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Solution For Appendix B and 3.3

This document contains solutions to problems from Appendix B and Section 3.3 of a math textbook. In Appendix B, four functions are proven to be injective by showing two inputs map to the same output only if the inputs are equal. Four other functions are proven surjective by exhibiting inputs that map to given outputs. In Section 3.3, a subset of integers modulo 28 is shown to be a subring, and a function between integer modulo rings is proven an isomorphism.

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Muhammmad FARAZ
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57 views2 pages

Solution For Appendix B and 3.3

This document contains solutions to problems from Appendix B and Section 3.3 of a math textbook. In Appendix B, four functions are proven to be injective by showing two inputs map to the same output only if the inputs are equal. Four other functions are proven surjective by exhibiting inputs that map to given outputs. In Section 3.3, a subset of integers modulo 28 is shown to be a subring, and a function between integer modulo rings is proven an isomorphism.

Uploaded by

Muhammmad FARAZ
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Math 236

Fall 2008
Dr. Seelinger

Solution for Appendix B and §3.3


Appendix B:

Problem 25: Prove that the given function is injective.


(a) f : R → R; f (x) = 2x. Let a, b ∈ R such that f (a) = f (b). Then 2a = 2b ⇒ a = b, so f is
injective. √ √
3 3
(b) f : R → R; f (x) = x3 . Let a, b ∈ R such that f (a) = f (b). Then a3 = b3 ⇒ a3 = b3 ⇒
a = b. Hence f is injective.
(c) f : Z → Q; f (x) = (x/7). Let a, b ∈ Z such that f (a) = f (b). Then a/7 = b/7 ⇒ a = b.
Hence f is injective.
(d) f : R → R; f (x) = −3x + 5. Let a, b ∈ R such that f (a) = f (b). Then −3a + 5 = −3b + 5 ⇒
−3a = −3b ⇒ a = b. Hence f is injective.

Problem 26: Prove that the given function is√surjective.√


(a) f : R → R; f (x) = x3 . Let b ∈ R. Then f ( 3 b) = ( 3 b)3 = b, so f is surjective.
(b) f : Z → Z; f (x) = x − 4. Let b ∈ Z. Then f (b + 4) = (b + 4) − 4 = b, hence f is surjective.
(c) f : R → R; f (x) = −3x + 5. Let b ∈ R. Then f ( b−5−3
) = −3( b−5
−3
) + 5 = b − 5 + 5 = b. Hence
f is surjective.
(d) f : Z × Z → Q; 
a/b, if b 6= 0
f (a, b) = .
0 if b = 0
Let c ∈ Q. By definition of a rational number, there exist integers a, b such that b 6= 0 and
c = a/b. Therefore, f (a, b) = a/b = c and hence f is surjective.

Problem 27: Let f : B → C and g : C → D be functions. Prove:


(a) If f and g are injective, then g ◦ f is injective.
(b) If f and g are surjective, then g ◦ f is surjective.

(a) Assume f and g are injective and let a, b ∈ B such that g ◦ f (a) = g ◦ f (b). Then
g(f (a)) = g(f (b)) ⇒ f (a) = f (b) since g is injective. But f (a) = f (b) ⇒ a = b since f is
injective. Therefore, g ◦ f is injective. Q.E.D.
(b) Assume f and g are surjective. Let d ∈ D. Then, since g is surjective, there exists a c ∈ C
such that g(c) = d. Also, since f is surjective, there exists a b ∈ B such that f (b) = c. Hence
g ◦ f (b) = g(f (b)) = g(c) = d, so g ◦ f is surjective. Q.E.D.

1
Section 3.3

Problem 17: Show that S = {0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24} is a subring of Z28 . Then prove that the
map f : Z7 → S given by f ([x]7 ) = [8x]28 is an isomorphism.

Note that we can characterize the set S as S = {[4q]28 : q ∈ Z}. By inspection we see that
[0]28 ∈ S. Also, for any a, b ∈ S we have a = [4q]28 and b = [4r]28 for some integers q, r ∈ Z. So
a + b = [4q] + [4r] = [4(q + r)] ∈ S, ab = [4q][4r] = [4(4qr)] ∈ S, and −a = [−4q] = [4(−q)] ∈ S.
By Theorem 3.2, S is a subring of Z28 .
Next, we show f is an isomorphism by showing Properties (H1) and (H2) hold and by showing
f is one-to-one and onto. Let m, n ∈ Z7 . Then

f (m + n) = [8(m + n)]28 = [8m]28 + [8n]28 = f (m) + f (n)

and
f (m)f (n) = [8m]28 [8n]28 = [64mn]28 = [8mn]28 = f (mn).
So f is a homomorphism. Finally, we note that f (0) = 0, f (1) = 8, f (2) = 16, f (3) = 24, f (4) =
32 = 4, f (5) = 40 = 12, f (6) = 48 = 20. We note that every element of S appears as f of
something and no element of the codomain is mentioned twice, so f is both one-to-one and onto.
Hence f is an isomorphism. Q.E.D.

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