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First Order Circuits

First order circuits contain a single energy storing element, either an inductor or capacitor. They are described by first order differential equations. The total response of a first order circuit is the sum of the forced response due to external sources and the natural response of the circuit itself without sources. The time constant is the time required for the response to decay to 36.8% of its initial value, and depends on resistance and inductance (τ=L/R) or resistance and capacitance (τ=RC).

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76 views3 pages

First Order Circuits

First order circuits contain a single energy storing element, either an inductor or capacitor. They are described by first order differential equations. The total response of a first order circuit is the sum of the forced response due to external sources and the natural response of the circuit itself without sources. The time constant is the time required for the response to decay to 36.8% of its initial value, and depends on resistance and inductance (τ=L/R) or resistance and capacitance (τ=RC).

Uploaded by

Effecure Healthcare
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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First Order Circuits

First Order Circuits: First order circuits are circuits which contain only one energy storing element i.e. inductor
or capacitor, and is described by first order differential equations.

Forced response of the circuit: refers to the behaviour of the circuit with the sources turned on.

Natural response of the circuit: refers to the behaviour of the circuit itself, with no external sources of excitation.

Total response of the circuit: sum of the forced response plus the natural response.

Time Constant(𝜏): The time constant of a circuit is the time required for the response to decay to a factor of 1/𝑒
or 36.8% of its initial value.
𝐿
𝜏 = (𝑅𝐿 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑠)
𝑅
𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶 (𝑅𝐶 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑠)

Dr. Anwar Sadat, Electronics Engg Dept , AMU Aligarh


First Order RL Circuits
𝑉
𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 0 + 𝑖(𝑡) =
𝑅
𝑉
𝑙𝑛 = 0 + 𝐴
𝑅
𝑅 𝑉
𝑙𝑛 𝑖 = − 𝑡 + 𝑙𝑛
𝐿 𝑅
𝑅 𝑅
𝑖 𝑉
= 𝑒 − 𝐿 𝑡 or 𝑖 = 𝑅 𝑒 − 𝐿 𝑡
𝑉/𝑅
Current (i) response is exponentially decaying curve determined by R, L
of the circuit as shown in Fig. 3 a tangent to the curve at I0 intersects time
axis at 𝑡 = 𝜏.
𝐿
= 𝜏 𝑠𝑒𝑐 is time constant
The switch is initially placed in position ‘a’ for a long time and current is 𝑅
𝑉 −1 𝑉
IL . The inductor stores energy in the form of electromagnetic field 𝑖 𝜏 = 𝑒 = 0.368
𝑅 𝑅
𝑉
𝑖𝐿 0 − = 𝐼0 = 𝑅
𝑉 −4
𝑖 4𝜏 = 𝑒 = 0.0180𝐼𝑜
Now the switch is changed to position ‘b’ the circuit will become as shown 𝑅
in Fig. 2. the energy stored in inductor gets dissipated gradually through
the resistor. Differential equation for circuit 2 is
𝑑𝑖
𝑅𝑖 𝑡 + 𝐿 = 0
𝑑𝑡

𝑉
𝑖 0+ =
𝑅

𝑑𝑖 𝑅
= − 𝑑𝑡
𝑖 𝐿
𝑅
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑖 = − 𝐿 𝑡 + 𝐴 (where A is a constant)

Dr. Anwar Sadat, Electronics Engg Dept , AMU Aligarh


First Order RC Circuits
The switch is initially placed in position ‘a’ for a long time and the switch is changed to
position ‘b’ the circuit will become as shown in Fig. 2.
Differential equation for circuit 2 is
𝑖𝐶 + 𝑖𝑅 = 0

𝑑𝑉 𝑉
𝐶 + =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑅

𝑑𝑉 1
+ .𝑉 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝐶

𝑑𝑉 1
=− . 𝑑𝑡
𝑉 𝑅𝐶
Integrating both sides
−𝑡
𝑙𝑛 𝑉 = + 𝑙𝑛 𝐴
𝑅𝐶
Where A is the integration constant
𝑉 −𝑡 𝑉
𝑙𝑛 = ⇒ = 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅𝐶
𝐴 𝑅𝐶 𝐴

𝑉 𝑡 = 𝐴. 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅𝐶
At t= 0
𝑉 0 = 𝑉0
𝑉 𝑡 = 𝑉0𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅𝐶

Dr. Anwar Sadat, Electronics Engg Dept , AMU Aligarh

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