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o DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CD CO
FORCE AT A POINT IN THE INTERIOR
OF A SEMI-INFINITE SOLID
by
R. D. MINDLIN
Office of Naval Research Project NR-064-388
Contract Nonr-266(09)
Technical Report-No. 8
CU-9'53'QNR< 266(09) -CE
May 1953
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FORCE AT A POINT IN THE INTERIOR
OF A SEMI INFINITE SOLID
by
R. D. MINDLIN
Office of Naval Research Project NR-064-388
Contract Nonr-266(09)
Technical Report No. H
CU-9-s:K,>NR-266(09)-CE
May 195?
FORCE AT A POINT IN THE INTERIOR OP A SEMI-INFINITE SOUP
In a paper under the same title, the solution of the linear equa-
tions of equilibrium of an elastic body was given for the case of a force
acting at a point within an isotropic body bounded by a plane. The result
was obtained by starting with Kelvin's solution for a force in an infinite
body and guessing the nuclei of strain to add outside of the semi-infinite
body so as to annul the tractions on the plane boundary. In the present
paper it is shown how these results may be obtained, directly, by means of
an application of potential theory.
Pankovitch functions
In an isotropic elastic body in equilibrium, the displacement u is
(2)
governed by the equationv; "
X?2u + f4 ?y.u + p =0 (1)
where jx is the shear modulus, V is Poisson's ratio and F is the body
force per unit of volume.
For an isotropic body, the stress, GT
M
-, is related to the displace-
ment by
cr = ^VuJ -f juNu t utf) (2)
t1* R. D. Mindlin, Hiysics, Vol. 7 (1936), pp. 195-202.
^2' For the vector notation used in this paper, see C. E. Wsathi
Advanced Vector Analysis, G. Bell and Sons, Ltd., London, 1928.
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where A * 2jsvA\-2v).
By HeLnholtz's theorem . tl
M
may be resolved into lamellar and sole-
noidal components:
u » Vtf + V*H , V-H-0, (3)
so that (1) may be written
uVx(etVH +V*H) + F -0 (4)
where oc = 2 (\-J>jJ(\-2v) .
The quantity in parenthesis in (4) is a vector, say, B «• c B •*- jEL -f-kB
i.e.,
<* r-<f + V« H = B , (5)
^^7aB - -F • (6)
Operating on (5) with tf« , we find
the complete solution of which is
loue «= r-B +(9 , (8)
where ^ is a scalar function, which satisfies
(9)
s v'f - r l ,
and f - t X t j y -t- to Z is the position vector.
Substituting (8) in (3) and eliminating ^ * H by means of (5)> there
results
^\7aB »-F (n)
Weatherburn, p. UU>
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l
JAV** = r-F . (12)
Thus the displacement is expressed in terms of the Papkovitch functions) E3
and £ , whose Iaplacians are known if the body force F is known.
The proof of completeness of the Papkovitch functions, given above,
is an extension, to include the body fores, of one given in a previous
paper'* , where B and @ were called Papkovitch ' functions after the
originator of the solution (10) of the elasticity equations. Recent writers
associate these functions with the name of Boussinesq , who introduced B
and 0 , but employed functions of a different type where 8 and O could
have been used.
The value of a function V » at any point in a region, may be ex-
pressed in terms of its values at the boundary, its Laplacian and Green's
(7)
function, Q , for the region, by means of Green's formula
-+irV* JVnVGdS t JG PaVJv . (13)
For the region z ^ 0 » Green's function is
& = r%-1 - r~% (U)
where
(*' R. D. Mlndlin, Bull. Am. Math. Soc., Vol. 42 (1936), pp. 373-376.
'*' P. F. Papkovitch, Comptes Rendus, Acad. des Sciences, Paris, Vol. 195
(1922), pp. 513-515 and 754-756.
1
' J. Boussinesq, "Application des Potentiels a 1'Etude de l'Equilibre et
du Mouvement des Solides Elastiques," Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1885, pp. 63
and 72.
w/
Weatherbmrn, p. 34.
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rx = (t-ff + b-v)1 t (2-tf (15)
^ - Lt-K)x +h-it + (*•$)* <*)
in which (x^Z ) are the coordinates of a point P(t^t2 ) in the region
***& (%>% 5 )» C ^> ^ -5 ) are the coordinates of a source point ($(%, ^ $ )
and its image <^'($, "fl -J )> respectively.
Force at a Point
Kelrin's definition of a force at a point takes the following foray
in the present case. Consider a distribution of body forces F in a closed
region T within Z *• 0 . with F * 0 outside T but within z » 0. uimir.iah
T indefinitely^ always enclosing the point C (o,oyc ), but let
Ji~~ /*FdV = P (17)
where P is a constant force at C .
For later use, we note that the limit, as T approaches zero, of
Qfcftt) =c(o^jC) , (18)
(19)
VM-c'h^) i
l
r = xa + ^ + (z-c)1- R,1 ^ (20)
rxl « X1 +yS(2 + c)a = R^ ^ (21)
G
~ H? P- o (22)
?>* " 8z [R RX J ' (23)
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I
i
=
ff-»--/rfi-Jrl
'Mk~Vi • <25>
Force Normal to the Plane Boundary
In this case we take P, = F„ * 0 and Bx = B = 0 . The remaining
Papkovitch (in this case Bousstnesq) functions, B, and (3 , must satisfy
the condition of vanishing traction on z - 0* Thus, we have, from (2)
and (10), on Z=0
(26)
*. • tfaf'MTl -&-] - ° '
_^_ rv.- J„V2&- -JSCI - /> (27)
The function in brackets in (26) is one whose Laplacian
is known throughout z > 0 and whose boundary value is zero. Hence, by (13),
Now, integrating the first term in the volume integral by parts,
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The surface integral in (31) vanishes because p ~Gm0 on the boundary of
the body. Then, ty (17) and (23),
(32)
Similarly, integrating by parts twice and using (17), (18) and (24.),
Hence
*')* - If- - 4r [>')(* • ^) + c^fc - ^)],eu)
where one integration with respect toz has been performed. (The arbitrary
function of x and y , thereby introduced, must vanish since 2(l-p)B - DA/dz
must vanish as Z—*o°).
Returning to the boundary conditions, we note that (27) and (28)
can be integrated with respect to x and y, respectively, so that, on z = 0}
(l-lpfe- |§- =0 . (15)
The Laplacian
"* [('-J") B. - H-] - - ***- F, - J- ^&1 (,6>
is known throughout z ">• O and hence, by (13),
F ?F b7)
(i-2"te-3f- '^J4N . +/H ')> •
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By the sane process as befozv, using (17)> (18), (22) and (23), we find
Finally, from (H) and (38),
B.= jUi^+*££*>] (39)
These two functions constitute the solution for the case cf the force
at (6 0fC ) normal to the plane boundary.
Force Parallel tQ the Plane Boundary
In this case we take F- = f' •= 0 and Bv -& • The boundary condi-
tions then become, on 2.-0 ,
M = fe,)
s - ^J[( ") ^ - * life - t&d ° •
Differentiating (42) with respect tow and (43) with respect to x and sub-
tracting, we find, on.z=0 ,
Hence, on z -0 ,
9B<
^~ =0 (u)
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Also, in Z?0 ,
V
T>z Ji dz
Honce, from (13),
3Q, _j
az 4tr//
k__ J_ /J- +. ' )
by (32). Thus
P
B = » /-^ + -J-] . (45)
From (A3), on z-= 0 ,
by (44.). Also, in 2 ^0
Hence, by (13)
06)
But the right hand side of (46) vanishes since £ —-»0 as T—» 0. Hence
M^K - If- =0 a?)
throughout the region Z 5 0 .
From (41), on 2 * 0 ,
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2/,.p)m^_ _^_ ^.iv^__x^_ =^ (43)
Now, on z " 0 , we have, from (45),
lv 3B« _ 9^B« __ (l-2v)Pjr _ 3Rcax
iV x y
3x ?zJ 2TTMK HTM*.
where Pa ' x1 + ^ + C1 . But, on Z - 0 ,
and
P*C d* /l_ \ _ j^c'x
27T>< ax3z\fv>J = 27T//^
Hence, U8) may be rewritten as
(49)
on z - 0 . The Laplacian of the left side of (49) is, In the region z»0,
Hence, from (13)*
Ihe first tern in the integrand vanishes since £ —*0 as T-»0, Ihe second
tern is integrated by parts and the surface integral vanishes, leaving
y = j'ip f
A. 4TTJ/ J
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which, by (17) and (25), is
y = _ (tiliB *. l± _ jj (51)
Then, from (51), (49) and (45),
or
Finally, from (51) and (47), we have
B
» - lTT/z^Vz+c) - J$71^- (54)
These two functions, in addition to (45), comprise the solution for the
case of the force at (CtOt c ) parallel to the plane boundary.
Comparison with Previous Besulta
The previous solution, mentioned in the Introduction, was given in
terms of the Galerkin vector F (not to be confused with the body force F
in the present paper).
For the case of a force normal to the plane boundary the solution
obtained was
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^^hr{R'+[?"H-'h ~icrA (56)
and, for the case of a force parallel to the plane boundary,
+ -^l-v)(l-Jv)|{z +c)>yfe + z +c)- I^J 1
+M^T{
2CX R
/> +*<y-*4x<erfo**+e)\ -<57)
The relation between the Galerkin and Papkovitch functions has been
shown to be
jiB = (1-*)V*F (58)
Mfi «(l-v)(l7.F-r7lF) (59)
By inserting (56) and (57) in (58) and (59), it nay be verified that
the previous and present solutions are identical.
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