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Wien Bridge Oscillator

The Wien-bridge oscillator uses a lead-lag circuit to generate sinusoidal oscillations. It functions as a non-inverting amplifier with feedback provided by the lead-lag circuit. At resonance, the lead and lag circuits cancel out, providing maximum feedback. This causes sustained oscillations at the resonant frequency. The oscillator incorporates automatic gain control to regulate the amplitude of oscillations.

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Ijaz Talib
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72 views3 pages

Wien Bridge Oscillator

The Wien-bridge oscillator uses a lead-lag circuit to generate sinusoidal oscillations. It functions as a non-inverting amplifier with feedback provided by the lead-lag circuit. At resonance, the lead and lag circuits cancel out, providing maximum feedback. This causes sustained oscillations at the resonant frequency. The oscillator incorporates automatic gain control to regulate the amplitude of oscillations.

Uploaded by

Ijaz Talib
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WIEN-BRIDGE OSCILLATOR

Type: It is a sinusoidal feedback oscillator.


Construction: The fundamental part of this oscillator is a lead-lag circuit, as shown. R1 and C1
together form the lag portion of the circuit; while R2 and C2 form the lead portion.

i) At lower frequencies, lead portion is dominant attenuator: At low frequencies, the X1


(reactance of C1) is large, so larger portion of the input voltage is dropped across C1 and only a
small voltage is obtained across the output impedance (parallel-combination of R2 and C2).
ii) At higher frequencies, lag portion is dominant attenuator: At high frequencies, the X2
(reactance of C2) is small. This makes the output impedance (parallel-combination of R2 and C2)
small, and as a consequence, the voltage obtained across the output impedance is also small.
iii) At resonant frequency, lead and lag portions cancel out each other’s attenuation effect: At
an intermediate frequency, called as resonant frequency (fr), the attenuation effects by lead and
lag portions of the lead-lag circuit cancel out each other’s effect, so maximum output voltage is
obtained.
If R1=R2= R and C1=C2= C then X1=X2 and it can be seen that

1
Resonance frequency  fr 
2πRC

At this resonance frequency, the phase shift introduced by feedback factor is oo. This ensures that
the feedback is positive which is necessary to convert an amplifier into an oscillator. Also, at
resonance frequency the feedback factor is minimum, and is given by

Vf R2
Feedback factor/attenuation factor  β  
Vf R 1  R 2
If we use R1=2R2 then

Vf R2 1
Feedback factor/attenuation factor  β   
Vf 2R 2  R 2 3

Working: The Wien-bridge oscillator circuit can be viewed as a noninverting amplifier


configuration
with the input signal fed back from the output through the lead-lag circuit. As feedback factor 
is minimum at resonance frequency, so the feedback voltage (Vf) is maximum at the resonance
frequency, as shown in the figure. Below resonant frequency, the lead circuit dominates and the
output of the feedback signal (Vf) leads its input voltage (vout), while above resonant frequency,
the lag circuit dominates and the output of the feedback signal (Vf) lags its input voltage (vout).

Condition for Start-up: The loop gain must be greater than 1 so that the oscillations can build
up to the desired level. This demands that initially Av must be greater than 1.

Condition for Sustained Oscillations: Once the oscillations build up to the desired level,
the closed-loop gain must be made equal to 1 (because otherwise, the oscillations will be
distorted due to clipping of the signal). This demands that Av must be made equal to 1.
Loop gain  1
βA v  1
 R2 
  A v  1
 R1  R2 
R  R2
Av  1 3
R2

Automatic Gain Control (AGC) / Self-Adjustment of Loop Gain: Initially, a small


positive feedback signal develops from noise or turn-on transients. The lead-lag circuit permits
only a signal with a frequency equal to appear in phase on the noninverting input. This feedback
signal is amplified and continually reinforced, resulting in a buildup of the output voltage. When
the output signal reaches the Zener breakdown voltage, the Zeners conduct and effectively short
out This lowers the amplifier’s closed loop gain to 3. At this point, the total loop gain is 1 and the
output signal levels off and the oscillation is sustained.

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