MAPUA UNIVERSITY

School of Chemical, Biological, Material Engineering and

Sciences (CBMES)

Experiment No. : 3
Title: Calorimetry

Group No. : 4
Name: Lantacon, June N.

Pre/Post Lab Quiz

Evaluation
Prelim Data Sheet
Laboratory Attire
Title Page
Report Form
Conclusion

MARILYN A. MIRANDA
Instructor
 A. Specific Heat of a Metal
Trial 1 Trial 2
Mass of Metal (g) 10.2 10.2
Temperature of Metal (°C) 95 94
Mass of Calorimeter (g) 6.48 6.48
Mass of Calorimeter +water (g) 25.2 25.2
Mass of Water (g) 20 20
Temperature of Water in Calorimeter (°C) 32 32
Maximum temperature of metal and water from graph (°C) 40 40
Calculations for Specific Heat of a Metal
Temperature Change of water (°C) 8 8
Heat gained by water (J) 669.44 669.44
Temperature change of metal (°C) -55 -54
Specific Heat of metal (J/g·°C) 1.19 1.22
Average Specific Heat of metal (J/g·°C) 1.21

HCl + NaOH
Trial 1 Trial 2
Volume of Acid (mL) 50 50
Temperature of Acid (°C) 30.1 30
Volume of NaoH (mL) 50 50
Temperature of NaOH (°C) 30 30.1
Exact Molar Concentration of NaOH (mol/L) 1.0
Maximum temperature from graph (°C) 38.3 38.3
Calculations for Enthalpy (Heat) of Neutralization for an Acid-Base Reaction
Average initial temperature of acid and NaOH (°C) 30.05 30.05
Temperature Change 8.25 8.25
Volume of final mixture (mL) 100 100
 Mass of Final mixture (g) 100 100
Specific Heat of mixture 4.18
Heat evolved (J) -3448.5 -3448.5
Moles of OH- reacted, the limiting reactant (mol) 0.05 0.05
Moles of H2O formed (mol) 0.05 0.05
∆HB (kJ/mol H2O) -69 -69
Average ∆HB (kJ/mol H2O) -69
B. Enthalpy (Heat) of Neutralization for an Acid-Base Reaction

C. Enthalpy (Heat) of Solution for the Dissolution of a Salt

Name of Salt: NH4Cl Trial 1 Trial 2
Mass of Salt (g) 5.0 5.0
Moles of Salt (mol) 0.086 0.086
Mass of Calorimeter (g) 7.49 7.49
Mass of Calorimeter +water (g) 26.9 26.9
Mass of Water (g) 19.41 19.41
Initial Temperature of Water (°C) 31.2 30
Final Temperature of mixture from graph (°C) 23.2 23.2
Calculations for Enthalpy (Heat) of Solution for the Dissolution of a Salt
Temperature Change of solution (°C) -8 -6.8
Heat change of water (J) -649 -552
Heat change of salt (J) -34.6 -29.4
 Total Enthalpy Change (J) -683.6 -581.4
∆Hs (J/mol salt) 7948.8 6760.5
Average ∆Hs (J/mol salt) 7354.7

Graphs
 38

37

36

35
Temperature (°C)

34

33

32

31

30

29
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Time (s)

Figure 1. Specific Heat of Metal

39

38

37

36
Temperature (°C)

35

34

33

32

31

30

29
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Time (s)

Figure 2.Enthalpy (Heat) of Neutralization

Laboratory Questions
 1. Part A.1. The 200-mm test tube also contained water (besides the metal) that was
subsequently added to the calorimeter (in Part A.4). Considering a higher specific heat
for water, will the temperature change in the calorimeter be higher, lower, or unaffected
by this technique error? Explain.

Considering a higher specific heat for water, the temperature change in the calorimeter
will be unaffected since even though there is water inside the test tube, it will need more
energy for its temperature to change due to the higher specific heat of water. Hence, an
increase in the amount of water will not contribute any difference since the specific heat
was also increased.

2. Part A.5. In measuring the specific heat of a metal, Josh used the highest measure
temperature for calculating the metal’s specific heat rather than the extrapolated
temperature. Will this decision result in a higher or lower specific heat value for the
metal? Explain.

If the highest measured temperature is used instead of the extrapolated temperature, the
decision will result in a lower specific heat value for the metal. The value of the change
in temperature of water will be smaller and the metal will be higher.

3. Part B. The enthalpy of neutralization for all strong acid-strong base reaction should be
the same within the experimental error. Explain. Will that also be the case for all weak
acid-strong base reaction? Explain.

The enthalpy of neutralization of all strong acid-strong base reactions are the same within
experimental error due to the reactions occurring are purely the combination of hydrogen
ion and hydroxide in order to produce water. On the other hand, other ions that are
present are regard as spectator which do not contribute in the reaction. As for the weak
acid-strong base reactions, weak acids do not dissociate completely into ions unlike
strong acids, its enthalpy is much lesser than of the strong acid-strong base reactions.

4. Part B. Heat is lost to the Styrofoam calorimeter. Assuming that 6.22˚C temperature
change for the reaction of HCl(aq) with NaOH(aq), calculate the heat loss to the inner 2.35-g
Styrofoam cup. The specific heat of Styrofoam is 1.34J/g • ˚C.

The heat loss from the inner Styrofoam cup can be calculated using the equation
q=mCΔt. Given that the temperature change is 6.22˚C, mass is 2.35-g Styrofoam and the
specific heat is 1.34J/g • ˚C.
J
(
q=( 2.35 g ) 1.34
g ∙℃ )
( 6.22 ℃ )=19.6 J
5. Part B.3. Jacob carelessly added only 40.0 ml (instead of the recommended 50.0 mL) of
1.1 M HCL to the 50.0 mL of 1.0 M NaOH. Explain the consequence of the error.

If only 40.0 mL is added instead of 50.0 mL of 1.1 M HCl to 50.0 mL of 1.0 M NaOH,
knowing that the mole ratio is 1:1 in this reaction, there is obviously an excess amount of
NaOH. Some NaOH would not react and the ∆H would be less, making the solution
basic.

6. Part B.3. The chemist used a thermometer that was miscalibrated by a plus 2˚C over the
entire temperature scale. Will this factory error cause the reported energy of
neutralization, ΔH to be higher, lower or unaffected? Explain.

The stated factory error will cause no change of the reported energy neutralization since
the only value that matters in the difference of the temperature in computing for the ΔH,
in which it the excess 2°C will be disregarded.

7. Part C.3 If some of the salt remains adhered to the weighing paper (and therefore is not
transferred to the calorimeter), will the enthalpy of solution for the salt be reported too
high or too low? Explain.

The enthalpy solution for the salt would be reported as too low for the reason that the
amount of the salt will be less than the recorded amount, yielding a lesser value for the
energy.

8. Part C. The dissolution of ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3 in water is an endothermic

process. Since the calorimeter is not a perfect insulator, will the enthalpy of the solution,
ΔH, for ammonium nitrate be reported as too high or too low if this heat change is
ignored. Explain.

The enthalpy of the solution if the heat change is ignored for ammonium nitrate will be
reported as too high since the calorimeter was not able to absorb the heat completely.
Hence, the system will absorb and receive more heat.
Conclusion

Calorimetry is defined to be the act of measuring the heat of certain chemical reactions or
physical changes and heat capacity. In conducting the experiment, we aim to determine the
specific heat of a metal, enthalpy of neutralization for a strong acid-strong base reaction and the
enthalpy of solution for the dissolution of a salt. The law of conservation of energy is followed
wherein it stated that energy loss is equal to the energy gained. The specific heat can be
determined using the equation q=mc ∆T where the parameters are presented as followed: q for
J
energy (in joules, J), m for mass (in grams, g), c for specific heat capacity (in ) and ∆T for
g ∙°C
change in temperature (in degree Celsius, °C).

From the data gathered for the experiment, the recorded change in temperature of water
in heating an unknown metal is 8°C while the recorded change in temperature of the unknown
metal is -55°C and the calculate heat gained by the water is 669J. By substituting these values to
CH2 O MH2O ∆TH2 O
Cmetal = −
Mmetal ∆Tmetal

the formula , the specific heat capacity of the unknown metal can be
J
determined and yielded to value of 1.19 . As for the succeeding experiment, when the acids
g∙°C
were combined with NaOH solution inside the calorimeter, the H + and OH+ combined to produce
𝑞=−𝑚𝑐∆𝑇
water in liquid form. The heat evolved was calculated using the formula , the
negative sign indicates that exothermic process occurred. Substituting the recorded values into
the formula, we determined a value of -3.45kJ. Lastly, for the heat of solution for the dissolution
total enthalpy change
∆Hs =
moles of salt
of a salt, the formula used was , wherein the total enthalpy change is
the sum between the heat change of water and salt, -683.6J. Calculating for the ∆H s, it yield with
𝐽
7948.8
mol NaCl
a value of , wherein it describes the heat absorbed or release by a known mass
of water when a salt is dissolved.
Sample Calculations

Part A: Trial 1

Temperature Change in ∆ T =40 ° C−32 ° C

Water ∆ T =8 ° C
∆ T =T f −T i
Heat Gained by Water J
q=mc ∆T (
q=20 g 4.184
g°C )
(8 ° C)
q=669.44 J
Temperature Change in ∆ T =40 ° C−95 ° C
Metal ∆ T =−55 ° C
∆ T =T f −T i
Specific Heat of Metal J
C metal =
−C H O M H O ∆ T H
2 2 2O
C metal =
(
−20 g 4.184
g° C )
( 8° C )
M metal ∆ T metal 10.2 g (−55° C )
J
C metal =1.19
g°C
Average Specific Heat of J J
1.19 +1.22
Metal g° C g°C
Average C metal =
2
J
Average C metal =1.205
g°C

Part B: Trial 1

Heat Evolved J
q=−mc ∆ T Q=−100 g 4.18
g° C (
( 8.25 ° C ) )
Q=−3448.5 J ∨−3.45 kJ
Moles of OH- mol 1L
−¿
OH =50 mL ( 1000mL )( 1 molOH
1L )
¿

mol OH −¿
=0.05 mol OH ¿

Moles of H2O
mol H O=0.05 mol OH
2 ( 11mol H O
mol OH )
2

mol H O=0.05 mol H 2 O

2
∆HB −3.45 kJ
∆ H B=
0.05 mol H 2 O
kJ
∆ H B=−69
mol H 2 O

Average ∆HB kJ kJ
−69 −69
mol H 2 O mol H 2 O
Average ∆ H B=
2
kJ
Average ∆ H B=−69
mol H 2 O

Part C: Trial 1

Moles of Salt
mol NaCl =5 g ( 1 mol58.4NaCl
g )
mol NaCl =0.086 mol NaCl
Temperature Change of ∆ T =23.2 ° C−31.2 ° C
Solution ∆ T =−8° C
∆ T =T f −T i
Heat Change of Water J
q=mc ∆T (
q=19.41 g 4.18
g° C )
(−8° C )
q=−649 J
Heat Change of Salt J
q=mc ∆T (
q=5 g 0.864
g°C )
(−8 ° C )
q=−34.6 J
Total Enthalpy Change q total =−649 J −34.6 J
q total=q water −q salt ∆ T =−683.6 J

∆Hs −683.6 J
∆ H s=
total enthalpy change 0.086 mol NaCl
∆ H s=
moles of salt J
∆ H s=7948.8
mol NaCl
Average ∆Hs J J
7948.8 + 6760.5
mol NaCl mol NaCl
Average ∆ H s=
2
J
Average ∆ H s=7354.7
mol NaCl