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Lesson 1-Introduction To Globalization

Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of people and companies across the world due to advances in transportation and communication technology. It involves economic activities like trade, investment and flow of capital across borders. Globalization can be viewed as a process of compressing time and space that generates worldwide social interdependencies, as a social condition characterized by transplanetary connectivity and supraterritorial relations, and also as an ideology consisting of ideas about the global order. While globalization involves increasing international ties, it differs from internationalization in that some global activities take place outside of nation-states. It also cannot be equated with liberalization, universalization, or westernization alone.

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226 views

Lesson 1-Introduction To Globalization

Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of people and companies across the world due to advances in transportation and communication technology. It involves economic activities like trade, investment and flow of capital across borders. Globalization can be viewed as a process of compressing time and space that generates worldwide social interdependencies, as a social condition characterized by transplanetary connectivity and supraterritorial relations, and also as an ideology consisting of ideas about the global order. While globalization involves increasing international ties, it differs from internationalization in that some global activities take place outside of nation-states. It also cannot be equated with liberalization, universalization, or westernization alone.

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Elma
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Lesson 1 – Introduction to Globalization

What is GLOBALIZATION?

 Giddens – “intensification of worldwide social relations which links distant localities in such a way that local happenings are
shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice-versa” (1996,64).
o Brought about by technological changes, modern transportation and communication technology.
 Robertson – “refers both to the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole”
(1992,8).
 Sunny Levin Institute – “a process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and government of different
nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology.
 It has effects to environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human
physical well-being in societies around the world (Steger,2005).
 Globalization Scholars – argued that internationalization and multinationalization are phases that precede globalization
because the latter heralds the end of the state system as the nucleus of human activities (Grupo de Lisboa, 1994, quoted in De
Souasa Santos, 2002, 68).
o Activities and developments in globalization have taken place outside the formal structures of nation-state.
o Globalization might end the nation-state.
 Economic viewpoint – the phenomenon is dominated by global economic activities like the neoliberal regime, the reduction
of tariffs, the creation of transnational corporations, and improvement of multilateral trade organization.
 Globalization was first used as a term in the academic circles in the decades of 1960s and 1970s (Nederveen Peterse, 2012;
Steger, 2008) but gained worldwide interest in 1990s.

Globalization as a PROCESS

 Viewed as a multidimensional set of social processes that generate and increase “worldwide social interdependencies and
exchanges while at the same time fostering in the people a growing awareness of deepening connections between the local
and the distant’ (Steger, 2003,13).
 Globalization is about the compression of time and space brought about by changes in technology and the political, cultural
and economic aspects of human existence.

Globalization as a CONDITION

 Referred to by scholars as GLOBALITY.


 Globality (Scholte, 2008) – social condition characterized by trans-planetary connectivity and supra-territoriality.
 Trans- planetary- globality is about establishment of social links between people located at different places of our planet.
 Supra- territorial relations – Globality is social connections that transcend territorial geography.
 Globalization as a social condition is characterized by thick economic, political and cultural interconnections and global
flows that render political borders and economic barriers irrelevant (Steger, 2008).

Globalization as an IDEOLOGY

 Steger (2005) following the line of reasoning of globalization scholar Michael Freeden explains that globalization exists in
people’s consciousness because it consists of a set of coherent and complementary ideas and beliefs about the global order.
Globalization is a political belief system that benefits a certain class. He argues that globalization as an ideology is defined by
six 96) core claims:
1. Globalization is about liberalization and global integration of markets.
2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible.
3. Nobody is in charge of globalization
4. Globalization benefits everyone in the long run.
5. Globalization furthers democracy in the world.
6. Globalization requires global war on terror.

MISCONCEPTION about Globalization

 Scholte (2008) clarify the meaning of globalization by telling us what it is not. Below are the misconceptions of
globalization.

Globalization as INTERNATIONALIZATION

 Although both terms are interchangeable, there is a big difference in their meaning.
 Internationalization includes activities by entities such as corporations, states, international organizations, private
organizations, and even individuals with reference to national borders and national government.
 Globalization, on the other hand, includes a gamut of human activities that do not require reference to a state’s national
borders. (Example: Facebook and other social media platforms)

Globalization as LIBERALISM

 Liberalization is commonly understood as the removal of barriers and restrictions imposed by national governments so as to
create an open and borderless world economy.
 Globalization is realized when national governments reduce or abolish regulatory measures like trade barriers, foreign
exchange restrictions, capital controls and visa requirements. (Scholte, 2008)

Globalization as UNIVERSALIZATION and WESTERNIZATION

 A final cul-de-sac appears in the analyzes of globalization when it is thought of as universalization and westernization.
 Universalization denotes a process of spreading various objects, practices and experiences to the different parts of the planet.
There is globalization when things, values and practices have spread worldwide.
 This interpretation of globalization entails homogenization of culture, several indigenous cultures and practices.
 If western modernity spreads and destroys local cultures, this variant of universalization is known as Westernization, neo-
colonialism, Americanization or McDonaldization.
 Universalization is not a new feature of world history. The migration of the human species that took place a million years ago
is one great example of globalization in the ancient times. (example; spread of Christianity and Islam)
 Westernization is not the only path that can be taken by globalization as shown by the studies on oriental globalization.

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