Scribd
Upload
168 views2 pages

1.5 Complex Trigonometric Function PDF

1. Complex trigonometric functions like cos(z), sin(z), etc. are defined using Euler's formulas and extend the definitions of real trigonometric functions to complex numbers. 2. These complex trigonometric functions are periodic, follow addition formulas, and have derivatives similar to their real counterparts. 3. Complex hyperbolic functions are also defined and are related to complex trigonometric functions.

Uploaded by

mike jestre
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
168 views2 pages

1.5 Complex Trigonometric Function PDF

1. Complex trigonometric functions like cos(z), sin(z), etc. are defined using Euler's formulas and extend the definitions of real trigonometric functions to complex numbers. 2. These complex trigonometric functions are periodic, follow addition formulas, and have derivatives similar to their real counterparts. 3. Complex hyperbolic functions are also defined and are related to complex trigonometric functions.

Uploaded by

mike jestre
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

1.

4 Complex Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions


Note: complex trigonometric, hyperbolic, and exponential computation should be done in radian
mode.
Just as ez extends ex to complex, we want the complex trigonometric functions (i.e.
cos z , sin z , tan z , sec z , csc z , and cot z ) to extend the familiar real trigonometric function (e.g.
cos x , sin x , etc. ) The idea of making the connection is the use of the Euler formulas (Sec. 1.4)
ejy = cos y + j sin y , e−jy = cos y − j sin y
By addition and subtraction of we obtain for the real cosine and sine
cos y = 21 (ejy + e−jy ) , sin y = j21 (ejy − e−jy ) .
This suggests the following definitions for complex values z = x + j y : (i.e. change the real number y
in the equation above to complex number z )
cos z = 21 (ejz + e−jz ) , sin z = j21 (ejz − e−jz ) . (1)
Furthermore, as in calculus we define
tan z = sin z
cos z , cot cot z = cos z
sin z (2)
and
sec z = cos1 z , csc csc z = 1
sin z (3)

Since ez is entire or has value for all complex numbers, cos z and sin z are entire functions.
tan z , sec z, cot z , and csc z are not entire functions. tan z and sec z are analytic except where
cos z is zero. cot z and csc z are analytic except where sin z is zero.
Derivatives of Complex Trigonometric Functions
′
Formulas for the derivatives follow readily from (ez ) = ez and equations (1)-(3); just like in calculus,
′ ′ ′
(cos z ) =− sin z , (sin z ) = cos z , (tan z ) = sec2 z, (4)
etc.
Euler’s Formula in Complex
Equation (1) also shows that Euler’s formula is valid in complex:
ejz = cos z + j sin z (f or all z) (5)
Real and Imaginary Part of Complex Trigonometric Functions
cos z = cos x cosh y − j sin x sinh y (6a)
sin z = sin x cosh y + j cos x sinh y (6b)
Absolute Value of Trigonometric Functions
2 2
|cos z | = cos2 x + sin y (7a)
2 2 2
|sin z | = sin x + sinh y (7b)
Periodicity of Trigonometric Functions
From (6) we see that cos z and sin z are ​periodic with period 2π , just as in real. While tan z and
cot z are ​periodic with period π .
Example 1.
Solve cos z = 5 (which has no real number solution!)
Solution: The real part of cos z = 5 is 5 , while the imaginary part is 0 . From equation (6a)
cos x cosh y = 5, (8a)
sin x sinh y = 0. (8b)
Since there is no real number solution, y cannot be equal to zero. It follows that (8b) is only equal to
0 if sin x = 0 . Therefore, x = ±(0, 2π, 4π, 6π, …) . It is not equal to (±π, 3π, 5π, …) since from (8a),
(-1) cosh y = 5 is undefined. With the values of x already established, (8a) becomes cosh y = 5 .
Therefore y = ±2.292 . The solution of cos z = 5 is therefore z = ±2nπ±j2.292 f or n = 0, 1, 2, 3, … .
It is periodic with period 2π .
Example 2.
Solve cos z = 0 . Since |cos z | = 0 , by (7a) it follows that cos x = 0 and sinh y = 0 . Therefore,
y=0 and x = ± ( π2 , 3π
2 , 2 , …)
5π . The solution of cos z = 0 is therefore
π
z = ± 2 (2n + 1) f or n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
The solution is a real number.
Example 3.
Solve sin z = 0 . Since |sin z | = 0 , by (7b) it follows that sin x = 0 and sinh y = 0 . Therefore,
y=0 and x = ±(0, 2π, 4π, 6π, …) . The solution of sin z = 0 is therefore
z = ±2nπ f or n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
The solution is a real number.
From Examples 2&3, it is clear that the only zeros of cos cos z and sin z are those of the real
cosine and sine functions.
General formulas ​for the real trigonometric functions continue to hold for the complex values.​ In
particular, the addition rule
cos (z 1 ± z 2 ) = cos z 1 cos z 2 ∓ sin z 1 sin z 2 (9a)
sin (z 1 ± z 2 ) = sin z 1 cos z 2 ± sin z 2 cos z 1 (9b)
and the formula
cos2 z + sin2 z = 1. (10)

Hyperbolic Functions
From calculus,
cosh y = 21 (ey + e−y ) , sinh y = 21 (ey − e−y )
These suggest the definition for ​complex hyperbolic cosine ​and ​sine ​formulas
cosh z = 21 (ez + e−z ) , sinh z = 21 (ez − e−z ) (11)
These functions are entire, with derivatives
′ ′
(cosh z) = sinz , (sinh z) = cosz , (12)
The other hyperbolic functions are defined by
sinh z
tanh z = cosh coth coth z = cosh z z = cosh1 z z = 1 (13)
z sinh z sinh z

Relationship of Complex Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions


If in (11), we replace z by j z and use (1), we obtain
cosh jz = cos z , sinh jz = j sin z (14)
Conversely,
cos jz = cosh z , sin jz = j sinh z (15)
Example 4.
Find cosh (− 3 − j 6) .
From (11),
cosh (− 3 − j 6) = 21 (e−3−j6 + e3+j6 ) = 21 ([e−3 (cos − 6 + j sin − 6 )] + [e3 (cos 6 + j sin 6 )])
Then do the computations to get the answer in rectangular or standard form.

You might also like