r ,  ,  )

• r  distance from origin. Some books use the

notation R

•   angle between the z axis and the line from

origin to point P

•   angle between x axis and projection in z=0

plane
70
 Spherical Coordinates
• Unit vector of a r , a , a in the direction of
increasing coordinate value.

71
 Spherical Coordinates
• Differential in length dL  drar  rda  r sin da

72
 Spherical Coordinates
• Differential Surface

73
 Spherical Coordinates

• Differential Surface

dS r  r sin  d  d a r
2

dS   r sin  drd  a 
dS   rdrd  a 

74
 Spherical Coordinates
2
• Differential Volume dV  r sin drd d

75
 Spherical Coordinates
• However, the increment of length is
different from the differential increment
previously, where:

dr  distance between two radius

rd  distance between two angles
r sin d  distance between two radial
planes at angles 

76
 Example 8
A sphere of radius 2 cm contains a volume
charge density ρv given by
 v  4 cos 2  C/m  3

Find the total charge Q contained in the sphere.

2  210 2
Solution Q    v dv     4 cos  R sin dRd d
2 2

v  0  0 R 0
210  2
2 
R3

 4     sin  cos 2 dd 
0 0
3 0
2

32  cos   3
  10  6 0   3  d  44 .68 C 
3 0
77
Summary

78
 Cartesian to Cylindrical
Transformations
• Relationships between (x, y, z) and (r, φ, z) are
shown.
rˆ  xˆ cos   yˆ sin 

ˆ   xˆ sin   yˆ cos 
xˆ  rˆ cos   ˆ sin  ,
yˆ  rˆ sin   ˆ cos 

79
 Cartesian to Spherical
Transformations

• Relationships
between (x, y, z)
and (r, θ, Φ) are
shown.

80
 Cartesian to Spherical
Transformations
• Relationships between (x, y, z) and (r, θ, Φ)
are shown.
Rˆ  xˆ sin  cos   yˆ sin  sin   zˆ cos
ˆ  xˆ cos cos   yˆ cos sin   zˆ sin 
ˆ   xˆ sin   yˆ cos

xˆ  Rˆ sin  cos   ˆ cos  cos   ˆ sin  ,

yˆ  Rˆ sin  sin   ˆ cos  sin   ˆ cos  ,
zˆ  Rˆ cos   ˆ sin 
81
 Example 9
Express vector A  x̂  x  y   ŷ y  z   ẑz in
spherical coordinates.
Solution
Using the transformation relation,
AR  Ax sin  cos   Ay sin  sin   Az cos 
  x  y sin  cos    y  x sin  sin   z cos 

Using the expressions for x, y, and z,

AR  R sin 2  cos 2   sin 2    R cos 2 
 R sin 2   R cos 2   R 82
 Example 9
Similarly,
A   x  y  cos  cos    y  x  cos  sin   z sin 
A   x  y sin    y  x  cos 

Following the procedure, we have

A  0
A   R sin 
Hence,
A  R̂AR  θ̂A  φ̂A  R̂R  φ̂R sin 
83
 Transformations
• Distance d between two points is
d  R 12  x2  x1    y2  y1   z2  z1  
1
2 2 2 2

• Converting to cylindrical equivalents


d  r2 cos2  r1 cos1   r2 sin2  r1 sin1   z2  z1 
2 2 2

1
2

 r  r  2r1r2 2  1    z2  z1  
1
2 2 2 2
2 1

• Converting to spherical equivalents

d  R  R  2R1R2 cos2 cos1  sin1 sin2 cos2 1 
1
2 2 2
2 1
84
 Gradient of a scalar field
Suppose T1 x, y, z  is the temperature at P1 x, y, z  ,
and T2  x  dx, y  dy, z  dz  is the temperature at P2
as shown.

85
 Gradient of a scalar field
The differential distances dx, dy, dz are the
components of the differential distance vector dL :

d L  dx a x  dy a y  dz a z
However, from differential calculus, the
differential temperature:
T T T
dT  T2  T1  dx  dy  dz
x y z
86
 Gradient of a scalar field
But, dx  dL  a x
dy  dL  a y
dz  dL  a z
So, previous equation can be rewritten as:

T T T
dT  a x  dL  a y  dL  a z  dL
x y z
 T T T 
  a x  ay  a z   dL
 x y z  87
 Gradient of a scalar field
 The vector inside square brackets defines the
change of temperature dT corresponding to a
vector change in position dL .
This vector is called Gradient of Scalar T.
 For Cartesian coordinate, grad T:
dT T T T
T   ax  ay  az
dL x y z
The symbol  is called the del or gradient
operator. 88
 Gradient of a scalar field
• Gradient operator needs dl  aˆ l dl to be scalar
quantity.
• Directional derivative of T is given by dT  T  aˆl
dl

• Gradient operator in cylindrical coordinates:

 ˆ1  
  rˆ   zˆ (cylindrical)
r r  z

• Gradient operator in spherical coordinates:

ˆ  ˆ 1  ˆ 1 
R   (spherical)
R R  R sin  
89
 Example 10
Find the directional derivative of T  x 2  y 2 z

along the direction xˆ 2  yˆ 3  zˆ 2 and evaluate

it at (1,−1, 2).

90
 Solution to Example 10
    2 2
GradT : T   ˆ
x
 x  ˆ
y
y
 ˆ
z
z

x  y z   ˆ
x 2 x  ˆ
y 2 yz  ˆ
zy 2

 
We denote l as the given direction,

Unit vector is I  xˆ 2  yˆ 3  zˆ 2

and I xˆ 2  yˆ 3  zˆ 2 xˆ 2  yˆ 3  zˆ 2
aˆl   
I 2 3 2
2 2 2
17
dT 4 x  6 yz  2 y 2  10
 T  aˆl  
dl 1, 1, 2  17 1, 1, 2  17
91
 Example 11
• Find the gradient of these scalars:
z
(a) V  e sin 2 x cosh y
2
(b) U  r z cos 2
2
(c) W  10 R sin  cos 
92
 Solution to Example 11

(a) Use gradient for Cartesian coordinate:

V V V
V  ax  ay  az
x y z
 2e  z cos 2 x cosh ya x  e  z sin 2 x sinh ya y
z
 e sin 2 x cosh ya z

93
 Solution to Example 11

(b) Use gradient for cylindrical coordinate:

U 1 U U
U  ar  a  az
r r  z
 2 rz cos 2a r  2 rz sin 2a 
2
 r cos 2a z

94
 Solution to Example 11

(c) Use gradient for Spherical coordinate:

W 1 W 1 W
W  aR  a  a
R R  R sin  
2
 10 sin  cos a R  10 sin 2 cos a 
 10 sin  sin a 

95
 Divergence of a vector field
 Illustration of the divergence of a vector
field at point P:

Positive Negative Zero

Divergence Divergence Divergence
96
 Divergence

• Interpretasi divergensi dari beberapa

fungsi:
– (a) divergensi positif
– (b) divergensi nol
– (c) divergensi positif
 Divergence of a vector field

 The divergence of A at a given point P is

the net outward flux per unit volume:

 A  dS
div A    A  lim s
v 0 v
98
Divergence of a vector field
What is  A  dS ?? Vector field A at
closed surface S
s

99
Divergence of a vector field
Where,
 
       A  dS
 A  dS 
       
s  front back left right top bottom 
And, v is volume enclosed by surface S

100
Divergence of a vector field

For Cartesian coordinate:

Ax A y Az
A   
x y z
For Circular cylindrical coordinate:

1  1 A Az
A  rAr   
r r r  z
101
Divergence of a vector field

For Spherical coordinate:

1   A sin  
A  2
1 2

R AR  
R sin  

1 A
R sin  
R R

102
 Divergence of a vector field

• Example: A point
charge q
• Total flux of the
electric field E
due to q is

Total Flux   E  ds
S

103
 Divergence of a vector field
• Net outward flux
per unit volume i.e
the div of E is

 E x E y E z
  E  div E   
x y z 104
 Example 12
Find divergence of these vectors:
2
(a) P  x yza x  xza z

(b) Q  r sin a  r 2 za  z cos a

r  z

(c) W  1 cos  a R  R sin  cos  a   cos  a 

R2
105
 Solution to Example 12

(a) Use divergence for Cartesian coordinate:

Px Py Pz
P   
x y z


 2
x
   
x yz  0   xz 
y z
 2 xyz  x

106
 Solution to Example 12
(b) Use divergence for cylindrical coordinate:

1  1 Q Q z
Q  rQr   
r r r  z


1  2
r r
 
r sin    
1  2
r 

r z  z cos  
z
 2 sin   cos 

107
 Solution to Example 12
(c) Use divergence for Spherical coordinate:

 W sin  
W  2
1 

2
R WR   1
R sin  

1 W
R sin  
R R
 2
1 
cos    1 
R sin  
 
R sin 2  cos 
R R
1 
 cos  
R sin  
 2 cos  cos 
108
 Divergence Theorem
 It states that the total outward flux of a vector
field E at the closed surface S is the same as
volume integral of divergence of E.


S

E  ds    Edv (divergence theorem)
v

  E stands for the divergence of vector E

109
 Example 13

3
A vector field D  r a r exists in the region
between two concentric cylindrical surfaces
defined by r = 1 and r = 2, with both cylinders
extending between z = 0 and z = 5. Verify the
divergence theorem by evaluating:

(a)  D  ds
S

(b)    DdV
V

110
 Solution to Example 13
(a) For two concentric cylinder, the left side:

 D  dS  Dinner  Douter  Dbottom  Dtop

S
Where,
2 5
Dinner   
0 z 0
r 3 a r  rddz (a r )
r 1

2 5
  
0 z 0
 r 4 a r  ddz (a r )
r 1
 10
111
 Solution to Example 13
2 5
Douter   
0 z 0
r 3 a r  rddz (a r )
r 2

2 5
  
0 z 0
r 4 a r  ddz (a r )
r 2
 160

2 2
Dbottom   
r 1  0
r 3 a r  rddr (a z )
z 0
0

2 2
Dtop   
r 1  0
r 3 a r  rddr (a z )
z 5
0
112
 Solution to Example 13
• Therefore:

 D  dS  10  160  0  0
S
 150

113
 Solution to Example 13
(b) For the right side of Divergence Theorem,
evaluate divergence of D

 D 
1 
r r
 
rr 3  4r 2

5 2 2
• So,
   DdV    
z  0  0 r 1
4r 2 rdrddz

 2 
5 
 4 2 
 
  r    150
   r 1  
 0  
 z 0  114
 Curl of a vector field

 The curl of vector A is an axial (rotational)

vector whose magnitude is the maximum
circulation of A per unit area

 Curl direction is the normal direction of

the area when the area is oriented so as to
make the circulation maximum.

115
Curl of a vector field
The circulation of B
around closed contour
C:
 
 B  dl     
    B  dl
 
C  ab bc cd da 

116
 Curl of a vector field
• Curl of a vector field B is defined as:
 1  
  B  curl B  lim n̂  B  dl
s 0 s
 C  max

117
 Curl of a vector field
• Curl is used to measure the uniformity of a field
• Uniform field, circulation is zero
• Non-uniform field, e.g azimuthal field, circulation
is not zero

118
Vector identities involving curl

• For any two vectors A and B:

(1)    A  B     A    B
(2)   (  A)  0 for any vector A
(3)   (V )  0 for any scalar function V

119
 Curl or Rotation

• Interpretasi geometri
– (a) dengan

– (b) dengan
Derivatif Rules
 Curl in Cartesian coordinates
• For Cartesian coordinates:
ax ay az
  
A 
x y z
Ax Ay Az

 A z A y   A z A x   A y A x 
A    a x     ay   a z
 y z   x z   x y 

122
Curl in cylindrical coordinates
• For cylindrical coordinates:
ar ra  az
1   
A 
r r  z
Ar rA Az

 1 A z A   A z A r 
A    a r     a
 r  z   r z 
 
1   rA A r 
   a z
r  r   123
 Curl in spherical coordinates
• For spherical coordinates:
aR Ra  Rsina 
1   
A  2
R sin  R  
AR RA R sin  A
1  
  sin A A 


1  1 AR  RA
a R  
 
 A       a
R sin     R  sin   R 
1  ( RA )  AR  
   a
R  R   124
 Example 14

Find curl of these vectors:

2
(a) P  x yza x  xza z

(b) Q  r sin a  r 2 za  z cos a

r  z

(c) W  1 cos  a R  R sin  cos  a   cos  a 

2
R
125
 Solution to Example 14

(a) Use curl for Cartesian coordinate:

 Pz Py   Pz Px   Py Px 
 P    a x     ay    a z
 y z   x z   x y 
   
 0  0a x  x 2 y  z a y  0  x 2 z a z
 
 x 2 y  z a y  x 2 za z

126
 Solution to Example 14
(b) Use curl for cylindrical coordinate

 1 Q z Q   Q r Q z   
1   rQ  Q r 
Q    a
 r   a 
  r  x  a z
 r    z    z  r   y 
z 
 sin   r 2 a r  0  0 a 
 r 
1

 3r 2 z  r cos  a z
r

1
 
  z sin   r 3 a r  3rz  cos  a z
r

127
 Solution to Example 14
(c) Use curl for Spherical coordinate:
1  sin W  W  1  1 WR RW  
 W    a    a
R sin     R  sin   
R θ
 R 
1  ( RW ) WR  
   a φ
R  R  
  cos  
    
1  cos sin   R sin  cos    1 1  R 2  R cos  
   a R   aθ
R sin      R sin 
  R 
 
 
  
 ( R 2 sin  cos  )  cos 2  
1  R 
   aφ
R R  
 
  128
 Solution to Example 14
• (c) continued…
1 1
 cos 2  R sin  sin  a R  0  cos a
R sin  R
1 sin  
  2R sin  cos   2 a
R R 
 cos 2  cos 
  sin  a R  a
 R sin   R
 1 
  2 cos   3  sin a
 R 
129
 Stokes’s Theorem
• Converts surface integral of the curl of a
vector over an open surface S into a line
integral of the vector along the contour C
bounding the surface S

   B ds   B  dl
S
C
(Stoke's theorem)

130
 Example 15
 A vector field is given by B  ẑ cos  / r. Verify
Stokes’s theorem for a segment of a cylindrical
surface defined by r = 2, π/3 ≤ φ ≤ π/2, 0 ≤ z ≤ 3
as shown.

131
 Solution to Example 15
• Stokes’s theorem states that:
   B ds   B  dl
S
C

• Left-hand side:
First, use curl in cylindrical coordinates
 1 Bz B   Br Bz  1  Br 
  B  r
ˆ   
  φ̂    ẑ  rB   
 r  z   z r  r  z  
sin  cos
 rˆ 2  φ̂ 2
r r
132
 Solution to Example 15
The integral of   B over the specified
surface S with r = 2 is:
 2
 sin  cos 
3

S   B  ds  z0   3   r̂ r 2  φ̂ r 2   r̂rddz

3 2
sin  3 3
   ddz    
0 3
r 2r 4

133
 Solution to Example 15
• Right-hand side:
Definition of field B on segments ab, bc,
cd, and da is

b c d a

 B  dl   B
C
a
ab  dl   Bbc  dl   Bcd  dl   Bda  dl
b c d

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 Solution to Example 15
• At different segments,
Bab  Bcd  zˆcos   / 2  0 where dl  φ̂rdφ  0
Bbc  ẑcos  2 / 2 where    2
Bda  ẑcos  / 3 / 2  ẑ 4 where dl  ẑdz

a 0
• Thus,  1 1 3
CB  dl  d  ẑ 4   ẑdz  3 4 dz   4
• which is the same as the left hand side (proved!)

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 Laplacian of a Scalar
• Laplacian of a scalar V is denoted by  2V .

 2V    V
     V V V 
  ax  ay  az    ax  ay  az 
 x y z   x y z 
 2V  2V  2V
 2
 2

x y z 2

• The result is a scalar.

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 Example 16

Find the Laplacian of these scalars:

z
(a) V  e sin 2 x cosh y
2
(b) U   z cos 2
2
(c) W  10r sin  cos

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 Solution to Example 16
2 z
• (a)  V  2e sin 2 x cosh y
2
• (b)  U 0
10 cos
• (c) 2
W 1  2 cos 2 
r

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 Laplacian of a vector

• For vector E given in Cartesian coordinates as:

E  xˆE x  yˆ E y  zˆE z

the Laplacian of vector E is defined as:

  2
 2
 2

 E   2  2  2 E  xˆ 2 E x  yˆ 2 E y  zˆ 2 E z
2

 x y z 

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 Laplacian of a vector

• In Cartesian coordinates, the Laplacian of a

vector is a vector whose components are equal
to the Laplacians of the vector components.
• Through direct substitution, we can simplify it as

2E    E E

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