Analog Circuits

For

EC / EE / IN

By

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 Syllabus

Syllabus for Analog Circuits

Small Signal Equivalent Circuits of Diodes, BJTs, MOSFETs and Analog CMOS. Simple Diode Circuits,
Clipping, Clamping, Rectifier. BIASING and Bias Stability of Transistor and FET Amplifiers.
Amplifiers, Single-and Multi-Stage, Differential and Operational, Feedback, and Power. Frequency
Response of Amplifiers. Simple Op-Amp Circuits. Filters. Sinusoidal Oscillators, Criterion for
Oscillation, Single-Transistor and Op-Amp Configurations. Function Generators and Wave-Shaping
Circuits, 555 Timers. Power Supplies.

Analysis of GATE Papers

Year ECE EE IN
2015 8.00 6.00 13.00
2014 8.50 5.60 13.00
2013 15.00 8.00 18.00
2012 6.00 5.00 5.00
2011 10.00 5.00 15.00
2010 9.00 4.00 9.00
2009 12.00 8.00 11.00
2008 8.67 13.00 11.00
2007 16.00 9.00 28.00
2006 10.67 8.00 18.00
Over All Percentage 10.38% 7.16% 14.1%

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 Contents

Contents

Chapters Page No.

#1. Diode Circuits-Anaylsis & Application 1 – 31
 Wave Shaping Circuit 1
 Linear Wave Shaping Circuits 1–9
 Non Linear Wave Shaping Circuits 9 – 13
 Rectifiers and Power Supplies 14 – 17
 Zener Voltage Regulator 18
 Solved Examples 18 – 20
 Assignment 1 21 – 25
 Assignment 2 25 – 27
 Answer Keys & Explanations 28 – 31

#2. AC & DC Biasing-BJTs & FET 32 – 67

 Introduction 32 – 33
 Operating Point 33 – 38
 BIAS Stabilization 38 – 46
 Compensation Techniques 46 – 55
 Assignment 1 56 – 60
 Assignment 2 60 – 62
 Answer Keys & Explanations 63 – 67

#3. Small Signal Modeling Of BJT & FET 68 – 106

 Introduction 68
 BJT Transistor Modeling 68 – 74
 The Hybrid Equivalent Model 74 – 78
 Characteristics of Amplifiers 78 – 84
 FET Small Signal Model 84 – 86
 Solved Examples 86 – 92
 Assignment 1 93 – 97
 Assignment 2 97 – 100
 Answer Keys & Explanations 101 – 106

#4. BJT & JFET Frequency Response 107 – 132

 Introduction 107 – 109
 Low Frequency Response –BJT Amplifier 109 – 112
 Low frequency Response –FET Amplifier 113 – 117

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 Contents

 High Frequency Response –BJT Applfier 117 – 119

 High Frequency Response -FET Amplifier 119 – 123
 Assignment 1 124 – 127
 Assignment 2 127 – 129
 Answer Keys & Explanations 130 – 132

#5. Feedback & Oscillator Circuits 133 – 163

 Classification of Amplifier 133 – 135
 Feedback Amplifiers 135 – 136
 Feedback Connection Types 136 – 139
 Various Types of Oscillators 139 – 143
 Tuned Oscillator Circuit 143 – 149
 Solved Examples 150 – 154
 Assignment 1 155 – 158
 Assignment 2 158 – 161
 Answer Keys & Explanations 161 – 163

#6. Operational Amplifiers & Its Applications 164 – 226

 Differential Amplifiers 164 – 165
 Analysis of Differential Amplifier 165 – 166
 Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) 166 – 174
 Practical Op-Amp Circuits 174 – 190
 Astable Multivibrator (Square Wave Generator) 190 – 193
 Zero-Crossing Detector 193 – 203
 The 555 Timer 203 – 208
 Solved Examples 208 – 212
 Assignment 1 213 – 217
 Assignment 2 218 – 220
 Answer Keys & Explanations 221 – 226

#7. Power Amplifiers 227 – 250

 Introduction 227 – 229
 Series –Fed Class Amplifer 229
 DC Bias Operation 230
 AC Operation 230 – 233
 Transformer Coupled Amplifier 233 – 234
 Push Pull Amplifier 234 – 235
 Transformer Coupled Push Pull Circuit 235 – 236

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 Contents

 Complementary –Symmetry Circuit 236 – 239

 Total Hormonic Distrtion 239 – 240
 Assignment 1 241 – 243
 Assignment 2 244 – 245
 Answer Keys & Explanations 245 – 247

Module Test 248 – 263

 Test Questions 248 – 257
 Answer Keys & Explanations 257 – 263

Reference Books 264

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 “Live as if you were to die tomorrow.
Learn as if you were to live forever.”
…. M. K. Gandhi

1
CHAPTER

Diode Circuits - Analysis

and Application

Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you will know
1. Wave Shaping Circuit
2. Clippers and Champers
3. Rectifiers and Power Supplies
4. Efficiency, Regulation, Ripple Frequency, Form Factor, Ripple Factor

Wave Shaping Circuits

Wave shaping circuits are of two types
(A) Linear wave shaping circuits
(B) Non linear wave shaping circuits

Linear Wave Shaping Circuits

The process by which the wave form of non-sinusoidal signal is altered by passing it through the
linear network is called the linear wave shaping.

High Pass Circuit

C
+ +

Vi R Vo

− −
High Pass Circuit

This circuit is called the high pass filter because it passes the high frequency components and
attenuates the low frequency components.
For low frequency, the reactance of the capacitance is large.
(a) Sinusoidal Input:
Vo R 1
= =
Vi R + 1/jωC 1 − j 1
ωRC

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 Diode Circuits - Analysis and Application

Vo 1
=
Vi f
1 − j ( 1)
f
1
Where, f1 = RC
2π
Vo 1 Vo
| |= , ∠ = −tan−1 (−f1 /f) = tan−1 (f1 /f)
Vi 2 Vi
√1 + (f1⁄ )
f
|Vo /Vi |

1
0.707

f
f1
Gain-Frequency Plot of High Pass Circuit
(b) Step Input:
Vi (t)

t
𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐩 𝐈𝐧𝐩𝐮𝐭
(t)
Vi (t) = Vc + Vo (t), …………………………………….... (1)
Vi (t) = 1/C ∫ i dt + Vo (t) = iR, ……………………….. (2)
So Vi (t) =1/RC ∫ Vo (t) dt + Vo (t) = V u(t)……….. (3)
V for t ≥ 0
For step input Vi (t) = {
0 other wise
It is a single time constant circuit and a first order equation is obtained.
The general solution of any single time constant circuit can be written as,
Vo (t) = Vf + (Vi − Vf )e−t/τ , ……………………………... (4)
t
Here, Vf = 0; Vi = V, Vo (t) = Ve−τ
Where τ = 1/RC
For the circuit in high pass circuit fig, Vf = 0 and Vi = Vsubstituting in E.q., (4), we have
Vo (t)

0 t
Output Voltage of High Pass Circuit When Input is a Step Voltage

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 Diode Circuits - Analysis and Application

(c) Pulse Input:

Vi (t) = V[u(t) − u(t − t p )]
1. Vo = Ve−t/τ , Vp = Ve−tp /τ
2. Vo = V2 e−(t−tp )/τ , V2 = Vp − V
Vi (t)

O tp t
Pulse Input Signal

τ large ⇒ Slow response and

τ small ⇒ Fast response
Ve−t/RC Vo (t) Vi

Vp = Ve−tp /RC Vo
Vp
V
t
t V tp
(Vp − V)et(t−tp )/RC
(a) (b)
Vo (t)
Vi
V

Vo
tp
t

−V
(c)
Output of High Pass Filter, When Input is a Pulse

For a low time constant the peak – to – peak amplitudes will be double. The process of
converting pulses into spikes by means of a low time constant is called peaking. In high pass RC
circuit, the average level of the output is always zero. The area above the zero axis should be
equal to the area below the zero axis, A1 = A2 .

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 Diode Circuits - Analysis and Application

(d) Square Wave Input:

Vi V′
V

V′′
Vdc
T1 T2
T
ϕV
t
(a) Square Wave Input

A square wave is a waveform as shown in fig (a) which is periodic with time period T such that it
maintains a level V′ for time T1 and V ′′ for time T2 where T = T1 + T2 .
Figure (b) (c) (d) and (e) show output wave forms of the high pass RC circuit under
steady-state conditions for the cases (i) RC>>T (ii) RC>T (iii) RC=T and (iv) RC<<T

Case (i): For arbitrarily large time constant value, the output is same as that of input but with zero
dc level.
Vi , Vo
Vo

A1 Zero Voltage
V
0 t
A2

T1 T2

(b) Output When RC is Very Large

Case (ii): When RC>T, the output is in the form of a tilt.

V1 e−t/RC V1
V1
V1 ′ V1 ′

V V
0 t

V2 ′
V2 V2 e−(t−T1)/ RC

T1 T2
(c) Output When RC>T

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 Diode Circuits - Analysis and Application

Case (iii): When RC is comparable to T, the output rises and falls exponentially.
V1 Vi
V1 e−t/RC
Vo

V2
V2 e−(t−T1 )/RC
T1 T2
T
(d) Output When RC is Comparable to T

Case (iv): When RC<<T, the output consists of alternative positive and negative spikes.
Vo
Vi
V

T
V

T1
T2
(e) Output When RC <<T

More generally the response to a square wave must have the appearance shown below:
The four levels V1, V1′ , V2, V2′ can be determined from (refer below figure)
V1′ = V1 e−T1 /τ , V1′ − V2 = V
V2′ = V2 e−T2 /τ , V1 − V2 ′ = V
For symmetrical square wave
T1 = T2 = T/2
V1 = −V2 , V1′ = −V2 and the response is shown below in Fig. (b)
Percentage tilt ‘P’ is defined by
V1 − V1′ T
P = × 100 ≈ × 100 %
V/2 2τ
πf1
= × 100 %
f
1 1
Where f1 = and f =
2πτ T

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