Activity 1

Computer 7
By: Gene Lorenz Sarmiento
1.HTML(My favorite language)
Introduction
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard markup language for
documents designed to be displayed in a web browser. It can be assisted by
technologies such as Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and scripting
languages such as JavaScript.
a.
HTML can embed programs written in a scripting language such as JavaScript,
which affects the behavior and content of web pages. Inclusion of CSS defines
the look and layout of content. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), former
maintainer of the HTML and current maintainer of the CSS standards, has
encouraged the use of CSS over explicit presentational HTML since 1997.[2]
b. & c

In 1980, physicist Tim Berners-Lee, a contractor at CERN, proposed and

prototyped ENQUIRE, a system for CERN researchers to use and share
documents. In 1989, Berners-Lee wrote a memo proposing an Internet-
based hypertext system.[3] Berners-Lee specified HTML and wrote the browser
and server software in late 1990. That year, Berners-Lee and CERN data
systems engineer Robert Cailliau collaborated on a joint request for funding, but
the project was not formally adopted by CERN. In his personal notes[4] from 1990
he listed[5] "some of the many areas in which hypertext is used" and put an
encyclopedia first
D.(HTML 5)
E.

The World Wide Web is composed primarily of HTML documents transmitted

from web servers to web browsers using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
However, HTTP is used to serve images, sound, and other content, in addition to
HTML. To allow the web browser to know how to handle each document it
receives, other information is transmitted along with the document. This meta
data usually includes the MIME
type (e.g., text/html or application/xhtml+xml) and the character
encoding (see Character encoding in HTML).

2. JS (Javascript)
Intro
JavaScript (/ˈdʒɑːvəˌskrɪpt/),[6] often abbreviated as JS, is a programming
language that conforms to the ECMAScript specification.[7] JavaScript is high-
level, often just-in-time compiled, and multi-paradigm. It has curly-bracket
syntax, dynamic typing, prototype-based object-orientation, and first-class
functions.
a.
As a multi-paradigm language, JavaScript supports event-driven, functional,
and imperative programming styles. It has application programming
interfaces (APIs) for working with text, dates, regular expressions, standard data
structures, and the Document Object Model (DOM). However, the language itself
does not include any input/output (I/O), such as networking, storage,
or graphics facilities, as the host environment (usually a web browser) provides
those APIs.
JavaScript engines were originally used only in web browsers, but they are now
embedded in some servers, usually via Node.js. They are also embedded in a
variety of applications created with frameworks such as Electron and Cordova.
Although there are similarities between JavaScript and Java, including language
name, syntax, and respective standard libraries, the two languages are distinct
and differ greatly in design.
b. & c
The Mosaic web browser was released in 1993. As the first browser with
a graphical user interface accessible to non-technical people, it played a
prominent role in the rapid growth of the nascent World Wide Web.[10] The lead
developers of Mosaic then founded the Netscape corporation, which released a
more polished browser, Netscape Navigator, in 1994. Navigator quickly became
the most used browser.[11]
During these formative years of the Web, web pages could only be static, lacking
the capability for dynamic behavior after the page was loaded in the browser.
There was a desire in the burgeoning web development scene to remove this
limitation, so in 1995, Netscape decided to add a scripting language to Navigator.
They pursued two routes to achieve this: collaborating with Sun Microsystems to
embed the Java programming language, while also hiring Brendan Eich to
embed the Scheme language.[12]
D
.
e.
JavaScript supports much of the structured programming syntax
from C (e.g.,  if  statements,  while  loops,  switch  statements,  do
while  loops, etc.). One partial exception is scoping: JavaScript originally had
only function scoping with  var . ECMAScript 2015 added
keywords  let  and  const  for block scoping, meaning JavaScript now has both
function and block scoping. Like C, JavaScript makes a distinction
between expressions and statements. One syntactic difference from C
is automatic semicolon insertion, which allows the semicolons that would
normally terminate statements to be omitted.[38]
3.
Python
a. - c
Python was conceived in the late 1980s[35] by Guido van Rossum at Centrum
Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) in the Netherlands as a successor to the ABC
language (itself inspired by SETL),[36] capable of exception handling and
interfacing with the Amoeba operating system.[8] Its implementation began in
December 1989.[37] Van Rossum shouldered sole responsibility for the project, as
the lead developer, until 12 July 2018, when he announced his "permanent
vacation" from his responsibilities as Python's Benevolent Dictator For Life, a title
the Python community bestowed upon him to reflect his long-term commitment
as the project's chief decision-maker.[38] He now shares his leadership as a
member of a five-person steering council.[39][40][41] In January 2019, active Python
core developers elected Brett Cannon, Nick Coghlan, Barry Warsaw, Carol
Willing and Van Rossum to a five-member "Steering Council" to lead the project.
[42]

d.

e.

Python is a multi-paradigm programming language. Object-oriented

programming and structured programming are fully supported, and many of its
features support functional programming and aspect-oriented
programming (including by metaprogramming[49] and metaobjects (magic
methods)).[50] Many other paradigms are supported via extensions,
including design by contract[51][52] and logic programming.[53]

4. Java
a.
James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java language
project in June 1991.[23] Java was originally designed for interactive television, but
it was too advanced for the digital cable television industry at the time.[24] The
language was initially called Oak after an oak tree that stood outside Gosling's
office. Later the project went by the name Green and was finally renamed Java,
from Java coffee, the coffee from Indonesia.[25] Gosling designed Java with
a C/C++-style syntax that system and application programmers would find
familiar.[26]
b. & c

Sun Microsystems released the first public implementation as Java 1.0 in 1996.
[27]
 It promised Write Once, Run Anywhere (WORA) functionality, providing no-
cost run-times on popular platforms. Fairly secure and featuring configurable
security, it allowed network- and file-access restrictions. Major web
browsers soon incorporated the ability to run Java applets within web pages, and
Java quickly became popular. The Java 1.0 compiler was re-written in
Java by Arthur van Hoff to comply strictly with the Java 1.0 language
specification.[28] With the advent of Java 2 (released initially as J2SE 1.2 in
December 1998 – 1999), new versions had multiple configurations built for
different types of platforms. J2EE included technologies and APIs for enterprise
applications typically run in server environments, while J2ME featured APIs
optimized for mobile applications. The desktop version was renamed J2SE. In
2006, for marketing purposes, Sun renamed new J2 versions as Java EE, Java
ME, and Java SE, respectively.
D.

e.

One design goal of Java is portability, which means that programs written for the
Java platform must run similarly on any combination of hardware and operating
system with adequate run time support. This is achieved by compiling the Java
language code to an intermediate representation called Java bytecode, instead
of directly to architecture-specific machine code. Java bytecode instructions are
analogous to machine code, but they are intended to be executed by a virtual
machine (VM) written specifically for the host hardware. End users commonly
use a Java Runtime Environment (JRE) installed on their machine for standalone
Java applications, or in a web browser for Java applets.
5. C programming language
a.
The origin of C is closely tied to the development of the Unix operating system,
originally implemented in assembly language on a PDP-7 by Dennis Ritchie and
Ken Thompson, incorporating several ideas from colleagues. Eventually, they
decided to port the operating system to a PDP-11. The original PDP-11 version
of Unix was also developed in assembly language.[5]
b.

Dennis Ritchie (right), the inventor of the C programming language, with Ken Thompson

c.

Like most procedural languages in the ALGOL tradition, C has facilities

for structured programming and allows lexical variable scope and recursion. Its
static type system prevents unintended operations. In C, all executable code is
contained within subroutines (also called "functions", though not strictly in the
sense of functional programming). Function parameters are always passed by
value. Pass-by-reference is simulated in C by explicitly passing pointer values. C
program source text is free-format, using the semicolon as
a statement terminator and curly braces for grouping blocks of statements.
d.

E.
C is an imperative procedural language. It was designed to be compiled to
provide low-level access to memory and language constructs that map efficiently
to machine instructions, all with minimal runtime support. Despite its low-level
capabilities, the language was designed to encourage cross-
platform programming. A standards-compliant C program written
with portability in mind can be compiled for a wide variety of computer platforms
and operating systems with few changes to its source code.
E E.
C is an imperative procedural language. It was designed to be compiled to
provide low-level access to memory and language constructs that map efficiently
to machine instructions, all with minimal runtime support. Despite its low-level
capabilities, the language was designed to encourage cross-
platform programming. A standards-compliant C program written
with portability in mind can be compiled for a wide variety of computer platforms
and operating systems with few changes to its source code.