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ss1 Furthermathsnote What Is logic.-WPS Office

The document discusses logical reasoning and key concepts in logic. It defines logic as the science of reasoning, which involves drawing conclusions from premises using inference. An example of a simple logical argument is presented. Logical reasoning uses a rational series of steps and statements to arrive at a conclusion. In mathematical logic, symbols are used to represent statements and determine validity. Key concepts discussed include sentences, statements, logical operators, negation, conjunction, disjunction, conditionals, and biconditionals. Examples are provided to illustrate each concept.

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1K views

ss1 Furthermathsnote What Is logic.-WPS Office

The document discusses logical reasoning and key concepts in logic. It defines logic as the science of reasoning, which involves drawing conclusions from premises using inference. An example of a simple logical argument is presented. Logical reasoning uses a rational series of steps and statements to arrive at a conclusion. In mathematical logic, symbols are used to represent statements and determine validity. Key concepts discussed include sentences, statements, logical operators, negation, conjunction, disjunction, conditionals, and biconditionals. Examples are provided to illustrate each concept.

Uploaded by

cauchyfj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Topic Logical Reasoning

What is logic.

The dictionary meaning of logic is the science of reasoning. Reasoning is a special kind of thinking called
inference, in which conclusions are drawn from the premise.

Example.

All dogs have four legs.Bingo is a dog.Therefore ,Bingo has Four legs

The premises of the above argument are all dogs have four legs and bingo is a dog. The conclusion is
Bingo has four legs.

Logical reasoning is the process of using a rational series of steps based on mathematical procedures,
and given statements to arrive at a conclusion

In mathematical logic or symbolic logic. We used symbols to represents statements or positions and
determine if the statements are valid or not.

What is a sentence

A set of words that is complete in itself, typically containing a subject and predicate, conveying a
statement, question, exclamation, or command, and consisting of a main clause and sometimes one or
more subordinate clauses.

Examples

1. What a lovely day. ( An Exclamation)

2. 2 is an even number ( Declarative statement)

3. Closed the door ( a command)

4. How old are you?..( Question)

In this subject we would consider only declarative statement whose truth value can be obtained.

What is a Statement.

A statement is a declarative sentence which is either true or false but not both simultaneously.In
mathematical logic, statements/propositions are denoted by p,q, r,..

1.1 Simple statement.

A simple statement is a statement which can not be broken into two or more statements. Examples are;

1.Nigeria is a country in Africa.


2. 6+5=11

3. Five is a prime number

1.2 Compound Statements.

A Compound statement is the one which is made up of two or more simple statements

Examples.

1.Two is an even number and Five is an odd number

2. Asaba is the capital of Delta state and Nigeria is the Largest country in the world.

3. If it rains today then I will use an umbrella

4. A square is a quadrilateral and All quadrilaterals have four sides

5. Cairo is in Egypt or 8 is an odd number.

1.3 Logical operators and symbols

Logical operators also called connective are word or symbol used to join two simple statements to form
a compound statement

Formal Name Symbol Read Symbolic form

Negation ~ Not ~p

Conjunction ∧ and p ∧ q

Disjunction ∨ Or p∨q

Conditional → If .. Then p→q

Biconditional ↔ If and only if p↔q

1.4 Negation, Conjunction, Conditional and Biconditional

1.4.1 Negation. : The negation of a true statement is false while negation of a statement that is false is
true. If p is true then the negation of p is not p , denoted by ~p.

Example

p: An apple is a fruit

~p : An apple is not a fruit


1.4.2 Conjunction. A compound statement formed when two simple statements are joined with the
word " and ". The Conjunction of p and q is denoted by

p ∧ q.

Example A square has four sides and A triangle has 3 sides

P: A square has four sides

q : A triangle has 3 sides

Thus. p ∧ q implies A square has four sides and A triangle has 3 sides

1.4.3 Disjunction: A compound statement formed by connecting two simple statements with the word "
or". OnThe disjunction of two statements is denoted by p ∨ q.

Example. Eze likes eating beans or rice

P: Eze likes eating beans

q : Eze likes eating rice

Thus. p ∨ q : Eze likes eating beans or yam

Conditional Statement: A Conditional Statement is a statement containing ' if ....then ....' .In
orderq.words, a Conditional Statement is a statement of the form " if p, then q.This can be symbolically
written as p → q

Example if it rains today, then I will get an umbrella

p: it rains today

q: I will get an umbrella

p → q impliumbrella rains today ,then I will get an umbrella

Bi Conditional Statement: Two compound statements are said to be equivalent if and only if they have
the same truth value. Is p implies q and q implies p. A Biconditional ( Equivalent) statements is written
symbolically as p↔q or q↔p

Example

P :The polygon has only four sides

q The polygon is a quadrilateral.

The polygon has only four sides if and only if the polygon is a quadrilateral. The polygon is a
quadrilateral if and only if the polygon has only four sides

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