Headwaters College – Elizabeth Campus Inc.

Senior High School Department

STUDENT LEARNING GUIDE IN
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE SOCIETY AND POLITICS

behaves in contrast with what is expected of them.

CHAPTER 3 (CONTINUATION) This non-conforming behavior is called deviance..

Deviance has five forms, as stated by sociologist

TOPIC: Becoming a Member of Society
Robert Merton (1938).
Scope: 3.3 Social Control, Conformity and
Deviance 1. Innovation
3.4 Human dignity, Rights and
Common Good This form of deviance refers to the use of unadvised or
sometimes illegal method to achieve social goals. The
tampering of votes by a politician to win an election
3.3 Social Control, Conformity and Deviance and the using of illegal practices by a business
executive to gain profit are examples of innovative
According to Crapo (2001), majority of the societies in
deviance.
the world have created mechanisms by which the
social behavior of people is controlled to maintain 2. Ritualism
order or re-establish order once rules have been
broken. These mechanisms are collectively called From the term itself, ritualist strictly observe the norms
social control. set by the society. However, in trying to conform
generally to the social rules, ritualists tend to forget the
When a person violates the behavioral norms of primary reason why they are conforming to it- to
his/her society, he/she will be subjected to achieve the social goals. For example, a worker may
corresponding social sanctions. These Sanctions can be following every rule the company set but is still not
be either informal (disapproval, ridicule, gossip and able to achieve any goal of the company. In trying hard
deprivation) or formal (fine, imprisonment, or death) to implement the means, he/she loses the goals.
and will vary, depending upon the type and degree of
violation. 3. Retreatism

In early discussion, it was. Pointed out that teaching This term of deviance happens when individual try to
norms and inculcating values to persons at an early achieve from achieving social goals because they
age can motivate them to conform to social standards cannot fulfill them. Retreatism is the complete rejection
and means. In 1926, Polish anthropologist Bronislaw of norms. Drug abusers, alcoholics, and criminally
Malinowski argued that rules must be obeyed for insane individuals experience this form of deviance.
million reasons. These include the following:
4. Rebellion
 Social rules may be self-enforcing because of
As the root word "rebel" suggest, this form of deviance
their practical utility.
is usually observed in minorities promoting change and
 Violating social rules has corresponding introducing alternative values and institution. As
punishments. People who violates norms often pointed by hunt (1982), rebellion occurs because of
experience ostracism, or one's exclusion from the frustration of people over the norms.
the other member of society. In the
Philippines, gossip or chismis I'd a form of 3.4 Human dignity, Rights and Common Good
ostracism.
Most Societies value human life. In Fact, the primary
 Following social rules brings more rewarding purpose of creating social institution is to serve the
interaction with others. An individual who common good. Each member of the society is
follows the social standards has more expected to enjoy the benefits of being a member of a
opportunities of establishing connections, certain group regardless of age, gender, political
networks and or/influences. affiliations, and socio-economic status.
 Social rules (especially faith-based ones) are
believed to be sacred, thus violating it may In the Philippines alone, this value has been set in the
1987: Philippine constitution. It was particularly
induce supernatural punishment.
articulated on its preamble.
 5. Rules are matter of law enforced by the
machinery of society. "We the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of
almighty God, in order to build a just and humane
Deviance society and establish a Government that shall embody
our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good,
In most cases, a person follows the social norms.
conserve and develop our patrimony and secure to
However, there are instances when some individual
ourselves and our posterity the blessings of
Independence and democracy, under the rule of law
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Senior High School Department
STUDENT LEARNING GUIDE IN
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE SOCIETY AND POLITICS

and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality 4. Reference Group refers to a person can be a
and peace, do ordain and promulgate this member of many groups which are all
constitution." influence in how he/she perceives and views
social realities.
As a democratic nation, Philippines strongly
emphasizes human dignity as it's foremost priority to Network is a simpler term, a network is a structure
achieve a Just and humane society. This is most of connection of an individual with oneself with
evident in the creation of Bill of Rights, a separate other individuals and groups.
article to ensure the protection of Rights and liberties
Three levels of network
of every Filipino.
1. Micro Level start from a single individual,
Rights are prevailed and entitlements a person must
expanding his/her contracts with other
enjoy in the attainment and protection of his/her
human dignity. individuals. Barkada is an example of a micro
level.
Article III, Bill of Rights of the 1987 Constitution 2. Meso Level is not only individuals may be
enumerates every Filipino rights. This Article is affiliated with their fellow individuals. Even
designated to protect individuals against violations groups can be linked with the individuals and
from the government, fellow individuals and with each other. Its more complicated than
institutions. micro level.
Right empowers the people to participate in the affairs 3. Macro Level is the most complex network it is
of a society. a high density of connection is present. Social
networking sites are global organization both
belong in a macro level of network.
CHAPTER 4
TOPIC: Organization of a Society CHAPTER 5
Scope: 4.1 Groups
4.2 Groups Variation TOPIC: Organization of a Society
Scope: 5.1 Kinship
5.2 Political and Leadership structure
4.1 Groups
Group is a number of people with similar norms, 5.1 Kinship
values, and expectation who regularly and consciously
interact with one another. Students organization in It refers to the “web of social relationships” that
school, like academic club, theater group, dance group humans as part of a family, which is the smallest unit
and athletes club are all ex. Of groups. The member of of society. Fereraro and Andreatta (2010) defined
group share common interest. familyas “a social and economic unit that consists of
one or more parents and their children. The following
4.2 Groups variation are several points that define a family:
Although groups are similar in general terms, they still  A family is a socioeconomic unit.
vary in term of size members, personality, and type of  A family can have one or more parents.
interaction. Schaefer classified groups into four  A family can have parents who are not
groups. married.
 A family can have parents with same gender.
1. Primary Group is a small group characterized  A family should have at least one child.
by intimate, face to face association and Two primary purpose of family
cooperation among members. 1. To orient the individual of the norms of the society.
2. To provide physical support as the individual
2. Secondary group refers to the formal and matures.
impersonal group wherein members have a Important Terminologies in Kinship
little social intimacy or mutual understanding. 1. Polyandry – marriage pattern where in a woman is
allowed to marry several men.
3. In Group refers to people belong in a close 2. Polygyny – marriage practice that allows a man to
group. There is such a high regard for each marry several women.
member that collective term like we, us or tayo
are commonly use. Out Group is opposite of
In group.

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Senior High School Department
STUDENT LEARNING GUIDE IN
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE SOCIETY AND POLITICS

rights and obligations between them, their children

and their in-laws.

Types of family based on Marriage

 Patrifocal – a family structure where father as

head of family.
 Matrifocal – a family structure where mother
as head of family.
 Monogamous / Nuclear family – type of
family that consists of a single couple and
their
Figure 1: Kinship Diagrams child/children.
The individual that labelled as Ego is involve in two  Polygamous – type of family consists of
types of families. Ego’s family of orientation several parents and their children.
consists of her father, mother, and brother. It is in this  Extended family– type of family has several
family that Ego first learned her society norm and her married couples and their children living in one
roles in it. Egos family of procreation consists of her household.
husband, son and daughter.  Reconstituted family – in this type of family,
the current spouses were previously married
KINSHIP BY BLOOD and had children. Upon the dissolution of their
marriages, these individuals remarried and
The identity of individual as a family member is created a new family.
through their consanguinity (blood relations). This type
of kinship links individuals based on their relations Postmarital Residency Rules
through bloodline. This is referred to as descent-
socially accepted connection between an ancestor and   Patrilocal Residence- upon marriage, the
its succeeding generation. woman is expected to transfer to the
residence of her husband’s father.
Descent rules  Matrilocal Residence – upon marriage, the
man is expected to take residence with his
Unilineal Descent -it allows individual to be affiliated wife’s mother’s area.
to the descent of one sex group only.  Neolocal Residence – the arrangement that
 Matrilineal Descent- an individual trace requires both spouses to leave their
kinship relation through the female’s line. households and create their own at times
 Patrilineal descent- an individual trace his or even in a different locality.
her kinship through the male’s line.  Avunculocal Residence – upon marriage
the couple practices a form of virilocal and
Unilineal Descent Group raises their children in the household of the
husband’s father. However, upon reaching
 Clan- an expansion of unilineal group creates adulthood, these children will have to be
a kinship group and believe that they have relocated with their mother’s bother and live
unilineal relations based on a common with him.
ancestor.  Natalocal Residence – the arrangement that
 Phratries- expansion of clans into larger allows both spouses to remain with their own
descent. The identity of kinship originator is households after marriage.
usually unknown.  Matrifocal Residence – this type of
 Moiety- similar with phratries in having residency rule arises when the father is
multiple clans within it, moiety’s function is economically and physically unable to provide
creating sustainable systematic balance within support for the family. In this situation, all of
society. the children reside with their mother who is
Bilateral Descent- an individual trace kinship ties on part of her mother’s household.
both sides of the family.  Ambilocal Residence – a residence pattern
allows the couple to choose to live either with
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE the wife’s mothers are or the husband’s area.
 Transnational Families – a family member
The identity of individual as a family member is reside separately across territories because of
through their cultural practices of union between economic reasons such as job offers,
spouses. educational advancement, etc.
Marriage- socially or ritually recognized union or
legal contract between spouses that establishes
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Senior High School Department
STUDENT LEARNING GUIDE IN
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE SOCIETY AND POLITICS

5.2 Political and Leadership structure PYRAMID OF POWER IN ANCIENT STATES

- As states consist of actors with varying interests and
What is Political Organization? assertions, social rules are implemented in the form of
It is any organization that involves itself in the political laws.
process, including political parties, on-governmental - As a citizen of a country, an individual is subjected to
organizations, advocacy groups and special interest the legal norms in the territory.
groups. - These norms may include paying taxes, rendering
military service, and contributing
political life in the society.
- Being a citizen of a country also entails the
enjoyment of certain privileges that are
labelled as rights.

Four Types of Sociopolitical Organizations

Bands
- It is the least complex form of political organization,
as it has neither a rigid form of governance nor a
structured form of leadership.
- This society is chiefly based on foraging, which is
also known as hunting and gathering
- Individuals who have lesser capacity to hunt or
gather have equal access to the food that other
members are able to produce.
Tribes
- It is a political organization that consists of
segmentary lineages.
- This type of kinship relation is marked by loyalty per
family cluster or segment.
- Tribes are less mobile than bands, as their form of
economic subsistence requires a degree of settlement.
Chiefdoms
- It is more complex than a tribe, as this political
organization consists of a few local communities who
subscribe to the power and rule of a leader who has
absolute power of them.
- This absolute power is derived from the perceived
relation of the leader to supernatural
forces and powers, which is form of legitimizing factor.
segregates society into the elite and the commoner.
States and Nations
- State refers to a political organization united by a
common set of laws.
- Nation refers to a group of people sharing similar
culture and political history.
- To attain societal goals and objectives, the sate uses
complete political coerciveness,
which may come in the form of armed personnel,
stricter laws, and rigid governmental
policies.

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