PROJECT “PRESSURE IMMEDIATE CONTROL RESPONSE” IN

LOCAL WATER NETWORK SYSTEMS USING P.I.D DYNAMICS.

(P.I.C.R.)

A research presented to

the Faculty of the Senior High School

Technological Institute of the Philippines

Quezon City

Areglado, Franciss Ceniedo, Clyde Julius

Arendaeng, Jobert Chavez, Mark John Rey

Abratique, Paul Merald Dumlao, Mercedez

Aclan, Allan Delos Santos, Riona Marnie

Abuan, Arlee Mae Vergara, Joshua

Caidic, Vincent

12 STEM A1
 CHAPTER 1

PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Transportation of water into our home is dependent upon pressure from

the plant e.g. water reservoirs (Marques, 2011). Pump driven pressure system is

one of the problems for water transportation especially for elevated areas, the

pressure causes strains and stress to the outlet pipelines directly connected to

our homes. Koppel (2009). Commonly, PVC-Q pipelines and PVC Valve

Couplers are combined to transport water in our homes but these materials have

certain limits one of them is pressure and shear stress that can easily be

achieved whenever households are elevated (Moeini, 2012). Moreover, Pressure

present in water transportation is inversely proportional to the demand of the

customers consequently, water systems and the concessionaire need to increase

the pressure to meet the demand of the customers but whenever no customers

are using the water it doesn’t mean that the pressure is regulated also (Jamasb ,

2009).

Pressure control is a very effective approach for leakage reduction in

water distribution networks (WDNs), especially for leakage (Vicente, 2016). From

a technical viewpoint, the pressure can be regulated by means of a pressure

reducing valve (PRV) installed at the WDN inlet. In some cases, for accurate flow

control, the network can be divided into district meter areas (DMAs). A PRV can

be installed at the DMA inlet in order to better control pressure over a smaller
network. A turbine or pump as turbine can be also coupled to the PRV to exploit

energy otherwise dissipated by the valve (Giugni ,2014). Pressure management

also decreases frequency of occurrence of new bursts and leakages, thus

resulting in the extension of the working life of the water infrastructure

Such a pressure depends on several factors, including elevation, topology,

and building height. Usually, one or more critical nodes can be identified, at

which minimum pressure is achieved. The pressure at the PRV outlet may be set

according to the maximum head losses within the WDN and the minimum

pressure required at any node. However, such regulation is rather ineffective

because of the continuous variation of inflow discharge and, consequently, of

head losses within the WDN. Because the pressure at the PRV outlet is set

according to the maximum head loss, during most of the day the pressure at the

critical node is greater than required, especially during nighttime hours, when

inflow discharge (and consequently head loss) is minimum. In some cases, the

value at the PRV outlet can be switched among two (or more) values based on

the time of day; nevertheless, the pressure level over the network often remains

greater than necessary. For optimal pressure level over the network, the

pressure downstream of the PRV should be changed according to the head loss

within the WDN. To this end, real-time control (RTC) of the pressure should be

developed, which regulates the pressure at the PR outlet in such a way that the

pressure at the critical node remains constant and equal to the minimum value to

ensure adequate service level.

 Rather than developing models of transient PRV pipe networks, the main

focus of this paper is to show how the dynamic problems occurs, and investigate

the suitability of using a PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controller to reduce

the effects of these problems. The simplicity and flexibility of PID controllers

make them the most obvious choice of controller for almost any industrial

process and the most common tuning techniques like linearization tool in

MATLAB and manual tuning in ARDUINO software. The performance of a

suitably tuned controller will be demonstrated through modeling studies and a

method for physical implementation of the controller.

Statement of the Problem

This quantitative research aims to create feasible, efficient and innovative

P.I.D controlled PRV for local pipelines for water customers to avoid pipeline

explosion and water leakage.

1. Performance of the P.I.D controlled PRV during high-pressure or low-

pressure demand.

2. Application and tuning the appropriate P.I.D parameters suitable also

to the components of the microcomputer.

3. Significant difference between Theoretical (software model) and

experimental data analysis.

Significance of the Study

Solving water leakage is one of the primary concerns of hydraulic

researchers to lessen inconvenience, water loss, and profit. The P.I.D controlled

Pressure Reducing Valve system aims to ensures the real-time monitoring of

pressure and automatically adjusting and changing the pressure in the water

pipe. This project prioritizes to alleviate the burden to the customers to regularly

cut off their water valve to ensure no leakage happens and to have

inconvenience-free and continuous water supply. This will benefit the water

service concessionaire (Manila Water) because they can assure the maximum

profit and minimal water loss consequently, improvements in water services shall

be expected likewise in water quality and accordingly, the objectives of leakage

management are to:

(1) leakage assessment methods which are focusing on quantifying the

amount of water lost;

(2) leakage detection methods which are primarily concerned with the

detection of leakage hotspots and

(3) leakage control models which are focused on the effective control of

current and future leakage levels. Koppel (2009).

The research prototype will bring change and sustainable water usage in

the community without worries and doubts in water leakage management among

customers themselves with the help of the project it will ensure the integrity of the

water pipe at the same time the customers’ convenience. Thus, relieving the
citizens from the problem like inconvenience, profit and water loss. Usually, those

who already experienced water leakage turns off their water meter valve every

night to make sure that there will be no further water leakage. But when the P.I.D

controlled PRV system is implemented, there would be no need to check the

water mater valve every night. Citizens need not to worry for a water leakage.

Moreover, the technology employ assists the pipe to resist the pressure changes

resulting also to securing the water pipe integrity and preventing from further

damage since the pressure changes accordingly to demand rates of the

customers.

Scope and Delimitation

This research aims to create innovative Digital P.I.D controlled Pressure

Reducing Valve to support water pipelines across the community and prevent

water leakage. The research yields to test the integrity, efficiency of the prototype

and especially the real-time pressure response of the P.I.D in PRV installed in a

community pipeline.

However, the study delimits the implementation of customizable / manual

P.I.D gains to avoid pressure control sabotage possibly done by unaware people

to the dynamics of P.I.D control systems specifically proponents remove

alteration of the prototype to the customers. The proponents guarantee to create

the suitable P.I.D parameters to control pressure. If any problems occurred the

proponents will adjust the parameters in the microcomputer set.

 CHAPTER 2

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies, the

conceptual model of the study, and the definition of terms used in the study.

Foreign Studies

In the experimental study done by Ismail (2014), the study focuses on the

use of the Arduino devices to analyze vibration in reading changing pressure in

water pipelines to determine if there are leaks or not. The experiment uses The

MPU6050 sensor to measure the vibration that occurred along the pipes. In this

study, the water pipeline used is a high-pressure pipe, an inch of Acrylonitrile

Butadiene Styrene (ABS) pipe size with 10 meters in length. The Arduino

controller board then processes the vibration data from the accelerometer sensor

and transmits (Tx) the data over wireless ZigBee networks at one second ellipse

time. The study uses, three (3) different pressures to test the efficiency of

determining leakage, however, the results show that the greater the pressure in

the pipe, then it would be less detectable to leak. And, the less the pressure the

greater it would be detectable to leak. Therefore, it is found that the relationship

between the water pressure and the vibration is inversed for the pipe leakage.

When the pressure is high it is hard to distinguish whether the pipe is the normal
or abnormal condition. The pipe leakage is only possible to be detected when the

pressure is low by using the vibration sensor.

Self-Acting – Automatic Downstream-Upstream Pressure Control Valves –

MATLAB Simulations. Water loss or leakage in water pipelines are usually

caused by excessive pressure exerted on water distribution networks. Through

the modernization of the system of the distribution of water in pipelines, this

complication can be solved. Researchers, Catalin-Daniel Galatanu and Theodor

Mateescu, proposed an effective solution to aid this issue, which is the

implementation of the self-acting automatic pressure control valves.

The self-operating is applied to the two-control device—valves and

damper plates. A system of mechanical transmission activates the transducer on

the final control component. The sensor satisfies the energy required to replace

the final control component. According to Galatanu and Mateescu, the self-

operated controller is a self-contained regulating device, which includes the set-

value adjuster, transducer, control point element, controller. The researchers

operated the simulation of self-operating automatic pressure control valves on

MATLAB with SIMULINK. The downstream-upstream pressure controlling in

MATLAB, the diagram of the hydraulic circuit where the control valve is attached

was used by the researchers.

The application of simulating in MATLAB is efficient for the water

distribution network. Aside from that the exertion that has been provided shows

the significance of the unitary analyses of the self-acting pressure controllers.

Thus, the limitations of the manipulation and the pressure disparity limits

incorporating the controller's explicit response time are determined. The

simulation done by the researchers helps professionals discover the relationship

between the pressure controllers and the network thus promoting the usage of

automatic maneuvers.

In the study conducted by S.Meniconi, B.Brunone, et.al entitled Transient

Effects of Self-Adjustment of Pressure Reducing Valves (2015) concerning the

response behavior of install PID sensor in Pressure Reducing Valves (PRV) in

several polyethylene pipelines. The objective of the study is to analyze the brief

time (transient) transition of the four (4) sensor nodes and the action of self-

adjustment of PRV in the changing water pressure. The study employs a PID

sensor in PRV to study its behavior in upcoming pressure waves as well as the

time required for achieving the pressure set point. The researchers of the study

examine the pipeline structure especially the HDPE pipe (High Dense

Polyethelyne) its diameter and length on which it is connected to the supply tank

also the pressure varying from 1.4 Bar to 7.2 Bar (20 - 100 Psi) High-Pressure

setpoint and 1.0 Bar to 5.0 Bar (14.5 - 70 Psi) on low-pressure setpoint. After the

pressure is set, the piezoelectric sensor manages to produce pressure signals on

different sensors that later on plotted on their respective positions. Particularly,

the experimental pressure signals are analyzed by means of wavelet transform to

point out the time instants in which pressure waves pass through the

measurement sections. Moreover, experimental traces are compared with the

transient numerical simulations in which a partially closed in-line valve with a

fixed value of the opening degree is considered instead of the self-adjusting

PRV. This comparison allows isolating the effect of the transient that causes the

change of water demand and the transient generated by the automatic

adjustment of the PRV according to the set point.

Another study that focuses on the Development of low-cost pressure

control type quasi-servo valve using an embedded controller designed for

pressure automated biological fluid flow in hospitals and clinics.

The study enables to produce low-cost yet effective pressure reducing

on/off valve through a switch controlled by a potentiometer and the

microcomputer set. The pressure transducer (sensor) is set to have P-gain

control to the set or desired pressure. The pressure changes through the

algorithm made by the proponents of this study. Also, they compare the

experimental (measured) and the reference (software model) data to confirm the

similarities and gaps within the system. The study included the armature design

to adjust the valve's opening to regulate pressure (maintaining the set pressure)

this was done through the signals receive of the sensors then the signal was

boost through the use of Pulse Width Modulation port (PWM) to the

potentiometer to power the armature to move the valve.

To confirm the performance of the tested valve, the tracking pressure

control for periodical reference pressure was executed. As a result, the pressure

control can be realized by using an inexpensive embedded controller whose

price is 1.25 US dollars.

 The study entitled Improved Control of Pressure Reducing Valves in

Water Distribution Networks (Prescott and Ulanicki, 2017) deliberately talks

about the difference between a single PRV installation and PID controlled PRV in

various District Metered Areas (DMA). PID controllers are commonly used in

industrial settings and the methods described are easy to implement in practice

for all control systems. The following experimental work on water networks

supplied through the pressure reducing valves PRVs has demonstrated that, in

certain conditions, undesirable phenomena such as sustained or slowly decaying

oscillation and large pressure overshoot can occur if the demand is sudden high

or low.

The study presents results from modeling studies to investigate the

interaction between PRVs and water network transients the same study

conducted by S. Merconi (2015) knowing the transient behavior of PRV

adjustment this study, however, shows that transient pipe network models

incorporating random demand is combined with a behavioral PRV model to

demonstrate how the response of the system to changes in demand can produce

large or persistent pressure variations similar to those seen in practical

experiments. The data in the demonstration comes from different sources of the

study like in existing DMA, theoretical single and double input DMA.

The Physical implementation of the PID control system in practice requires

pressure transducers to measure the outlet pressure of each PRV and a pair of
actuators for each PRV (solenoid valves) to transfer water from the PRV inlet to

the control space and from the control space to the PRV outlet. The PID could be

operated by a programmable controller using the PID algorithm and equations

described throughout this paper also, giving the right PID coefficient to give

better results. From the other modeling studies shown by the researchers of the

study, significant improvements in PRV performance can be expected by using

these methods and algorithms.

Foreign Literature (3)

(1) VINCENT

(2) Golmohamadi, M.  made a thesis in 2015 addressing leak detection as

well. She introduced two ways of detecting a leak. One is by hardware, using

ultrasonic wave emission. These will send signals that translate to problematic

situations, probably, leakage. Another is when longitudinal modes are emitted in

the walls of the pipe where one excited frequency can be radiated and can be

sensed by 4 sensors for analysis. Leakage detection is when waves are

reflected, and locating them by knowing the waves emission speed and flight

time of backscattered signals. This method is tested in several pipe models and

is good enough for short pipes. 

The second one is a software-based method that works on transient

pipes. Leaks are detected when the simulated pipeline, compared to the

measure from flow meters, exceeds a given threshold value. This method was
tried to some pipes with various leaks at some points. This method was

evaluated as good, with high accuracy even for long pipes.

 (3)  According to Adedeji, Kazeem & Hamam, Yskandar & Abe, B.T. &

Abu-Mahfouz, Adnan (2017), In the study of network leakage, previous research

works have shown leakage to be sensitive to pressure. However, the nature of

the sensitivity has not been covered yet in the literature. For example, in the last

few years, numerous research efforts have been dedicated to investigating the

influence of pressure variations on bursts type leakages in water distribution

systems. To this end, some prediction models and laboratory studies have been

conducted on service mains. To complement the results of these research

efforts, this paper investigates the influence of pressure variations on different

burst leak openings. The characteristics nature of the leakage to pressure

dependency is further examined for different leak openings. pipe bursts may

have other harmful effects on human health through a deterioration of water

quality. Its significant impact on the environment and economic loss cannot be

overlooked. Therefore, for the smooth operation of municipal water services, the

study of leakage is an important aspect of any water system.

Local Studies (1)

In the experimental study of F. Fontana, on the implementation of real-

time control (RTC) of pressure in different water pipelines can be very

successful for leakage depletion. The main function of (RTC) is to regulate

properly the level of pressure on several pipelines by assuring the current of

water is consistent and it has a low percentage of leakage. Also, the Pressure

Reduction Valve (PRV) is known for regulating the pressure of water and it

attached to the network inlet that can be remotely operated to assure the best

quality of service of water distribution networks. Therefore, it can operate

effectively by the method of real-time control of the pressure reduction valve.

However, (RTC) of PRVs is not a familiar application, the study provides a

closed theoretical framework of the control systems and its benefits. The

closed-loop controller was developed to let the RTC of pressure at the critical

level of water distribution networks by changing the pressure point of (PRV) at

the network inlet. In conclusion, the (RTC) is very effective in regulating the

level of pressure on entire water distribution networks and also by decreasing

the immoderate pressure of network inlets. The experiment shows that the

pressure controller is applicable for leakage depletion and it was supported by

the minimum night flow (MNF) measurements.

Local Literature (2)

Serrato, S., Bruce, C., Ferrer, M., Martin, E, (2015) states that Pressure

Reducing Valves (PRV) control strategy is studied as a management strategy to

reduce water leakages and avoid pricey pipe replacement programs. It is unique

from those considered designs that manage the flow conditions. Its main function

is to disconnect two parts by making the pressure valve downstream instead of

upstream and avoiding the reverse flow of water in the pipes. As a result, the

PRV will adjust its opening degree if outlet pressure would be larger because of

the upstream condition giving rise to an appropriate local head loss. Contrary to
this, the PRV is completely opened if the downstream pressure is too small. PRV

fully closes if there is an occurrence of downstream pressure. This paper aims to

investigate the effect of the self-adjustment of PRV due to a change in water

demand. Particularly, two different scenarios are examined. A reduction of the

flow rate through the PRV - at a different speed - and a sudden increase. The

experimental data are compared with numerical simulations to analyze the

overlapping of two transients: the one due to the change of water demand and

the second generated by the automatic adjustment of the PRV according to the

set point.

Generated transients simulate a change in water demand by reducing or

increasing the flow rate through the PRV. Pressure signals are acquired

downstream and upstream of the PRV and immediately upstream o the

maneuvering valve. The case of the other transients is shown as a comparison

with the first one. Particularly, the experimental pressure signals are analyzed

utilizing wavelet transform to point out the time instants in which pressure waves

pass through the measurement sections. Moreover, experimental traces are

compared with the transient numerical simulations in which a partially lost inline

valve with a fixed value of the opening degree is considered instead o the self -

adjusting PRV. This comparison allows isolating the effect of the transient that

causes the changes in water demand and the transient generated by the

automatic adjustment of the PRV according to the set point.

Water contamination is a highly possible event during the rainy season as

the water pipes is likely to be immersed on flood water. According to an article

posted on Rappler in 2017, DOH warned the Metro Manila water consumers that

water contamination is highly likely to occur in their households. Eng. Nilo

Marayag said in an interview that when the water pressure drops due to leaks

and seepages, contaminants can seep into the pipes. "Yang ang magiging cause

ng contamination ng tubig. (That will be the cause of water contamination).”

Water leakages due to bursting og the pipe, is an actual opportunity for water

contamination. While Word Health Organization also mentioned that in 2019,

around 1 to 10 Filipino currently left behind on the access of the improved water

sources. The inability to access improved water sources could also be the cause

of water contamination. It was said that in 2016, acute watery diarrhea is one of

the leading deaths causes in the Philippines.

 Conceptual framework

START

Develop the Arduino Gather the PVC-Q pipe information Canvass a Pressure
Microcomputer set and buy a suitable PRV Transducer (Sensor)

Program the PLC Gather Information in Pressure Pressure Actuator

Algorithm Changes (Due to Demand) Information

Modify the Valve with Do not work until

Set Pressure Points Transform into MATLAB all software
A/O Converter Sensor and Actuator
information simulation is
(DISPLAY) Installed done
The Framework of the study is to make software model then a hardware model of the study in order for the

proponent have a basis and comparative results whenever the proponent will do the experiment. First, gather the all the
Construct and model a P.I.D Prototype making Experimental Data
preliminary data and materials needed. Second, program the microcomputer and
and PLC
Testingand convert the pressure
dynamics using SIMULINK
information into signal information. Model the suitable P.I.D parameters and calibrate it to the best setting for the

Calibrate Simulate the P.I.D with the

Using MATLAB Software Data
set Pressure points Analyze
Linearization tool
Data
microcomputer and for the actuator. Gather the software model data and make the prototype, do the experiment and

analyze the results. Lastly, compare the results and conduct, interpretation, statistical treatments and conclusions.

Hypothesis

This presents the research proponents’ hypothesis in the study in order to prove or to disprove.

Alternative Hypothesis

1. There will be a significant difference between the simulated model data to the experimental data.
Definition of Terms
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter shows the overview of the research methods used on conducting the study. This presents the

research design, the population and sample, the setting where the research is conducted, research instrument, data

collection and statistical treatment of the data-gathered.

Research Design
 This study will use the experimental method of research study to test the efficiency of the Self-modifying Pressure

Valve Controller, employing numerical techniques to quantify the data gathered during the experiment also giving graphs

and charts to further interpret and analyze the data to give concrete conclusions in the end.

Babbie (2010) defined Quantitative research as a method that signifies objective instruments and the analysis of

data through polls, questionnaires, surveys, or by using existing statistical data using computational techniques. The

instruments are statistical, mathematical or numerical. This study is under a Quantitative research method indicates the

importance of the dependent and independent variable to a phenomenon.

As stated by Stenber, C. (2017) quantitative research design is the analysis of numbers. It involves large sample

sizes, concentrating on the quantity of responses, as opposed to gaining the more focused or emotional insight that is the

aim of the qualitative research design.

Research Locale

The study will be conducted in a community severely affected by the water pressure that affects their water supply,

commonly water leakage. Before the proponents test the prototype to the water pipelines first, we seek permission and

waiver to the office of Manila Water. Also, the proponents must ensure the prototype is calibrated and modeled well in the
software first to gather realistic and expected data before the real construction and testing of the prototype may be

conducted.

Research Instrument

This study used a Structured Observation method to record the efficiency of Pressure Sensor (ADP5160) on

changing the pressure of water from pipelines. The researchers will install the sensor on pipeline (The pressure will be

constructed using waveforms that represent fluctuating water demand). The different pressures and flow rates used in this

study will be recorded on the table below.

NO. OF DAY PRESSURE SIGNAL

Day 1 `

Day 2

Day 3
 Also, the proponents of the study will incorporate onset calibration using MATLAB SIMULINK before it is tested in

the real pipelines. The calibration is done on the ability of Microcomputer to executed the armature in sudden pressure

changes similar to the sensor delay yet it is done to have a model that can be soon calibrated and linearize for better PID

control throughout the prototype.

The calibration is done through a series of the signal building as a function of fluctuating pressure (designated in

an augmented matrix) to test the response control of the system if anything has to change the proponents are ready to

calibrate the system yet considering the efficiency of the battery power and changing the pressure change.

Trial Desired Transfer Derivative Mean to Battery

Pressur Function Signal the build Voltage
e Noise signal Requirement
1 50 Psi
2 60 Psi
3 70 Psi
 The proponents will consider the best transfer function for the PID control system (that will greatly affect the

performance of pressure sensor) usually written in Laplace Transform, less signal noise, closest to the build signal and

requiring minimal battery power in the system yet can get the job done. The more trials the better.

Schematic Diagram

The Pressure Sensor

Solenoid Valve

Microcomputer
P.I.D control algorithm

Final Design
 The modification of the hydraulic cross-section of a fluid through a pipe or duct can carried out by means of two

classes of control devices: valves and damper plates or flaps. The term self-acting (self-operated or direct action)

regulators apply to those control devices in which the transducer (sensor) actuates on the final control element by a

system of mechanical transmission, without amplification of the signal. In consequence, the energy required to displace

the final control element is wholly supplied by the sensor, which takes it over the controlled medium. The self-operated

controller is a self-contained regulating device, which includes the set-value adjuster, transducer (sensor), control point

element, controller.

Procedural Setup
 This study incorporates several designs gathered in the previous chapter. That includes the construction of the

custom pipe design especially suitable for the common PVC-Q pipelines in Filipino Communities.

Pressure Reducing Valve Design

The gathered design in the previous chapter will be the basis of the proponents constructing the valve. The valve

suitable for the study is the downstream (from source to house) valve design to mitigate the pressure coming to the water

supplier. The proponents will buy a commercial pressure reducing valve large enough for the commercial PVC pipe in

communities and modify it to put the sensor, microcomputer, PID controlled sinusoidal valve all-together. The modification

is done within the damper plates, diaphragm, and the actuator spring. The movement of the actuator spring dictates the

changes done to the pressure it is where the sensor be placed.

Pressure Sensor Design and Microcomputer Design

The sensor is designed according to the gathered related literature and studies. The (ADP5160) sensor an

inexpensive pressure transducer that can be embedded in the micro-computer chipset that can deliver an analog signal to

the plates to create movement in the plates. The sensor itself is will be designed to fit beside or within the valve. The
sensor is powered by the battery pack 5 V. The Arduino Uno is the designated micro-computer set it is accompanying with

I/O port and potentiometer.

PID controlled Solenoid valve

Without PID in PCV design the PCV control loop contains a pilot valve with spring but the stiffness of the spring is

large and its dynamics can be neglected. Making the controller gain too large or too small can result in sudden valve

opening for a large gain, the PRV responds quickly to demand changes but the response will be oscillatory and take a

long time to settle; if the gain is small then the response will be slow and the overshoot will be large. Introducing the

Microcomputer Design and through the guidance of the pressure sensor, the PID controlled solenoid valve will move the

spring of the pilot valve to regulate the pressure faster than the regular self-valve adjustment, this results in a better

response in sudden demand change as stated in previous studies and literature. The set pressure of the customer is the

controlled pressure of the PID controller and will be maintained by the valve.

Final Design

The pressure valve control and the pressure sensor are maintained through the use of PID (Proportional Integral

Derivative Gain) design for complex demand water supply network in order to linearize, reduce noise in the signal and to
mitigate fluctuating pressure in the water supply. The desired pressure is the input and the output are executed by the

microcomputer, the solenoid valve powered through a voltage source (battery and potentiometer) and guided by the PID

controller. The solenoid valve can move the actuator spring of the Pressure Control Valve. After the valve is changed, it

sends an amplified signal through the use of PWM port (Pulse Width Modulation) to carry out A/D conversion (Analog to

Digital) that will be shown in the PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) screen. In order to see the response in pressure

done by the system.

Cost Analysis

TOTAL PER UNIT

MATERIALS QUANTITY PRICE TOTAL PRICE

Nano ATmega328P V3 1 ₱374.75 ₱374.75

Pressure reducing valve 1 ₱729.00 ₱729.00

Pressure Transducer
Sensor 1 ₱451.00 ₱451.00
Mini valve solenoid
Actuator 1 ₱190.00 ₱190.00

A/D converter 1 ₱197.00 ₱197.00

I/O port 1 ₱113.00 ₱113.00

PWM port 1 ₱105.00 ₱105.00

₱2,159.75

ESTIMATED LABOR HOURS 84 HRS

LABOR COST PER HOUR ₱70
₱5,880.00

TOTAL MANUFACTURING EXPENSES ₱2,159.75

TOTAL LABOR COST ₱5,880.00
TOTAL PRODUCT COST ₱5,880.00
Data Gathering Procedure

The data will be gathered using the structured observation method all of the information that will the prototype

receiving and analyze is made by the proponents also coming from various sources in the related literature and studies.
 The Proponents will use the pressure sensor to record the fluctuating pressure overnight in the course of 2 – 3

days nearby the water meters of the community and then the constructed plot will be created using a matrix to create

random waveform signals. Then, in the software, the proponent will set a constant pressure block of 50 60 70 Psi

consecutively in which the software model of the prototype needed to maintain. The signal created is the data of which the

pressure sensor is intended to test and maintain the respective pressure. The results of these signals leading to the

sensor's response time and efficiency. Also, the sensor response to the signal moves the actuator (solenoid valve),

potentiometer, and the valve regulator itself. The data from the components are going to be plotted independently of each

other.

Then, the proponents will analyze the graph of the sensor response vs the signal. Afterward, independent

calibration in the main components of the prototype will be conducted using MATLAB linearization tool to achieve a faster

response in the sensor, long battery life and put less stress to the actuator.

After the calibration conducted, the proponents will seek permission to the Manila Water to conduct the prototype to

the selected local pipeline to gather realistic results. First, the proponents will attach the prototype in the pipeline, Second,

the proponents will set the constant pressure to 50 60 70 Psi to the prototype accordingly to record if the sensor will

behave the same way as the software model.

 After the hardware experiment, the researchers will analyze the software and hardware model if any

modifications/calibrations are needed. The graphs of the software and hardware model are going to be differentiated

using T-Test to tell if there are significant difference between one another.

Statistical Treatment

The experimental study will use controlled groups to compare their results by changing the pressure of the water

inside the pipe, increasing voltage for the response time of the sensor, and the efficiency coefficient of the prototype. All of

that will be compared T-Test to compare different groups and their results to tell if there is a significant difference between

the different groups.