AMITY UNIVERSITY

LUCKNOW

Communication Client Interviewing

Counselling and Advocacy Skills
Assignment
Submitted to:- Submitted by:-
Juhi Ma’am Harshit Kumar
A8111116075
BA.LLB(H) 4th
Semester sec B

AMITY UNIVERSITY
LUCKNOW
 AMITY LAW SCHOOL

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Harshit
Kumar, a student of BA.LLB 4th
semester has successfully completed
the research on the project Attitude
under the guidance of Ms. Juhi
Saxena during the year 2017-18 for
consideration in 4th semester
examination conducted by Amity
law school, Lucknow

Signature of examiner

Acknowledgement
The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of
guidance and assistance from many people and I am
extremely privileged to have got this all along the completion
of my project. All that I have done is only due to such
supervision and assistance and I would not forget to thank
them.
 I respect and thank Juhi ma’am, for providing me an
opportunity to do the project work in and giving us all
support and guidance which made me complete the project
duly. I am extremely thankful to her for providing such a nice
support and guidance, although he had busy schedule
managing the corporate affairs. I owe my deep gratitude to
our project guide , who took keen interest on our project work
and guided us all along, till the completion of our project work
by providing all the necessary information for developing a
good system.I would not forget to remember for their
encouragement and more over for their timely support and
guidance till the completion of our project work.I heartily
thank our internal project guide, for her/his guidance and
suggestions during this project work.I am thankful to and
fortunate enough to get constant encouragement, support
and guidance from all Teaching staffs of which helped us in
successfully completing our project work. Also, I would like
to extend our sincere esteems to all staff for their timely
support.

ATTITUDE

An attitude is a positive; negative or mixed evaluation of an object

that is expressed at some level of intensity. It is an expression of
favorable or unfavorable evaluation of a person, place, thing or
event.
These are fundamental determinants of our perceptions of, and
actions toward all aspects of our social environment. Attitudes
involve a complex organization of evaluative beliefs, feelings, and
tendencies toward certain actions.
How much we like or dislike something determines our behavior
towards that thing.
We tend to approach, seek out or be associated with things we
like; we avoid, shun or reject things we do not like.
Some examples of attitudes are- he has a positive attitude about
the changes, she is friendly and has a good attitude, he was
showing some attitude during practice today, so the coach
benched him, I like my friends that means I am expressing my
attitudes towards my friends, etc.

Definition of Attitude
According to Gordon Allport, “An attitude is a mental and neural
state of readiness, organized through experience, exerting a
directive or dynamic influence upon the individual’s response to all
objects and situations with which it is related.”
According to Si P. Robbins – “Attitude is manner, disposition,
feeling and position with regard to a person or thing, tendency or
orientation especially in the mind.”
Frank Freeman said, “An attitude is a dispositional readiness to
respond to certain institutions, persons or objects in a consistent
manner which has been learned and has become one’s typical
mode of response.”
Thurstone said, “An attitude denotes the sum total of man’s
inclinations and feelings, prejudice or bias, pre-conCeived notions,
ideas, fears, threats and other any specific topic.”
Anastasi defined attitude as, “A tendency to react favorably or
unfavorably towards a designated class of stimuli, such as a
national or racial group, a custom or an institution.”
According to N.L. Munn, “Attitudes are learned predispositions
towards aspects of our environment. They may be positively or
negatively directed towards certain people, service or institution.”

Attitude is composed of three components, which include,

Cognitive component
 Basically, the cognitive component is capable of being reduced
to empirical factual knowledge.

Emotional component,

It is based on the feelings.

Behavioral Component.

It replicates and reflects our behavior.

Sailent features
1. Attitudes refer to feelings and beliefs of individuals or groups of
individuals. For example “He has a poor attitude”, “I like her
attitude.”
2. The feeling’s and beliefs are directed towards other people,
objects or ideas. When a person says, “I like my Job”. It shows that
he has a positive attitude towards his job. 

3. Attitudes often result in and affect the behaviour or action of the

people. Attitudes can lead to intended behaviour if there are no
external interventions. 

4. Attitudes constitute a psychological phenomenon which cannot

be directly observed. However, an attitude can be observed
indirectly by observing its consequences. For example, if a person
is very regular in his job, we may infer that he likes his job very
much. 

5. Attitudes are gradually acquired over a period of time. The

process of learning attitude starts right from childhood and
continues throughout the life of a person. In the beginning the
family members may have a greater impact on the attitude of a
child.

6. Attitudes are evaluative statements, either favourable or

unfavourable. When a person says he likes or dislikes something
or somebody, an attitude is being expressed. 

7. All people, irrespective of their status and intelligence hold

attitudes. 

8. An attitude may be unconsciously held. Most of our attitudes

may be about those which we are not clearly aware. Prejudice
furnishes a good example.

Types of Attitude
Positive Attitude

The Persons, who will be possessing positive behavior, will

explore good things in others and will not go after negativity. This
type of attitude is comprised of the following things;

1- The people with positive attitude move forward with confidence

and optimism.
2—They remain happy and cheerful. 
3—Their dealings with others is comprised of Sincerity.
4—They are blessed with sense of responsibility
5—They remain flexible in their approach.
6—They remain determined in their tasks.
7—They are the most Reliable persons.
8—Tolerance is another hallmark of their personality.
9—On account of their flexibility, they remain Willing to adapt
according to the new challenges and situations.
10—They are very modest and keep themselves in low profile,
even though they are not low profiled.
11—Such persons exercise great degree of diligence.

Negative Attitude

Such type of persons will always be searching weaker elements of

others personality and are not inclined towards positive elements.
Their focus remain on bad people and avoids good People.. Also,
they are likely to complain about changes, rather than adapting to
the changing environment. Also, they might blame their failure on
others.

  Such type of persons are always prone to extreme degree of

anger and carry the sentiments of hatred for others. Their
approach is choked with pessimism and their behaviour is fraught
with frustration. They are always doubts about the credibility of
others and remain jealous of others achievements. They feel
others inferior and hence are suffering a self styled superiority
complex.        

Neutral Attitude

Such types of persons are very balanced in their approach. They

remain indifferent to problems and wait for others intervention
regarding resolutions. Such type of persons remains self satisfied
and complacent. Their attitude is composed of indifference and
detachment. An other striking element of their attitude is serene
and unemotional type of posture which makes them very
balanced. 

It must be noted that there is a very thin line between personality

traits and attitude. While the former are more rigid and permanent,
the latter may change with different situations and experiences in
life. So, attitudes are learned and acquired. Also, attitude could be
explicit or implicit. Attitude at an unconscious level that might be
unknown to us, and is formed involuntarily is referred to as implicit
attitude. On the other hand, explicit attitude refers to the attitude at
a conscious level. Implicit attitude might be attributed to past
experiences or influences.

It must be noted that one's behavior might not always reflect one's
attitude. However, studies have suggested that people might
change their behavior, if the inconsistencies between their beliefs
and behavior are pointed out to them. In general, a positive
attitude is most likely to have a good effect on one's behavior.

Attitude. For that, one would need to change the way he/she
thinks, feels, or behaves. However, changing the way one feels is
not that easy. The affective component of attitude is powerful and
difficult to control.

Sikken Attitude

This is most dangerous attitude because reflects the state of

mind’s negativity and possess enough potential to destroy the
image of every related thing coming in mind. Sometimes it is
assumed somewhat synonymous to negative attitude because it is
more destructive than the negative attitude.
The person carrying this type of attitude cannot alter or amend
ones opinion because of its penetration at the base level.

Formation of attitude
1. Direct Personal Experience
A person’s direct experience with the attitude object determines his
attitude towards it. The personal experience of an individual,
whether it is favourable or unfavourable, will affect his attitude
deeply. These attitudes which are based on personal experience
are difficult to change. 

For example, an individual joins a new job, which is recommended

to him by his friend. But when he joins the job, he find his work
repetitive, supervisors too tough and co-workers not so co-
operative, he would develop a negative attitude towards his job,
because the quality of his direct experience with the job is
negative. 

2. Association
Sometimes an individual comes across a new attitude object which
may be associated with an old attitude object. In such a case, the
attitude towards the old attitude object may be transferred towards
the new attitude object. For example, if a new worker remains
most of the time in the company of a worker, who is in the good
books of the supervisor, and towards whom the supervisor has a
positive attitude, the supervisor is likely to develop a favourable
attitude towards the new worker also. Hence the positive attitude
for the old worker has been transferred towards the new worker
because of the association between the old and the new worker. 
3. Family and Peer Groups
Attitudes like values are acquired from parents, teachers and peer
group members. In our early years, we begin modeling our
attitudes after those we admire, respect or may be even fear. We
observe the way our family and friends behave and we shape our
attitudes and behaviour to align with theirs. We do so even without
being told to do so and even without having direct experience.
Similarly, attitudes are acquired from peer groups in colleges and
organisations. For example, if the right thing is to visit “Hot
Millions”, or the “Domino’s”, you are likely to hold that attitude. If
your parents support one political party, without being told to do
so, you automatically start favouring that party. 

4. Neighbourhood
The neighbourhood in which we live has certain cultural
facilities, religious groupings and ethnic differences. Further, it
has people, who are neighbours. These people may be
Northerners, Southerners etc. The people belonging to
different cultures have different attitudes and behaviours.
Some of these we accept and some of these we deny and
possibly rebel. The conformity or rebellion in some respects is
the evidence of the attitudes we hold. 

5. Economic Status and Occupations

The economic status and occupational position of the individual
also affect his attitude formation. Our socio-economic background
influences our present and future attitudes. Research findings have
shown that unemployment disturbs former religious and economic
values. Children of professional class tend to be conservatives.
Respect for the laws of the country is associated with increased
years of higher education. 
6. Mass Communications
Attitudes are generally less stable as compared to values.
Advertising messages for example, attempt to alter the attitude of
the people toward a certain product or service. For example, if the
people at Hyundai Santro can get you to hold a favourable feeling
toward their cars, that attitude may lead to a desirable behaviour
(for them)-your purchase of a Santro car.