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Lesson 2 Vector Spaces PDF

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309 views15 pages

Lesson 2 Vector Spaces PDF

Uploaded by

Shela Ramos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson2

Matrices: Vector spaces and linear


independence
PP 9 - 14
Vector spaces
 In Physics: v  60km/h north
 In basic maths:
a  3; 2  a vector in 2D
b  2; 1;5  a vector in 3D
 In general: x  a1 ,a 2 ,...,a n  is a
vector in n-space with every a i a real
number

CopyRight: TUT - EL Voges 2


Notation
 R n
: the set of all vectors in n - space
 R 2 : the set of all vectors in the form  a, b 
 NB! “Vector” can refer to almost
anything – a set of real numbers,
a set of complex numbers,
a set of matrices ect.

CopyRight: TUT - EL Voges 3


What is a vector space?
If V is a set of elements on which two
operations called vector addition and
vector multiplication are defined then V is
a vector space if the eight axioms on
page 10 are satisfied.

A vector space is a set of elements

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Example 1
Examples of vector spaces
 The set of real numbers, R

 The set of ordered pairs, R²

 The set of triples, R³

 The set of complex numbers, C


n

 The set of all m  n matrices

 The set of all polynomials of degree n

CopyRight: TUT - EL Voges 5


Linear dependence

c  k1 a  k2 b
 “Linear combination” - scalar
multiplication and vector addition.
 
The set of vectors a, b, c is linearly 
dependent.

CopyRight: TUT - EL Voges 6


Linear independence
Consider the set of vectors  x1 ; x 2 ;...x n 
The set is linearly independent if and
only if
k1 x1  k2 x 2  ...kn x n  0
 k1  k2  ...  kn  0

CopyRight: TUT - EL Voges 7


Example 2a
Show that the unit vectors i and j in
two dimensions is linearly independent.

Note: Geometrically i and j are


perpendicular and thus not multiples of
one another

CopyRight: TUT - EL Voges 8


Example 2
b) Are a  2;6  and b  1; 3 
linearly independent?

c) Show that a  1;1;1  , b  2; 1; 4 


and c  5; 2;7  are linearly
dependent.

CopyRight: TUT - EL Voges 9


Example 2d
 Test the following set for linear
independence

 1   1   1  
      
 0  ,  2 ,  2 
 0   0   3 
      

CopyRight: TUT - EL Voges 10


Basis and dimension
Basis: consider the set B   x1 ; x 2 ;...; x n 
of vectors, denoted by S  x1 ; x 2 ;...; x n 
in a vector space V. If this set is linearly
independent in V such that
S  x1 ; x 2 ;...; x n   V
Then B is called a basis for V.

CopyRight: TUT - EL Voges 11


Basis and dimension
 Every vector y in V can be written as a
unique linear combination
y  k1 x1  k2 x 2  ...kn x n
 Any other basis of V must also contain
n linearly independent vectors
 The vector space has dimension n
(the number of vectors in a basis)

CopyRight: TUT - EL Voges 12


Example 3a
Is the following set a basis for a three
dimensional Euclidean space? Motivate.

 1   1   3  
      
 0  ,  2 ,  2 
 1   3   5  
      

CopyRight: TUT - EL Voges 13


Example 3b
Is the following set a basis for a three
dimensional Euclidean space? Motivate.

 1   1   1  
      
 0  ,  2 ,  2 
 0   0   3 
      

CopyRight: TUT - EL Voges 14


Next Week
 Revise eigenvalues and eigenvectors
(Maths III)
 Note available on myTUTor
 Class test 1a

CopyRight: TUT - EL Voges 15

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