English for Under Graduates

UNIT NUMBER: 1
BEACH ROAD TRAFFIC NIGHTMARE
A Real Incident in 1988

SUMMARY
The people living on Beach Road strongly protest due to the traffic problem, which has made their
lives miserable. One Beach Road was one-way road but now two-way road has been made here, the
load of traffic has also been increased.

These changes were made only last Saturday. These new changes have produced difficulties.
Especially the students are facing great difficulties in crossing the roads because there are a number
of schools on this road. Parents are also facing problems in picking and dropping there children from
schools. All the traffic South to North is passing from Beach these days. The residents have to wait a
longtime to cross the road.

The Government authorities said that these changes have been introduced to make betterment in the
traffic. When they heard the news of protest they paid no attention and expected it could be die down
soon. They also refused to install any traffic signals or a zebra crossing, or an overhead bridge. The
government said that they were monitoring the situation and hoped that the situation would become
normal again as the people of this area got used to the new reality.

The committee of the Beach Road associations is arranging a meeting to discover the way of
fulfillment of their demands or to press the authorities for the cancellation of these new traffic
arrangements.

We will have to wait and see where this situation leads to. The situation is under control and no
incident has taken place yet. We hope that problems facing by the residents of Beach Road will be
solved soon and peacefully.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Q.1 What is an Agenda?

Ans. Writing Agenda:

Agenda – the list of things to be done is basically by origin a Latin word whose parent word
is a plural from of gerundive of agree do. Formally it is list of items of business to be
considered or discussed at a forth coming meeting. Agenda is written before a meeting and it
encompasses all possible issues and matters to be highlighted on.

Agenda provide an ample opportunity and awareness to all the persons who are supposed to
attend the meeting. Agenda is sent to the proposed participants early enough so that if there is
something to work on and worry about may be sought with ample time in hand. Since it
shows the chain of the events or discussion which are supposed to be raised during the

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meeting the concerned persons may complete their homework or bring their quires regarding
the same.

Writing agenda needs delicate skills and broad spectrum of thoughts so that every possible
event may be incorporated in the agenda and nothing remains out of discussion.

Agenda can be defined for each day or it may be given even for some more days if the run in
an unshaken or smooth manner.

Q.2 Why are the residents of Beach Road protesting against the new traffic arrangements?

Ans. The residents of Beach road are protesting against the new traffic arrangements because they
were facing great difficulties due to them. This road used to be one way and there was very
light traffic on this road. Now the situation has become completely changed. It has been
turned into two-way road and heavy traffic is passing from here.

Q.3 Why are parents and their children facing problems in picking and dropping?

Ans. There are many schools on this road. Parents are facing problems in parking. The students
are having great difficulties in parking. The students are getting late for schools. It has also
become very risky for the younger students to go to their schools.

Q.4 What are the reasons that authorities are not paying any attention to the citizens?

Ans. The authorities do not have any resources to provide any facility to the citizens. They have
the opinion that the protest will be die down soon.

Q.5 What are the citizens doing for press there demands?

Ans. The citizens are doing their best to press for their demand. They are conducting meetings,
processions, press conferences and sending their delegates to the concerned authorities.

Q.6 Why the residents are against the new traffic arrangements?

Ans. The residents of Beach Road are against the new traffic arrangements and it is obvious due to
their protest against it through holding meetings, processions, press conferences and sending
their delegates to the concerned.

Q.7 What do you think the conclusion will be?

Ans. The conclusion will be the same it always happens in developing country like Pakistan. The
authorities do not pay any attention to the citizen’s demands and protest. The officers
consider themselves as master and people as their slaves.

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IMPORTANT PASSAGE FOR SEEN COMPREHENSION
Q1. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:

The new arrangements came into force last Monday (Black Monday as another resident
called it) but before then. Beach road was one way road for traffic traveling from south to
north. This suited the residents and the three schools there because not much traffic used that
road. Most used the more convenient Hill Street two blocks to the west, which was also open
only to the traffic traveling from south to north.

But now the things have changed. As from last Monday, Hill Street can only be used for
traffic traveling in the reverse direction. To make matters worse, Park Street which lies
between Hill Street and Beach Road and was pen to two way traffic in now limited to south
bound traffic. As a result all south to north traffic is now squeezed into hitherto peaceful
Beach Road.

Questions:

a) Name the lesson from which the above lines have been taken.
b) Compare new and old traffic arrangements at Beach road, Park Street and Hill Street?
c) State whether the following are true or false:
i. There were four schools at Beach road.
ii. Black Monday was named because it dark everywhere on that day.
iii. Hill Street old traffic route was south to north.
iv. There were two blocks distance between Hill Street and Beach Road.
v. Beach Road was not hitherto peaceful.

Answers:
a) The above lines have been taken from a newspaper article entitled as “Beach Road Traffic
Nightmare Residents Say Stop”. The article shows immense protest of the inhabitants of the
people lived there. They express their protests by showing placards and gathering in large
number on the roads.

b) Old Traffic Arrangements:

Road / Street Beach Road Hill Street Park Street
Direction / Traffic South to North South to North Two way

New Traffic Arrangements:

Road / Street Beach Road Hill Street Park Street
Direction / Traffic South to North North to South North to South

c) i. False ii. False iii. True iv. True v. False

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PAST PAPER SOLUTION FOR
SEEN COMPREHENSION
B.Com (Regular) 2006

Q. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:

Asked if there were any plans to install a pedestrian crossing as already demanded by some
residents the spokesman replied. “We have no such plans at present. However we will be
monitoring the situation carefully and if there seems to be a need for some form of crossing,
it will receive consideration. It should be pointed out however that such a crossing as well as
costing money would interfere with the traffic flow.”

The committee of the Beach Road Residence Association (BRRA) will hold an emergency
meeting tonight to discuss the situation.

Questions:
a) Identify the text from which the above passage has been taken.
b) How could the pedestrian avoid accidents in the situations described in the text?
c) Why is the authority hesitant to install a pedestrian crossing?
d) What does BRRA plan to do at night?

Answers:
a) The above lines have been taken from a newspaper article entitled as “Beach Road Traffic
Nightmare Residents Say Stop”. The article shows immense protest of the inhabitants of the
people lived there. They express their protests by showing placards and gathering in large
number on the roads.

b) The pedestrian could not avoid accidents in the situations described in the text as there is
heavy traffic from midnight to midnight. The only way to remain safe from any accident is to
either install a signal or a pedestrian crossing on the road such steel bridge. However making
provision for “Zebra Crossing” might work a little if the motorist’s follow and compliance
instruction for Zebra Crossing.

c) The authority is hesitant to install a pedestrian crossing because as per the statement of the
spokesman the installation of a pedestrian crossing will act not only an obstacle or hindrance
to the traffic flow but also incurring of heavy cost.

d) Beach Road Residence Association (BRRA) plans to hold on emergency meeting at night so
that issues and problems regarding traffic arrangement can be identified and the possible
solutions for the rectification of these problems.

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English for Under Graduates

UNIT NUMBER: 2
THE AGE OF PROBOT
From Probots and People
The Age of the Personal Robots
By Timothy O. Knight

SUMMARY
Compute have become a common place thing today and so will become robots in only few year’s
time. They will change the life style of man living in the modern world of the 21st century. A robot is
a kind of machine which works like a man. It is constructed in a shape. Which gives a description of
man, today computers are being used in every field of life and therefore a computer with a body and
moving parts with wheels is called Probot. Hence we can say this is the age of Probot.

A personal computer can be changed to a probot doing the entire works of household like sweeping,
dusting and washing clothes. Besides these, they can also do more difficult jobs like teaching
children, making meal in the kitchen, guarding the house and playing with you in the leisure time.

Though robots are working in factories, their effects cannot be felt in the society. Robots are beings
used in many fields of life such as agriculture and industry. Industrial robots can increase the gross
national product of a country. One robot will be able to do the work of at least ten men. They can
create the problem of unemployment.

However, the probot’s influence on the society can be felt at once. The probots work at homes
making our lives comfortable, easier, safer and more pleasant. The life will become certainly change
in the future because of these robots and probots. Now people have a profound slumber as robots are
these to guard their houses. The robots sellers demonstrate their potential at their showrooms.

Hence we can say shortly that the probots are an example of the exciting advance technology. People
using robots do not need a strenuous life style; they become rather easy going and having a lot of
spare time at their disposal. They will have more effect on society than any other invention.

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QUESTION AND ANSWERS
Q.1 Why computers are becoming common now days?

Ans. Computers are helping us in calculation, drawing pictures, keeping the records, making some
analysis and so many other purposes. In other words you can say computer helping us in
every field of life that is why they are becoming so common now a days.

Q.2 What is probot and what is the difference between a robot and a probot?

Ans. A probot is a modified from of personal computer, which is made by fitting some moving
parts and wheels of machine in a shape like a man for doing different purposes.

Q.3 What household chores can a robot do?

Ans. A robot can almost do all the household chores, for example, dusting, washing, cooking,
guarding the house, teaching the children and entertaining the people and many more.

Q.4 Why can people sleep soundly at their home?

Ans. The robot can guard homes efficiently so people can sleep soundly in their homes.

Q.5 What are the benefits of an industrial robot? What will happen in the world if many
robots are started to use?

Ans. Industrial robots are designed to do different kind of works in industries. One industrial robot
has ability to do the work of ten men. Industrial robots can increase the gross national
product of a country and they can make to do work more easily. If the trend of using so many
industrial robots becomes common in the world then the whole world will be suffered by the
dangerous problems of unemployment.

Q.6 What type of robot will produce the changes in the standard of living of people?

Ans. The type of robot, will produce the great changes in the standard of living of people, is
known as personal robot, which is called as Probot. A probot is basically a personal computer
with a body and if it is equipped with wheels, is enabled to move from one place to another
place. It can do many household works as well.

Q.7 How do you think that a probot is useful than an industrial robot?

Ans. A probot is more useful than an industrial robot because industrial robot is designed for
special kind of work while a probot will be used at every home and will be able to do many
household jobs simultaneously.

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PAST PAPER SOLUTION FOR
SEEN COMPREHENSION
Arts 2006 – Regular 7& Private

Q. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:

A day like this would make many people think that they were in Utopia, yet this little excerpt
from the life of one man is not as possible as it might sound. In fact parts of the preceding
story are already true for some people. The factors guiding into this more productive, less
strenuous and much more leisurely life style are always centered around one thing: new
technologies.

Questions:

a) Write the title of the text from which the above passage has been taken.
b) What do you think the word “Utopia” and the title of the text means?
c) What do you think is the connection between “Utopia” and the title of the text?
d) Give the meaning of the underlined words in the passage.

Answers:

a) The above lines have been extracted from the informative lesson entitled as “The Age of
Probot”. This lesson is actually an extract from “Probots and People the Age of the Personal
Robot” by Timothy Q. Knight.

b) The word “Utopia” is used for imaginary state or an idela place which exists nowhere, where
everything is in order and well maintained. Never does a problem rise there and hardly, there
are issues. There is peace and happiness everywhere and everyone is contended with his life
style. The people live there happily with less work to do enjoy the benefits of leisure life
style.

c) Since “Utopia” is used for imaginary state or an ideal place where people live happily with
less work to do enjoy the benefits of leisure life style. In the same way when there is the Age
of Probot the use Probots will be as common as the use personal computer in the existing
age. The extensive use of robots will make the life cashier and safer like living in Utopia.

d)
S.NO. WORDS MEANINGS
1) Preceding Last/earlier
2) Strenuous Requiring hard work /laborious
3) Leisurely Free time

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English for Under Graduates
B.Sc. 2004
Q. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:

Imagine a morning not many years from now on which a man walks after a long……..to the
office (See Page Number 21)

Questions:
1. Give the contextual meaning of the underlined words:
Slumber, drifted, whisks
2. Choose the best phrase form the choices given to complete the sentence below:
The phrase “virtually eliminated” tells us that the problem of unemployment has been:
a) Almost explained b) Completely solved
c) Almost solved d) Completely explained
3. In the future how many a man sleeps so fearlessly?
4. What is a Probot and how might it be useful to man?
5. State whether the following are true or false.
a) The man can help his children with their school work.
b) The robot can look after the man’s house.

Answers:
1. Slumber: peaceful sleep, a sleep full of sweet dreams
Drifted: easily moved
Whisks: flied away within no time.

2. Completely solved

3. In future of a man can enjoy peaceful sleep, as technology will take over with legacy system.
Unemployment will have been removed. This will bring a considerable reduction in crime
rate and man will sleep peacefully.
4. Word Probot is the short form of the world personal robot and a personal is an extension of
personal computer. This computer has tremendous potential of doing works and moving here
and there to do works and great understanding of working.
5. a) True b) True

B.Com 2004 (Private)

Q. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:
Probots will have a more direct and …………full impact be felt. (See Page Number: 22)
Questions:
1. Give the name of the reading text from which this passage has been taken.
2. What does “Probot” mean?
3. Why will the effect of industrial robot be not as immediate as that of Probots?
4. Write true or false:
i) “Chores” means “chorus”.
ii) ‘Profound” means “deep”.
iii) “Impact” means “something very important”.

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Answers:
1) The above lines have been extracted from the informative lesson entitled as “The Age of
Probot”. This lesson is actually an extract from “Probots and people The Age of the Personal
Robot” by Timothy O. Knight.

2) Word Probot is the short form of the world personal robot and a personal is an extension of
personal computer. This computer has tremendous potential of doing works and moving here
and there to do works and great understanding of working.

3) The effects of industrial robot will not be as immediate as that of Probots because industrials
are used in industries and there is no direct interaction of people with those robots. Only
Probots have the direct contact and will have their immediate effects as well.

4) i) False ii) True iii) False

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English for Under Graduates

UNIT NUMBER: 3
THE GENTLE GIANTS
By: David Attenborough

SUMMARY
There are many misconceptions about the nature and lifestyle of Gorillas. Gorillas are considered to
be ferocious and tenacious creatures, they are, in fact, gentle and tender.

It was due to some images of them in which they looked beastly that made people scared of them.
An American explorer published a book about hunting of gorillas in the African jungle. He produced
a photograph of an injured gorilla standing on the body of a hunter in a very aggressive style.
Hollywood made a film “King Kong” in 1930 making as terror to people.

Gorillas are not hostile to man. They are vegetarians, they do not attack on other animals. They look
after their children with great care and are loving creatures. They only show their anger and fierce
when they are attacked or treated badly.

They also become hostile when they are kept separated in the cages from their families; they even
attacked their keeper. The zoological gardens are now treating animals scientifically. They try to
provide them the natural environment. The tribute therefore, goes to the zoos, which are taking cares
of animals efficiently and affectionately. As a result the animals are behaving themselves. They are
inoffensive and non-aggressive.

It is pity that the number of gorillas is decreasing alarmingly due to the activities of man. Man is
cutting forests whey they live. Their number is now limited to a few thousand. Man exults in killing
them. The wilds life is on the verge of extinction as the natural abode of the animals is disappearing
from the globe of the World.

To sum up, gorillas, which and rightly called the “Gentle Giant”, are also endangered species like
other wild life. We should do something for protecting wild life.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Q.1 Define Market or Customer Survey in details.

Ans. Market / Customer Survey

To know that habits, choices, likes, dislikes, preferences and demand of the customer /
consumer survey is conducted. Surveys and opinions polls are qualitative techniques often
used to make short term forecast when quantitative data are not available. They can also be
valuable I forecasting the demand for a product that a firm intends to product.

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Survey Techniques:
Survey of economic intentions can reveal and can be used to forecast future purchases of
capital equipment inventory changes and major consumer expenditure.
1. Surveys of business executive’s plants and equipment expenditure plans.
2. Survey of plans for inventory changes and sales expectations.
3. Survey of consumer expenditure plan

Opinion Polls:
The firm usually uses need specific forecast of its own sales. The firm sales are strongly
dependent on the journal level of economic activity and sales for the industry as whole but
they also depend upon the policies adopted by the firm. Following are the polling techniques.

1. Executive Polling
2. Sales force polling
3. Consumer intention polling

Q.2 What is a Questionnaire?

Ans. To gauge or know the habits, choices, likes, dislikes, preferences and demand of the
customer / consumer a set of questions is developed called “Questionnaire”. It is comprised
of both “open ended” and “closed ended” questions.

Q.3 What did make the bad reputation of gorillas according to the lesson?

Ans. Some pictures in which the gorillas have been shown as wild creatures and in some movies
they have been shown dangerous to men made the bad reputation of gorillas. In the book of
an American explorer about hunting gorillas contained many pictures in which gorillas are in
ferocious state.

Q.4 How do gorillas live in the thick forests of Africa?

Ans. Gorillas are almost vegetarian and spend their days eating leaves and juicy stems in the thick
forest of Africa.

Q.5 Describe the nature and behavior of gorillas according to lesson “Gentile Giants”?

Ans. Gorillas are not hostile to man and other animals unless they are attacked or treated badly.
They also become hostile and fierce whey they are kept separated in the cages from their
families.

Q.6 How do the gorillas bring up their children?

Ans. The gorillas love their children too much. They are vegetarians. They don’t attack on other
animals. They have kind nature and love specially children. They even try to play and show
their mischievous behavior.

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Q.7 Why did the author want to tell us about gorillas and saying them “Gentle Giants”?

Ans. The author David Attenborough wanted to clear the misconceptions and tell the nature of
gorillas so he called them “Gentle Giants”. In this way the author is trying to convince the
readers that the gorillas are big animals but they are not harmful to man and for other
animals.

Q.8 What is the procedure that is being used to keep the animals in the zoos?

Ans. Scientific methods and techniques are being used to keep the animals in zoological gardens, a
natural environment is proved to keep the animals their survival. All the animals are treated
with love and become non aggressive.

Q.9 What is future of gorillas according to the lesson “Gentle Giants”?

Ans. Gorillas are becoming endangered in the wild life. No more than a few thousand low land
gorillas like jumbo still survive. His slightly bigger, shaggier relatives the mountain gorilla
are now reduced to only few hundred. Man has destroyed the forests on which they depend.
The hunting of gorillas becoming common therefore the future of gorilla is in danger.

IMPORTANT PASSAGE FOR SEEN COMPREHENSION

Q. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:

So how did gorillas obtain their horrific reputation? It started back in the middle of the last
century when an American explorer published a book about hunting gorillas in the African
forests, including a drawing of a wounded giant ape standing above the body of a fallen
hunter, its lips pulled back in a fearsome roar bending a rifle with its bare hands.

That image took into in the public imagination. In 1930s, Hollywood built it into a nightmare
with the film King Kong in which a gigantic ape was captured then eventually terrorized
New York.

Questions:

a) How did gorillas obtain their horrific reputation?

b) What do you understand by the term King Kong?
c) The contextual of the world “reputation” is very close to
i. Honour ii. Identification iii. Notorious iv. Well-known
d) Match the words in box “A” with the description / definition in box “B”.
A B
Horrific reputation A horrible experience
Hunting Something full of fear
Gigantic An identification which terrorizes
Fearsome Something huge like monsters
Nightmare Perusing something
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Answers:
a) The story that how gorillas obtained horrific reputation is long story and starts way back in
the middle of the last century when an American explorer published a book on the methods
of hunting gorillas. This book also contained a drawing of a wounded ape standing above an
unarmed hunter. The potential message of the drawing was that the gorillas are dangerous
and can kill humans.

Inspiring the same book, a movie King Kong was produced in Hollywood. This movie also
showed the gigantic ape as a dangerous creature that even killed a number of people.

b) The term King Kong is the name of a Hollywood given after a gigantic ape caught from
African forests and brought to New York.

c) The contextual of the word “reputation” is very close to:

iv. Well – known

d) Words in box “A” have been matched with the description / definition in box “B”.

A B
Horrific reputation An identification which terrorizes
Hunting Perusing something
Gigantic Something huge like monsters
Fearsome Something full of fear
Nightmare A horrible experience / dreadful dream

PAST PAPER SOLUTION FOR SEEN COMPREHENSION

B. Sc 2009
B.Com 2009 – private
B.A (Regular / Private) 2005

Q. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:

In the 1930’s Hollywood built it into a nightmare with the film King Kong in which a
gigantic ape was captured then eventually terrorized New York.

What is lible that reputation is? By nature they are gentle and inoffensive animals. They are
almost vegetarian and spend their daily eating leaves and juicy steams in thick forests of
Africa. They live in the family groups, each ruled by a big male, who looks after and protects
his family with great care. They are, it is true, immensely strong and can rip apart banana
stems and tear off the branches of trees, as they need to do in order to feed. But their strength
is hardly ever used against other animals.

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Questions:

a) Write the title of the text from which the above passage has been taken.
b) How did gorillas get a bad reputation?
c) What is the writer’s own belief about gorillas?
d) Give the meaning of the underlined words in the passage.

Answers:
a) The above passage has been extracted from an article written by “David Attenborough” a
well known zoologist, and entitled as “Gentle Giants”. In the lesson, the writer tries to clear
the normally prevailed misunderstandings about the gorillas who are perceived as dangerous
and killers.

b) The story that how gorillas obtained horrific reputation is a long story and starts way back in
the middle of the last century when an American explorer published a book on the methods
of hunting gorillas. This book also contained a drawing of a wounded ape standing above an
unarmed hunter. The potential message of the drawing was that the gorillas are dangerous
and can kill humans.

Inspiring the same book, a movie King Kong was produced in Hollywood. This movie also
showed the gigantic ape as a dangerous creature that even killed a number of people.

c) The writer’s own belief about the gorillas is that they are highly inoffensive animals. Despite
they are immensely strong, hardly ever is their strength used against other animals. Since
these animals are entirely vegetarian, they don’t need to act like beats.

d) Following are the meanings of the above underlined words:

1. Nightmare: A horrible experience / dreadful dream
2. Vegetarian One who eats vegetables only
3. Inoffensive Innocent

B.Com 2008 Regular

Q. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:

They are almost certainly vegetarian and spend their days eating leaves and juicy stems in
the thick forests of Africa. They live in family groups; each ruled by a big male, who looks after
protects his family with great care. They are, it is true, immensely strong and can rip apart
banana stems and tear off the branches of trees, as they need to do in order to feed. But their
strength is hardly ever used against other animals.

Questions:
a) What kind of animals are gorillas?
b) What is their life style?
c) The contextual of the word “rip” is very close to:
i. Skip ii. Reap iii. Break iv. Uproot

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d) Write True or False for the following statements:
i. Gorillas not only eat leaves and stems but also flesh/meat of other animals
ii. Gorillas are hardly found living alone
iii. Gorillas rarely attach other animals

Answers:
a) Gorillas are gentle in nature. They are inoffensive and harmless for others. As they
vegetarian, killing other animals has no meaning for them. Despite they are strong; hardly do
they use their strength against other animals.

b) They live in family groups and each group is ruled by a strong male gorilla. He acts like the
head of the family. His core responsibility is to look after and protect the group.

c) The contextual of the word “rip” is very close to: iii. Break

d) Write True or False for the following statements:

i. False ii. True iii. True

B. Sc 2007
B. Com 2006 – Private

Q. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:

What a libel that reputation is? By nature they are gentle and inoffensive animals. They are
almost vegetarian and spend their daily eating leaves and juicy steams in thick forests of
Africa. They live in the family groups, each ruled by a big male, who looks after and protects
his family with great care. They are, it is true, immensely strong and can rip apart banana
stems and tear off the branches of trees, as they need to do in order to feed. But their strength
is hardly ever used against other animals.

Questions:
a) Describe the true nature of gorillas.
b) How do the gorillas live their lives?
c) Give the meanings of the following words/expressions:
1. Reputation 2. Inoffensive 3. Protects
4. Immensely strong 5. Rip apart 6. Strength

Answers:

a) The true nature of gorillas is that they are highly offensive animals. Despite they are
immensely strong, hardly ever is their strength used against other animals. Since these
animals are entirely vegetarian, they don’t need to act like beats. They live in a group of
family and each group is ruled or led by a big male group and their system of family almost
resembles with that one practiced by the humans.

b) They live in a group of family and each group is ruled or led by a big male group. The main
responsibility of the group leaders is to look after and protect his family. Their system of
family almost resembles with that one practiced by the humans.

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English for Under Graduates
c) Following are the meanings of the words / expressions:

1. Reputation: Fame
2. Inoffensive: Harmless / non dangerous
3. Protects: Looks after / takes care
4. Immensely strong: Having great strength / being powerful
5. Rip apart: Tear / break down
6. Strength: Power

B.Sc 2005

Q. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:

He discovered that the child had something on its back – a shirt. To Jambo that was certainly
different and puzzling. He gently touched the child’s skin with his finger and put it to his
nose and discovered that the smell was also strange.

Questions:
a) Who was Jambo?
b) Why did he put his finger to his nose?
c) Give the opposite of the following words:
1. Gently 2. Strange 3. Different

Answers:
a) Jambo was the boss male gorilla leading and taking care of the other gorillas of his group in a
zoo at Jersey.

b) He put his finger to his nose because there was a boy who had fallen into his cage. The boy
looked him as his own offspring since the body structure of gorillas and humans somewhat
matches. But the presence of shirt on the back of the body looked him different unlike the
gorillas with hairy back. So in order to ensure that whether the boy was his own that was why
he touched they boy with his finger and put it to his nose to sense the smell.

c) Following are the opposites of the given words:

1. Gently Roughly
2. Strange Normal
3. Different Similar

B.Com (Regular) 2005

Q. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:
What is now the future of these beautiful creatures, our nearest animal relations? They are
endangered in the wild. No more than a few thousand lowland gorillas like Jambo still
survive. His slightly bigger, shaggier relative, the mountain gorilla, is now reduced to only a
few thousand.

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English for Under Graduates
We have destroyed the forests on which they depend. We have hunted them and exulted in
killing them, believing that by doing so we have proved something about our superiority. The
sad and the shaming fact is that it is not gorillas that are violent and dangerous. It is us.

Questions:
a) Identify the text from which this passage has been taken.
b) What are the causes of these beautiful creatures being endangered in the wild?
c) Who is being violent and dangerous on this earth?
d) What can we expect the future of the gorillas to be?

Answers:

a) The above passage has been extracted from an article written by “David Attenborough”, a
well known zoologist and entitled as “Gentle Giants”. In the lesson, the writer tries to clear
the normally prevailed misunderstandings about the gorillas who are perceived as dangerous
and killers.

b) Following are the causes on account of which these beautiful creatures gorillas being
endangered in the wild:
1) We the humans have destroyed the forest on which they depend and they are the only
source of food to them.
2) We the humans have killed them only to show or prove our superiority to them.

c) It is man who has been violent and dangerous on the earth. He disturbed the balance between
things created by the nature. A number of animals and species are no extinct as they have
been killed by the man. The environment has been polluted, forests have been cut down,
fertile soil has been destroyed and pure water has been contaminated.

d) If the current image and perception about the gorillas as killer remains alive, their survival
will be difficult. If their killing and destruction and forest are continued soon these beautiful
creatures will be an addition into the list of extinct species. In short, we can expect no bright
future for them considering the existing situation.

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English for Under Graduates

UNIT NUMBER: 4
THE DOOR SWINGS OPEN
From They Darred to be Doctors
By Mary Saint J Fancourt
SUMMARY
There was a time when women were not allowed to become doctor. This profession only restricted
to man. People thought that women were not too strong that could bear the stress to become a doctor.

Elizabeth Black was the first lady, American lady, got the admission in a medical college. An
influential doctor recommends her for admission. The administrator of the college did not refuse the
doctor but they also did not want a female student in their college. They decided to put the matter
before students, hoping that her admission will be refused.

The college authorities were surprised that the student body approved her admission. Some of the
students thought that women should have equal rights. Some of them thought it would be amusing to
be the only medical college in the country where a woman doctor had been trained. So the vote in
favour was carried and the college authorities gave permission to admit Elizabeth in the medical
college.

Eventually, Elizabeth gets the acceptance letter and proceeds in Geneva College. The dean
introduced her to all the students in her class. Initially when she came to college they behaved very
badly, but after joining the class, the whole situation started changing. The presence of a lady proved
that it is beneficial in the discipline of the medical college.

Now a days women are working side by side with men, women are playing very crucial role in
society by joining all sorts of professions and careers.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Q.1 Why it is thought that man could be doctor according to this lesson?

Ans. According to this lesson “The Door Swings Open” people thought that women were not too
strong that could bear the stress to become a doctor or could carry out their duties property as
a doctor.

Q.2 How did Elizabeth get admission in the medical college?

Ans. An influential and famous American doctor recommended her for the admission in medical
college. The administration could not refuse the doctor so they put the matter in front of
student union hoping that they would refuse her admission but unfortunately the students

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English for Under Graduates
gave their vote in favour so the administrator of college had to admit her in the medical
college.

Q.3 Why did college authorities not wish to give an admission in their medical college for a
woman?

Ans. The college authorities not wish to give an admission in the college for a woman because
they were influenced under the traditions of those days that a woman could not perform her
duties properly as doctor.

Q.4 What was the behavior of the male students when the dean of the college introduced
Elizabeth as a female student?

Ans. The Dean of the college introduced Elizabeth to her classmates. The class numbering about
150 students was composed largely of young men from neighbouring town. They all become
surprised and showed complete silence in the class room.

Q.5 What effects did appear in the presence of a woman student among the male students in
the medical college?

Ans. The male students were rude but after the admission of Elizabeth as a woman student the
whole situation was changed. Hence the presence of a lady proved to be more beneficial in
the discipline of the college than the rules.

Q.6 Now days are women treated equally with men in medical colleges or in other
professions?

Ans. Now a days, women are working side by side with men. They are playing very active role in
modern society. They are playing an even increasing role in all kinds of careers and
professions. In hospitals we can see a lot of female doctors with male doctors working with
great devotion and love for their medical profession.

IMPORTANT PASSAGE FOR SEEN COMPREHENSION

Q. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:

A few days after receiving the notification of her acceptance. Elizabeth was on the train for
the two-day-journey to Geneva College.

Her entry to the medical school there could hardly have been nerve- racking. The dean asked
to follow him on to the platform and formally introduced her to the assembled students. Fifty
years later an elderly doctor who was a student at the college at the time recalled the scene.

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English for Under Graduates
Questions:
a) Write the title of the text from which the above passage has been taken.
b) Who recalled the scene?
c) Choose the best options for the following words:
i. Formally means (officially, friendly, rudely)
ii. Recalled means (listened, brought to mind, recollect)
iii. Elderly means (aged, experienced, middle-aged)
d) Write True or False for the following statements:
i. The college was not very close to Elizabeth’s residence.
ii. College people seemed happy on her entry.
iii. The incident happened almost 50 years ago.

Answers:
a) The above lines have been taken from the textual lesson “The Door Swings Open” which in
an extract from They Dared to be Doctors by Mary Saint J Fancourt.

b) Al elderly doctor, who used to be a student at the time of Elizabeth’s entry to the college,
recalled the scene.

c) Choose the best options for the following words:

i. Formally means officially
ii. Recalled means brought to mind
iii. Elderly means aged

PAST PAPER SOLUTION FOR

SEEN COMPREHENSION
B.Com 2007 (Regular)

Q. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:

The class, numbering about 150 students was composed largely of young men from the
neighbouring towns. They were rude, boisterous and riotous beyond comparison. On several
occasions the residents of the neighbourhood sent written protests to the college, threatening
to have the college indicated as a nuisance if the distribution did not cease.

Questions:

a) Identify the text from which the above passage has been taken.
b) Which type of the students did the college have?
c) How did the residents react to the behavior of the college students?
d) For each of the following words / expression, find words phrases with the similar meanings.
1. Noisy 2. Accused 3. Incomparable

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English for Under Graduates
Answers:
a) The above lines have been taken from the textual lesson “The Door Swings Open” which is
an extract from They Dared to be Doctors by Mary Saint J Francourt.

b) The type of students the college had was one of their kinds. All of them were young men
who were unruly, noisy and boisterous. Their strength was around 150 and they belonged to
the neighbouring towns. Their rude and mischievous attitude was simply incomparable and
the residents of the houses located in the vicinity of the college were fad up of their non
serious attitude.

c) The residents of the houses located in the vicinity of the college were fad up of their non
serious attitude. They submitted written complaints about their intolerable behavior and
threatened they would take legal actions against the college as a nuisance if the disturbance
did not end.

d) 1. Noisy: Boisterous
2. Incomparable: Beyond comparisons
3. Accused: Indicated

B.A 2007 (Regular and Private)

Q. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:

Each hurriedly sought his eat and he almost silence prevailed. For the first time a lecture
was given without the slightest interruption and every word could be heard as distinctly as it
would be if there had been a single person in the room. The sudden transformation of this
class room form a band of lawless desperadoes to gentlemen by the mere presence of a lady
proved to be permanent in its effects.

Questions:
a) Name the text from which the above passage has been taken.
b) What is the “door” referred to in the title of the text?
c) When did the almost silence prevail?
d) What was it and who was the lady?

Answers:

a) The above lines have been taken from the textual lesson “The Door Swings Open” which is
an extract from They Dared to be Doctors by Mary Saint J Francourt.

b) The word “door” is referred to in the title of the text as the door towards the opportunities
and new horizons for the women that were previously closed for them and were thought as
only the domain of males.

c) When the lady entered the room in the class of the medical students who males only the
silence prevailed throughout the class.

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English for Under Graduates
d) This scene is taken from the temporary of a doctor who was a student at Geneva College. The
college was a male oriented college and there was no concept of a female student to become
a doctor. When the lady, Elizabeth Blackwell got admission in the college against her
expectation, she was deeply surprised. This is how she became the ever first lady as a female
doctor.

B.Com 2008 (Private)

B.Com 2005 (Private)

Q. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:

One morning unexpectedly a lady entered the lecture room with the dean, she was quite
small of stature, plainly dressed, appeared diffident and retiring but had a firm and
determined expression on her face. Her entry into the bedlam of confusion acted like magic
on every student. Each hurriedly sought his seat and the almost silence prevailed. For the
first time a lecture was given without the slightest interruption and every word could be
heard as distinctly as it would be if there had been a single person in the room. The sudden
transformation of this class room form a band of lawless desperadoes to gentlemen by the
mere presence of a lady proved to be permanent in its effects.

Questions:
a) Identify the reading text from which the passage has been taken.
b) What changes in the behavior of the students took place because of a lady?
c) How long did this transformation last?
d) For each of the following words or phrases find the words with similar meanings:
1. Lacking confidence 2. Scene of uproar
3. Fond of being alone 4. Reckless person

Answers:

a) The above lines have been taken from the textual lesson “The Door Swings Open” which is
an extract from They Dared to be Doctors by Mary Saint J Francourt.

b) The presence of a lady in the class brought dramatic change in the student’s behavior and
attitude. They remained seated at their place, made no noise, maintained pin drop silence and
listened the lecture attentively.

c) This transformation in the attitude and behavior of the college students was not a transient
one but lasted for an infinite period.

d) Following are words from the passage with similar meanings to the given words:
1. Lacking confidence: Diffident
2. Scene of uproar: Bedlam of confusion
3. Fond of being alone: to live lonely deliberately
4. Reckless person: law less

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English for Under Graduates
B.Com 2004 (Regular)

Q. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:

The class numbering about 150 students was composed largely of young men from the
neighbouring towns. They were rude, boisterous and riotous beyond comparison. On several
occasions the residents of the neighbourhood sent written protests to the college threatening
to have the college indicated as a nuisance if the disturbance did not cease.

Questions:
a) Write the title of the text from which the above passage has been taken.
b) What was the name of the college referred to?
c) Choose the best options for the following words:
i. Boisterous (noisy, ill-mannered, non-serious)
ii. Indicated means (indicated, declared, accused)
iii. Cease means (possess, stop, deceased)
d) Write True or False for the following statements.
i. The writer is full of praise for the college students.
ii. Residents of the neighbourhood had complained in writing about the students behavior.
iii. Only local young men were the students of the college.\

Answers:

a) The above lines have been taken from the textual lesson “The Door Swings Open” which is
an extract from They Dared to be Doctors by Mary Saint J Francourt.

b) The name of the college referred to in the lesson is Geneva College. The college was a male
oriented college and there was no concept of a female student to become a doctor.

c) The best options for the following words:

i. Boisterous means noicy
ii. Indicated means declared
iii. Cease means stop

d) i. False ii. True iii. False

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English for Under Graduates

UNIT NUMBER: 5
HOW TO STUDY
By: Dr. Malleson
(Director of the University of
London Research Unit for Student’s Problem)

SUMMARY
People have great misunderstanding about studying. The majority of students have not learnt the rule
of practicable working. Most of the students are unaware about the principles of good study.
Suppose a graph is plotted between the learning and studying hours for a student in a day. If he does
not study, he will learn nothing (point 0). If he studies for an hour, he will learn something (point 1).
If he studies for two hours, he will learn two times (point 2). If he studies more, he will learn more
(point 3). If he studies all the time say about 23 hours a day, he will be almost spend and will
remember nothing and will learn far less (point 4). If he studies less, he learns more (point 5). It must
have a topmost point, which shows the maximum learning for someone in a day. This is called the
optimum or the best learning. It’s balance between learning and getting tired also called fatigue. If
you neglect and gain less than optimum, there will be exhaustion and loss of concentration.

The majority of student’s optimum is five hours a day. Taking rest can restore the activities of the
body but changing the subject of taking another variety obtains the relaxation of mind. Mind gets
rest by variety. Mind does not rest even in sleep. In order to mind, you can start some other type of
work.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Q.1 Explain the term optimum in the context of the lesson “How to Study”?

Ans. The maximum learning for someone in a day is called optimum. A student should keep this
principle of the optimum mind when he feels exhausted, he should sleep and stop reading.

Q.2 What is the misunderstanding about study according to the author?

Ans. There are many misunderstandings about studying. Many students do not know about the
principles of studying. The author of the less “How to Study” explains an effective period of
study which is generally misunderstood by the student.

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English for Under Graduates
Q.3 What are the common misconceptions about studying and how best can we achieve our
optimum?

Ans. The common misconceptions are listed below:

i. The students study without knowing their most favourable period and effective period
for their study, which is called as optimum point.
ii. The students cannot know the efficient functioning of mind.
iii. Everyone tries to study but totally neglecting his physical approach and mental
efficiency. We can achieve our optimum by discovering the most favourable period
and the function of mind.

Q.4 How can you differentiate between the working of mind and working of body?

Ans. People generally think that body mind also gets rest during sleep, but this is a wrong
conception. Sleep just gives the rest to body while choosing a variety of work or change of
work only does the relaxation of mind.

Q.5 How can student realize that he has reached his optimum point?

Ans. When the mind is tired, student cannot concentrate on his studies and cannot learn anymore.
It is the sign that he has reached his optimum point of his study.

Q.6 How is mind compared to a storeroom?

Ans. Everything is arranged line wise in the storeroom. In the opinion of the author, the mind is
like storeroom. Its efficiency depends on the fact that how it is cataloged. When the
examinations are near new material should not be attempted because it cannot be assimilated
by mind however the revision should be beneficial.

IMPORTANT PASSAGE FOR

SEEN COMPREHENSION
Q. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:

There is a lot of misunderstanding about studying. Most students have not been taught the
principles behind really effective working. Imagine a graph showing the amount of a person
learns against the number of hours he works in a day. If he doesn’t do any work, he learns
nothing (point 0), if he does an hour’s work he learns a certain amount (point 1). If he does
two hours work he learns about twice as much (point 2). If he does more work he will still
learn more (point 3).

However he tries to do twenty and a half hour work in a day, he will be so exhausted that he
will hardly remember anything; what he learns will be very little (point 4). If he did less
work, he would learn more (point 5).

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English for Under Graduates
Questions:
a) Name the text from which the above lines have been extracted.
b) What is the relation between the amounts learnt against the number of hours spent?
c) Choose the best options for the following words:
i. Misunderstanding means (miscommunication, mislead, wrong understandings)
ii. Effective means (affected, more productive, easy)
iii. Principles means (head of instruction, rules, guidelines)
d) Write True or False for the following statements:
i. Effective ways of studying are very common among all students.
ii. Amount of learning and the number of hours spent move in the same direction.

Answers:

a) The above lines are an extract from an informative article entitled as “How to Study?”. The
lesson unveils some effective ways of learning and understanding, which are not very
common among the students.

b) In the start, learning moves in the same direction in which the time goes. But as long as time
increases, there starts a negative relation in between them. The more the time spent the less
learning is observed.

So it is concluded that for short span of time say 3 – 5 hours the relation remains positive
otherwise it turns negative.

c) Choose the best options for the following words:

i. Misunderstanding means wrong understanding
ii. Effective means more productive
iii. Principles means rules

d) Write True or False for the following statements:

i. False ii. False

Q. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:
Before examination some students do nothing at all except sit in a chair and worry. Here is
another misunderstanding. People often think that mind works like the body, it does not. If
one wanted to conserve physical energy in order to cut the maximum amount of firewood,
one would lie flat on a bed and rest when one was not chopping. But the mind cannot rest.
Even in sleep you dream, even if you forget your dreams. The mind is always turning. It gets
its relaxation only by variety. That is what makes mental rest.
Questions:
a) Name the text from which the above lines have been extracted.
b) How does mind work and rest?
c) Write true or false for the following statements:
i. Body works harder than mind.
ii. Body mind does not take rest in the same manner as body does.
iii. Physical energy can be conserved/restored by resting.
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English for Under Graduates
d) Choose the best options for the following words:
i. Conserve means (restore, store, protect)
ii. Variety means (experiencing different things, variable, full of colour)

Answers:

a) The above lines are an extract from an informative article entitled as “How to Study?”. The
lesson unveils some effective ways of learning and understanding, which are not very
common among the students.

b) Mind never works in the way the entire body does. It never stops and always keeps on
working. It gets its relaxation with variety that is experiencing different situations and things.
The more the variety offered to the mind, the more it rests and relaxes.

c) Write True or False for the following statements:

i. False ii. True iii. True

d) Choose the best options for the following words:

i. Conserve means protect
ii. Variety means experiencing different things
iii. Turning means taking a turn

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English for Under Graduates

UNIT NUMBER: 6
THE TRIPODS
The City of Gold and Lead
By John Christopher
SUMMARY
The Tripods had been ruled over the earth for more than hundred years. They governed simply and
effectively by dominating the minds of men. They capped everyone at the age of fourteen. The caps
used by the tripods were meshes of silver metal fitted over the skull and woven into the flesh of their
wears. The capping of child took place at the age of adulthood with a ceremony. They considered it a
routing thing.

The story of tripods has been described and explained in detail by the boy who belonged to the
tripods in the languages. He was doubtful about the process of capping, when the capping ceremony
was being held with his cousin Jack, he became anxious about his own capping ceremony which was
being held done the following years after the ceremony of his cousin.

When Ozymandias came to his village, he told the boy a strange story about the tripods. He said that
tripods were not the well-wishers of man in fact they were enemies. They ruled over whole planet of
earth. Very few people survived on earth found in few places. He also told the boy that he knew such
a free man who lived in White Mountains. He asked the boy to join the group who dislike capped
men and women. He invited the boy to join him in the journey towards south. Boy’s cousin also
went with him. Once they fought with a tripod and killed him with a weapon. After the long journey
they reached the White Mountains.

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWERS

For each of the bold words or phrases, two meanings are given. Choose the correct answer.

1. Capping was taken for granted by the young people on earth.

a) Welcomed b) Treated as something ordinary

2. Feasting and celebration attended the capping.

a) Accompanied b) Followed

3. I had misgivings about the practice of capping.

a) Trust in b) Doubts

4) However I kept silent because no one ever queried the information of capping.
a) Agreed on b) Asked questions about

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English for Under Graduates
5) Defying my parents, I spoke to my parents.
a) Tricking b) Disobeying

6) He explained that the Tripods were not our benefactors.

a) Leaders b) Helpers

7) He said the Tripods were our oppressor.

a) Unjust rulers b) Inferiors

8) I agree to journey to the White Mountains while Ozymandias looked for new recruits.
a) People to work for b) People to join him

QUESTION AND ANSWERS

Q.1 What is one of the changes in behavior mentioned in the passage, that show one is
becoming an adult?

Ans. One cased to be a child and began to think for oneself show one is becoming an adult. It
usually occurred at the age of fourteen.

Q.2 Why did no one ever raise the question of whether capping was right or wrong?

Ans. No one ever queried the rightness of capping because for them it was an expected and looked
for thing accompanied with feasting and celebration.

Q.3 How did the tripods dominate the human mind?

Ans. For brain washing the human beings and dominating on their minds the tripods used special
type of mashes of silvery metal filled in caps which were closely fixed around the skulls and
they were woven into the flesh of the humans. All the boys and girls when attained the age of
fourteen years were compulsory capped and even such a thing was attended by large number
of friends and relatives by feasting and celebrations.

Q.4 In the world ruled over by the Tripods what kinds of people were called vagrants and
how they behaved?

Ans. Due to some technical defects in capping process some of the people could not by controlled
by telepathy. Their mind refused to accept the conditions of the Tripods. They traveled from
place to place. They did not remain in one place for a long time. They never looked after by
the tripods and even capped human beings also disliked them. These vagrants were building
anti-tripods thinking among the capped people so that to over through the tripods.

Q.5 What do you know about Ozymandias the Vagrant?

Ans. Ozymandias was a big, a red haired bearded man. He was a romantic man interested in
poetry and singing songs. He was not very intelligent and could not differentiate between
sense and non-sense. In true sense he was posing a vagrant so that he could freely travel
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English for Under Graduates
through the land without being challenged. He wore a bogus cap to cheat the people and the
tripods. He openly told the people that tripods were enemies of human beings and they were
Alien invaders and not all benefactors of human beings.

Q.6 What had probably caused the run of great cities?

Ans. Some natural calamity such as earth quakes, floods or epidemics caused the ruin of the great
cities or they were destroyed in war.

PAST PAPER SOLUTION FOR

SEEN COMPREHENSION
B.Com 2009 – Regular
B.A 2004 – Regular

Q. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:

The vagrants were those whom Capping had not worked properly. Their mind had refused to
accept the conditioning of the tripods and in refusing had been broken. They wandered from
place to place, never resting long and were looked after but pitied and disliked by normal
capped men and women. Now though I have found my self more interested in them,
particularly in the one who called himself ozymandias, a big, red haired, red bearded man
who sang strange songs and spoke lines of poetry and mixed sense and nonsense when he
talked. Defying my parents, I invited him to come to the den, which Jack and I had made
outside the village. He told me a strange story.

Questions:
a) Who were the Vagrants? Why was their life different from that of normal capped people?
b) Why did the writer find Ozymandias interesting?
c) Explain the underlined words and phrases given in the passage.

Answers:

a) The vagrants were those whom Capping had not worked properly and it was broken during
capping as their mind refused to accept the conditioning of the tripods. Their life was
different from that of normal capped people because they could wander as per their wish. But
they were not liked among the normal capped men, as they looked different or rather
abnormal in the society.

b) The writer found Ozymandias interesting because he was not only Vagrant but also he looked
even different among the Vagrants. His strange personality with red hairs and beard and his
wisely and insanely talking at the same time made attractive for the author.

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English for Under Graduates
c) Following is the explanation.

Mixed sense and nonsense:

The above phrase has been used for the old Ozymandias who had a strange personality with
red hairs and beard he used to talk a blend of wise and insane thoughts.

Defying my parents:
The author’s parents were not in the favour of his meeting with the uncapped man, the
Vagrants but it was his curiosity that he betraying his parents me Ozymandias.

B.Sc 2008
B.Sc 2006

Q. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:

The Tripods had been the ruler of the Earth for more than a hundred years. They governed
simple and effectively by dominating the minds of men. This was through caps; meshes of
silvery metal which was fitted closed round the skull and were woven into the very flesh of
their weavers. Capping occurred in one’s fourteen year a making the point at which one
ceased to a child and become an adult. It was taken granted; an expected looked for thing,
attended by feasting and celebration.

A few months earlier I had seen my cousin Jack, a year older than myself, go through the
ceremony and had noticed the changes in him afterwards, I was to be capped the following
years.

Questions:
a) Choose the correct answer and fill the blanks.
i. The Tripods are ____________ (aliens, humans, animals)
ii. The government of the tripods is_____. (in its early stages, in full control, in great trouble)
b) What do the underlined pronouns in the passage refer to?
1. They 2. Their 3. This 4. Him
c) Find words and expressions in the passage which in the passage that mean the opposite of the
following words:
1. Inefficiently 2. Later 3. Child

Answers:

a) Following are the correct answers:

1. Aliens 2. In full control

b) Pronouns of underlined words are as following:

1. They: the tripods 3. Their: the people who were capped
2. This: domination of the tripods 4. Him: the author’s cousin, Jack

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English for Under Graduates

UNIT NUMBER: 7
THE GREAT JEWEL ROBBERY
SUMMARY
DETAILS OF ROBBERY
On 18th June at about 2:50 pm two robbers wearing loose white coats like dentists, covering their
faces with Mickey Mouse masks rushed into the main branch of New Era Jewelers at 10 Main Street.
One of them was holding a revolver pointed at the staff of the shop. Another had a heavy hammer in
his hand. He shouted “hand up or we shot”. The armed robber with his hammer smashed the
showcase. He took out plastic bag from his pocket and filled it with jewelry worth of a million of
rupees. Then the dacoit hit with ships and entered the street and tore off their masks jumping into a
waiting white Datsun drove away. There was a driver in the car who drove the car. Mr Saigal, the
manager of the Jewelry shop chased the running robbers but he failed to see the faces of the robbers
and also could not note the number of the white Datsun due to his weak eyesight.

REPORT OF TRAFFIC CENSUS DEPARTMENT

At the time when the robbery was being committed a traffic survey was being conducted in the area
of Main Street by Traffic Census Department. The department had set up TV monitors at Bank Road
and Ash Lane to record traffic leaving the area and from the film of TV camera it was revealed that
on 18th June in the period of 2:46 pm to 3:30 pm only two White Datsun cars left the area bearing
license numbers (i) GAL-4926 and (ii) LHE-2197.

However by the TV camera set up on Bank Road a third White Van was seen at 2:30 pm. That car
was a stolen car which did not leave the area but turned sight from Bank Road and ran along Park
Street in the direction of East. Its license number was recorded RIT-7868

POLICE INVESTIGATION ABOUT THE THREE WHITE CARS

Inspector Azam who was assigned the job to investigate the jewel robbery had sent his men to make
full inquiry of the three suspected white cars spotted in the area of the robbery incident and
following information was collected:

DATSUN VAN GAL-4926

This car was owned by Mr. Masud Hasan. On 18th June he drove it with his friend Mr. Asif Jan to
the National Bank and parked the car in the car park opposite to the Bank.

DATSUN VAN RIT-7868

According to the report of the owner of this car namely Mrs. Eva Chinoy, she drove this car with her
friend Miss Simi Aziz to the Elegance hair Salon in Main Street and arrived there at 1:30 pm where
she dropped Miss Aziz and parked the car in the park opposite and went to Nadim Restaurant to
relish a snack. This restaurant is located in Cat Lane round the corner from the Elegance Salon. She
added in her statement that she stayed in the restaurant for an hour there and went back to the car
park and waited for Miss Aziz who came out about 3:30 and then she drove back home via Main
Street and Main Road. The car park record proved the arrival and departure stated y Mrs. Chinoy.

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English for Under Graduates
REPORT BY DETECTIVE NIAZ
As directed by the head of Police investigation team, Inspector Azam and detective Niaz
investigated Mr. Asif Jan, Miss Simi Aziz and Mr. Nadim Ismail and provided following
information about their whereabouts in the afternoon of 18th June.

(i) Miss Aziz was in elegance hair salon from about 1:30 pm to 3:30 pm
(ii) Mr. Jan was in the National Bank from about 2:30 pm to 3:30 pm
(iii) Miss Chinoy visited the Nadim Restaurant in all afternoon of June 18 and left the
restaurant at 2:30 pm.

CONSOLIDATION OF INVESTIGATION DATA AND PREPARATION OF SITUATION

CHART
Mr. Azam put all the data of investigation on a chart on the white board and got a street plan of
robbery area. Then he had a detailed comprehensive discussion on the robbery case with his staff
and made a list of suspects and decided to hold further questioning to apprehend the real criminals.
In this case the prime suspect seems to be Mrs. Eva Chinoy as it is not known as to what she was
doing between 1:30 to 2:30 and again between 2:30 to 3:30 on 18th June in the robbery area.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Q.1 What sort of evidences the police tries to collect after a crime has been committed?

Ans. Police attaches great importance to interview the eyewitnesses who were present at the time
at place of committed crime. They, as the victims of the crime, if they could identify the
criminals, if not, whether the eyewitnesses describe the features and appearance of the
criminals. The license number car / vans / motorcycles used by the criminals if read by the
victims of crime then they should be noted. Next their owners should be located and
interviewed. People living in the neighbourhood of the spot of crime are also included in the
investigation. All such steps are taken to have a clue to lead to hide out the criminals.

Q.2 Is it necessary for the police to visit the scene of the crime after the criminals have
already escaped?

Ans. Whatever degree of intelligence a criminal possesses he/she bound to commit some mistake
in his/her haste to escape from the spot of crime. He/she may leave some clue behind which
may help police to chase the criminal or by smelling such things by police dogs the way of
escaping criminals can be traced. The criminals may leave behind things like handkerchief
visiting card or cover of the cartridge used for shooting or some fingerprints etc. hence the
police and detectives should visit the crime spot to find such clues even after the crime.

Q.3 What sorts of people are interviewed by Police after crime has been committed?

Ans. Police keeps a list of habitual criminal their fingerprints, etc. so to have a clue to trace the
criminals. Some such history sheets are interviewed tactfully. Further in interviews the staff
of the organization or shop in which crime is committed is included to find out whether the
accomplice of the criminals is not a disloyal member of the shop. Sometimes the watchman
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English for Under Graduates
and other staff members co-operative with criminals in committing crimes so such people
have also to be interviewed and interrogated.

Q.4 Why police takes written statements from the people to interview?

Ans. Police takes written statements to contract an investigation plan to ponder over and to discuss
in order to have a clue to locate the criminals.

Q.5 How police detects that a statement is not truthful?

Ans. Police interviews and obtains the statements of some selected witnesses or the person who in
some way know some facts of the crime. Then they record them in one file and compare
them. In this comparison if they find that a particular statement is quite different from all
other statements then they come to know that the statement is untrue and it makes further
queries from the maker of such statement to find the truth or clue to trace the criminals.

Q.6 What do you think the police do with the statements and other evidence they collect?

Ans. The police examine the evidence thoroughly and try to establish certain links which might
lead them to reach the criminals. Without the evidence and eyewitness accounts, it is almost
impossible for the police to solve the mystery of a crime.

Q.7 What might be reasons behind a crime?

Ans. There might be a single reason or a number of reasons behind a crime. An important single
reason is that crimes are mostly committed for the sake of money. The criminals want big
money without any labour. They want to become rich over night. The other reason might
include animosity, hatred, prejudice, jealousy and revenge. Of these animosity or enmity is
the most powerful driving force which is only second to the greed of wealth.

Q.8 Would you consider it sufficient for the police to interview and obtain a statement from
one person only? Give reasons for your answers.

Ans. It is deficient to interview and obtain a statement from only one person. In fact, the more
people they interview, the more information they get. If there are clashes between the
statements of the people, they might also be removed after talking to many people.

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English for Under Graduates

UNIT NUMBER: 7
LONDON ROAD
From As I Walked Out one Midsummer Morning
By Laurie Lee
SUMMARY
All the people who live in UK, USA and the European countries are rich and well to do. In every
country there exist vast countryside’s inhabited by poor, old fashioned, hand to mouth rustic people.
Most of them lead nomadic life like gypsies.

A famous English author Laurie Lee has written a novel about the life of a Cotswold youth who left
his countryside home located in the range of hills of southern England to migrate London city
roughly a hundred miles away from his native place to be approached by London Road. The youth
spent his life in London for one year by playing his traditional violin and labouring on a London
building site as a construction labour.

The main character of the novel is a rustic English youth who had three sisters and four brothers
(including him). Their mother was still alive. It was the year 1924 when the family of the youth still
residing in the home country consisted of mother and three sons in all four. Probably their father had
belonged to ages long before. Now the second son of the family also resolved to leave home and to
proceed to London leaving behind a small family of mother and her two sons in all three persons.

One sunny Midsummer morning on June 1934 the adventurous rustic youth was provided a heavy
breakfast by his mother who was apparently a little bit aggrieved or worried about her separation
from her second son. She did not utter a single word but her motherly instincts unconsciously forced
to put her hand on chain sitting on which the youth relished his breakfast probably the last thing
cooked affectionately by his mother. It was really a pathetic state of affair. The old lady made no
fuss, no appeals, and no attempts to weep and did not advise the youth. She did not tax him with any
kind of persuasion and revelation of any kind of grief. She was brave women born to bear the trouble
of separation from her Kith and Kin as an ideal rustic mother who believed that poverty is the fate of
rural population world over.

The youth who was about 19 years old was not a fully matured man indeed a brave and self
confident person who believed that if he tried he would surely make good fortune. His food
provision of journey consisted of a tin of treacle biscuits and some cheese not sufficient for a 100
miles journey on foot on a dusty road.

He was bit excited. He had vain glorious feelings. He did not know as to how far he would be
required to walk. He saw around the last glimpse of the cottage walls narrowing like the arms of an
iron maiden. He recollected the secret whispering of rustic lasses “MARRY AND SETTLE
DOWN”. He set aside this type of psychological stimuli because he has grown tired of his
wandering in the lily area, joylessly and naturally painfully.

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English for Under Graduates
He was wearing a pair of heavy strong boots and had a hazel stick in his hand. The brave son of
Adam traveled alone when his village paradise was lost. He tramped through the treeless hills of
Wiltshire on a dusty track. At time he had strange feelings of home-sickness and his sub-conscious
heard the sound of hurrying footsteps coming after him and the voices of his two brothers and
mother call him back.

The reality was that he was alone, he was free to go where ever he wanted at his sweet will and
pleasure. His inner self murmured, “You asked for it. It’s up to you now. You are on your own and
nobody’s going to stop you.”

It is a human instinct that one cannot over come the feeling of the home sickness so when he stepped
forward to London Road he heard the echoes of home by tinkling sound of her kitchen, shafts of sun
from the windows falling across his household furniture’s across his bedroom and the very bed
which he had left at his village home!!

QUESTION AND ANSWERS

Q.1 What was the part of the writer’s life that he closed forever?

Ans. The days passed in the village where he grew up and got education in the school were ended.
The period of his country life is closed for good.

Q.2 How did writer’s mother feel about his leaving home and how did she sow her feelings?

Ans. The writer’s mother felt sorrow about his leaving home. Her three daughters and a son had
already left her. She showed her feelings by looking at him progressively without saying any
words just raising her hand in farewell and blessing.

Q.3 The writer says that before his departure his mother gave him only a long and
searching look. What do you think the look was searching for?

Ans. She was looking for his maternal love. She wanted that he did not go but she did not utter a
single word to convince him not to go.

Q.4 Do you think the writer’s home life was a happy one?

Ans. No, the writer had spent months of restless unease before leaving home.

Q.5 Did the writer enjoy the feeling that he was now free?

Ans. When nobody stopped him from going, he became very pleased feeling himself free. He was
on his own. He could do what ever liked. He cherished his freedom.

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English for Under Graduates
Q.6 Quote the words that tell us that the writer had an optimistic nature?

Ans. He had an optimistic nature. His nature is exposed in three words, “Go where you will. It’s
all yours. You asked for it. It’s up to you now. You are on your own, and nobody’s going to
stop you.”

Q.7 Why did the writer spend mothers wandering about the hills before he left the home?

Ans. It is very hard task to leave one’s native place forever. He loved the scenery and the people
of his country home. He, therefore, took many months to make the final decision of going to
London.

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English for Under Graduates

EARLY AUTUMN
By: James Mercer Langston Hughes
(February 1, 1902 – May 22, 1967)

ABOUT THE AUTHOR:

James Mercer Langston Hughes (February 1, 1902 – May 22, 1967) was an American poet, novelist,
playwright and columnist. He was one of the earliest innovators of the new literary art form jazz
poetry. Hughes is best-known for his word during Harlem Renaissance. He famously wrote about the
period that “Harlem was in vogue”.

SUMMARY:
Bill Walker and Mary had been in love in their early ages, but no one of them revealed his or her
motivation. Mary married another man and so Bill had to leave her. They both come across in a part
at Washington square after many years. Mary identified her and met him warmly. Bill told her that
he lived in New York and become a lawyer. He had married a lady named Lucille and had two kids.
She told him that she had also married, had three kids, lived in central park west and worked in a
bursar’s office at Columbia. It surrounded nearly sunset and cold. Pedestrians were going past them
and dry air was blowing. Bill found her frail and old but he was still juvenile and fresh according to
her. She invited him at her home and so Bill did. Meanwhile, her bus arrived and she got in it. She
wanted to utter something but could not find words. She hardly greeted him and the bus departed
then she lamented herself that she had forgotten to give him her address or to ask him for his or tell
him that her youngest son was also called as Bill.

DIFFICULT WORDS WITH MEANINGS

Frown Verb [no object]
• Furrow one’s brows in an expression indicating disapproval, displeasure 
or concentration: 
He frowned as he reared the letter 
Noun 
• A facial expression or look characterized by a furrowing one’s brows: 
A frown of disapproval 

Way downtown Life is going on

Bursar Noun
Chiefly British
• 1 a person who manages the financial affairs of a college or school 

Desperately Adverb
• In a way that shows despair: he looked around desperately 
• Used  to  emphasize  the  extreme  degree  of  something:  he  desperately 
needed to drink [ as sub‐modifier]: I am desperately disappointed 
 

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English for Under Graduates
Misty Adjective (mistier, mistiest)
• Full of, covered with, or accompanied by mist: the evening was cold and 
misty the misty air above the frozen river. 
• (of a person’s eyes) full of tears so as to blur the vision. 
• Indistinct of dim in outline: a misty out‐of‐focus: a few misty memories 
(of a colour) not bright; soft: a misty pink. 

Brilliance Noun
[mass noun]
• 1  intense  brightness  of  light:  the  nights  were  dark,  lit  only  by  the 
brilliance of Aegean stars. 
• Vividness of colour. 
• 2  exceptional  talent  or  intelligence:  he’s  played  the  stock  market  with 
great brilliance 

Pull off Informal succeed in achieving or winning something difficult: he pulled off a
brilliant first round win.
Blur Verb (blurs, blurring, blurred)
• Make or become unclear or less distinct: [with object]: tears blurred her 
vision  his  novels  blur  the  boundaries  between  criticism  and  fiction[no 
object]: in front of him the page blurred. 

Noun
• A  thing  that  cannot  be  seen  or  heard  clearly:  the  pale  blur  of  her  face 
the words were a blur. 
• Something  remembered  or  perceived  indistinctly,  typically  because  it 
happened very fast: the day before was a blur. 

Shriek Verb [no object]

• Utter  a  high‐pitched  piercing  sound  or  words,  especially  as  an 
expression,  terror,  pain  or  excitement:  the  audience  shrieked  with 
laughter[with  dull  speech]:  ‘There  it  is!’  she  shrieked[with  object]  she 
was shrieking abuse of taxi. 
• (of  something  inanimate)  make  a  high‐pitched  screeching  sound:  the 
wheels shrieked as the car sped away. 
• Be very obvious or strikingly discordant: the answer shrieked at her all 
too  clearly  the  patterned  carpets  shrieked  at  Blanche  from  the  shabby 
store. 

Noun
• A high‐pitched piercing cry or sound; a scream: shrieks of laughter  
• Informal an exclamation mark. 

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English for Under Graduates

PAST PAPER QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

B.Com 2010 (Regular)
B.Sc 2004
B.Com 2004 (External)

Q.1 Why did Mary and Bill not marry when they were young? What effect did this youthful
break up have on each of them?

Ans. The context of the story tells us that Bill walker had invitation to marry Mary, but the
relationship between that was not so closed and still there was a huge difference between
their ways of thinking. They passed their time only in long discussion in order to bring about
any decision but no one stepped forward to break the ice. Although this youthful breakup hit
Bill walker badly but Mary was eager to marry another man about whom she through to
spend her whole life happily.

Arts 2010 (Regular & External)

Arts 2006 (Regular)
B.Com 2006 (External)

Q.2 Did Mary and Bill both experience similar emotions when they met after several years?

Ans. They seemed bearing entirely different emotions after meting several years. Hence, Mary
recognized him and met him warmly it shows that she had a little regression on her marriage
decision which she made against Bill. While Bill met her graciously raving an arrogant
glimpse in his eyes. Keeping the harsh manner about women especially about Mary in the
mind, Bill did not even give her a kiss for which she handled up her face ahead so they did
not experience an identical emotion after meeting several years.

B.Sc 2006

Q.3 In the story “Early Autumn”, Bill and Marry meet after many years. How different
have their lives been and how to they react for each other.

Ans. In the story “Early Autumn” Bill and Marry meet after many years of estrangement. In the
past, they used to be the part and parcel for each other, but now the things have taken a
drastic turn. It seems that Mary’s life has not been a happy and a satisfactory life because she
looks quite exciting and getting attracted towards her former lover – Bill. On the other hand,
Bill appears to be pretty normal and cool. Besides he shows no emotional attachment to his
former lady lover. This suggests that his life is far much better and contend than hers. Marry
is quite emotional whereas Bill is quite composed and controlled on this chance meeting after
several years.

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English for Under Graduates
B.Sc. 2005

Q.4 Why is Mary’s reaction different from Bill’s when she sees him after a long time?

Ans. Mary’s reaction is certainly different from that of Bill’s when she sees him after a long time,
because she departed from Bill long ago for nothing and got married. In the entire period
when she was away from Bill she hardly could forget him.

Since she was unable to forget her former lover that was why when she sees him after a long
time, she could hide her feelings and looked quite emotional as if she were still unmarried
and young and expected Bill for the same. On the other hand, Bill was quite normal in his
behavior and showed emotions in meeting after a long span of time.

B.Com (External) 2005

Q.5 Do you think that the title Early Autumn has some symbolic meaning? Give the reason
for your point of view.

Ans. The title of the story is quite symbolic in meaning. Autumn is the season when green leaves
perish and fall, this means end time of those leaves has reached because they have grown old.
In the same way Bill and Marry met after a long time, Marry was looking that much old
which she should not have been.

This shows that old age, autumn for human, has approached her ever early before its actual
time. So in short “Early Autumn” is significant in meaning, which explains the growing older
of Marry before her time and the strong reason was that she could not adjust herself after
separation from Bill.

B.Sc 2010
B.A. (REGULAR/EXTERNAL) 2004

Q.6 Why were the feelings of Bill different from those of Mary when the met after years?

Ans. When Marry and Bill were young they were in love. They used to spend nights walking and
talking together, but there were some possible constraints between them. That was why when
something unimportant came between them, they did not think to share. Neither of them
came forward to share his or her feelings. There developed an invisible wall of ego between
them and consequently Marry got married with a man, this is how they could not marry. This
shows that main reason of their estrangement/separation was nothing but the so-called ego.

Bill though than Mary was solely responsible for the estrangement for nothing that was
stopped thinking about the lady and looked almost indifferent for her. When they met he
showed perfect normal behavior devoid of any emotion and obsession.

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English for Under Graduates

SAMPLE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

Q.1 What was the last thing that Mary wanted to say to Bill which she was unable to
express? What do you think she actually wanted to say?

Ans. The first word of her untold sentence when shows that she wanted to ask him about his visit
to her home in order to meet her husband and her three kids. But as the name of story “Early
Autumn” demonstrates the central idea of story, it seemed that she wanted to express her
feelings which she did not realize to utter before her marriage. A wrong decision which she
took about her marriage made her older than her age and she faced bill Walker as a defeated
player.

Q.2 In “Early Autumn”, why does Marry name her son Bill? Does it suggest her feeling?

Ans. The story “Early Autumn” by “Langston Hughes” is a tragic story of two lovers, Marry and
Bill who used to be part and parcel of each other’s life. They would spend evenings and even
nights walking and chatting together. Life was passing merrily and their activities remain
uninterrupted. But one day what happened that something non important came between their
relations, they did not clear the issue between themselves and went aloof. Afterwards Marry
got married to another man without taking Bill into confidence and went away. The
irresponsible and rude attitude of the lady, Marry made Bill furious and got busy him in his
life away from Marry.

But after years when they met, things have taken a drastic change. Mary, though she has
three kids, seems totally unsuccessful in forgetting her former lover. As it is generally
accepted that women hardly forget their first love. She shows immense pleasure and
excitement when they meet after years. This shows that fire of love was still at ablaze in her
heart. It is her love that made her youngest son name as Bill. This suggests that Mary was
still in love with her former lover that was why in the remembrance of Bill; she keeps her
son’s name after him.

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English for Under Graduates

CHARLES
By: Shirley Jackson
(December 14, 1916 – August 8, 1965)

ABOUT THE AUTHOR:

Shirley Jackson (December 14, 1916 – August 8, 1965) was an American horror novelist and short
story writer. A popular writer in her time, her work has received increasing attention from literary
critics in recent years. She has influenced such writers as Neil Gaiman, Stephen King, Nigel Kneale
and Richard Matheson.

She is best known for the short story “The Lottery” (1948), which suggests a secret, sinister
underside to bucolic small-town America. In her critical biography of Jackson, Lenemaja Friedman
notes that when “The Lottery” was published in the June 26, 1948, issue of the New Yorker, it
received a response that “no New Yorker story had ever received”. Hundreds of letters poured in that
were characterized by as Jackson put it, “bewilderment, speculation and old-fashioned abuse.”

SUMMARY:
Laurie’s mother described the scene of first departure of her five-year-old son Laurie towards his
kindergarten class in school. He left home with his neighbor wearing blue jeans with a belt. On his
return, he behaved very rudely and pronounced to learn nothing on first day at school. He also
introduces his class fellow named Charles by telling his parents that Charles was punished by the
teacher. Next day, he brought the news of hitting the teacher of Charles, because his teacher forbade
him to colour which he wanted to do. Laurie also made a silly joke with his father. On Wednesday,
Charles a girl bleeds by bouncing seesaw on her head and lost his recess enjoyment. On Thursday,
he made a noise during story time and was spanked of standing in a corner; he also threw chalks on
next day. His parents looked worried due to naughty Charles who may keep bad influence on their
son. On the first day of the second week, Laurie came late from the school and told his parents that
Charles was punished to stay after school and so all the children were eager to observe him, so they
also stayed like Laurie. But Charles did nothing Lauri also described the look of that naughty fellow.

On the same night, there was first parent’s teacher meeting. Laurie’s mother was anxious to meet
Charles or his mother, but she was unable to attend the meeting due to the poor condition of her
baby. On Tuesday, Laurie gave them news of arriving a physical training instructor (PTI) in the
school, who was kicked by Charles when he made him to do exercise. During third week, Charles
becomes a character of doing misdeed in Laurie’s home. Meanwhile, Laurie shocked his parents, by
telling them that Charles became so good and co-operative that his teacher started liking him, but it
did not last more than two weeks. On Friday, Charles made a girl to say a slang word in the class.
Laurie whispered that word to his father in order to make him understood the situation. In the next
class, Charles spoke that bad word himself.

On the proceeding night, there was another P.T.A meeting in which Laurie’s mother went having a
story desire of meeting Charles’s mother. Hence she couldn’t succeed to find any due about her or
her son. After the meeting; she came across with Laurie’s teacher to whom she had little
conversation about her son. And thus it was disclosed to her that there was not any Charles in the
Kindergarten.
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English for Under Graduates

DIFFICULT WORDS WITH MEANINGS

Cautiously Adjective
• (of  a  person)  careful  to  avoid  potential  problems  or  dangers:  a 
cautious  driver  firms  have  been  unusually  cautious  about  hiring  new 
workers. 
• (of an action) characterized by the desire to avoid potential problems 
or dangers: the plan received a cautious welcome. 

Renounce Verb [with object]

• Formally  declare  one’s  abandonment  of  (a  claim,  right  or  possession: 
Isabella offered to renounce her son’s claim toe the French Crown. 
• [no object] Law refuse or resign a right or position, especially one as an 
heir or trustee: there will be forms enabling the allottee to renounce. 
• Refuse  to  continue  to  recognize  or  abide  by:  these  agreements  were 
renounced after the fall of the Tsarist regime. 
• Reject  or  abandon  (a  cause,  bad  habit,  or  way of  life):  they  renounced 
the armed struggle he renounced alcohol completely. 

Corduroy Noun
[mass noun]
• A thick cotton fabric with velvety ribs. 
• (corduroys) trousers made of corduroy. 

Verb [with object]

• Make (a road) out of tree trunks. 

Bibs Noun
• A  piece  of  cloth  or  plastic  fastened  round  a  child’s  neck  to  keep  its 
clothes clean with eating. 
• A  loose‐fitting  sleeveless  garment  worn  on  the  upper  body  for 
identification, especially by competitors and officials at sporting events. 

Tot Noun
• A very young child. 
• Chiefly British a small amount of a strong alcoholic drink such as whisky 
or brandy: a tot of brandy 

Raucous Adjective
• Making  or  constituting  a  disturbingly  harsh  and  loud  noise:  raucous 
youths. 

Slam Verb (Slams, Slamming, Slammed)

[with object]
• Shut  (a  door,  window,  or  lid)  forcefully  and  loudly:  he  slams  the  door 
behind him as he leaves 

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English for Under Graduates
• [no object] be closed forcefully and loudly: she heard a car door slam. 
• [with  object  and  adverbial]  push  or  put  something  somewhere  with 
great force: Charlie slammed down the phone. 

Spank Verb [with object]

• Slap with one’s open hand or a flat object, especially on the buttocks as 
a punishment: she was spanked for spilling ink on the carpet. 

Noun
• A slap or series of slaps of this type. 

Squat down Verb [squats, squatting, squatted]

• [no object] crouch or sit with one’s knees bent and one’s heels close to 
or touching one’s buttocks or the back of one’s thighs. I squatted down 
in front of him. 

Haggard Adjective
• Looking  exhausted  and  unwell,  especially  from  fatigue,  worry,  or 
suffering: she was pale and haggard Alex’s haggard face. 
• (of  a  hawk)  caught  for  training  as  a  wild  adult  of  more  than  twelve 
months. 

Noun
• A haggard hawk. 

Swagger Verb
[no object, with adverbial of direction]
• Walk or behave in a very confident and arrogant or self‐important way: 
he swaggered along the corridor (as adjective swaggering) a swaggering 
gait. 

Noun
[in singular]
• A  very  confident  and  arrogant  or  self‐important  gait  or  manner:  they 
strolled around the camp with an exaggerated swagger. 

Adjective
• [attributive]  denoting  a  coat  or  jacket  cut  with  a  loose  flare  from  the 
shoulders. 
• British  informal,  dated  smart  of  fashionable:  I’ll  take  you  somewhere 
swagger. 

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English for Under Graduates

PAST PAPER QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

B.Com 2010 (Regular)
B.A. 2010 (Regular & External)

Q.1 What are some of the characteristics of Charles?

Ans. Laurie drew the picture of an imaginary class-mate, whom he called “Charles” as a naughty,
rude and ill-mannered lad, who always embarrassed his teacher and class fellows. Sometimes
Charles hit the teacher, disobeyed his instructor, disturbed other students, threw chalks and
kept yelling during classes. Laurie also gave a little twist in his story by telling that Charles
become a helper and co-operative guy but it did not last very long and he again started to
harp on one string.

B.Com (External) 2010

B.Com (External) 2006

Q.2 Why did Laurie invent Charles?

Ans. Laurie invented an imaginary friend because he wanted to discuss things about school with
his parents and needed a topic from the same. He knew that his parents especially father
thinks him as a naughty boy. So he made an imaginary character and showed him the ever-
worst naughty boy who even did not bother to hit the teachers as well.

In this way he showed the worst form of boys, this naturally forced his parents to think that
comparison their son was relatively gentle and well behaved.

B.Com 2010 (Regular)

Arts (Regular & External) 2006
Q.3 How does Laurie let his parents and teacher know what kind of person Charles is?

Ans. Laurie invents an imaginary friend because he wants to discuss thins about school with his
parents and needs a topic from the same. He knows that his parents especially father thinks
him as a naughty boy. So he makes an imaginary character and shows him the ever-worst
naughty boy.

Every day, on his return from the school, he speaks to tell his parents about the own
activities. Charles and gradually builds up the interest of his parents in Charles.

B.Sc 2005

Q.4 What are some of the characteristics of Laurie? Point out some verbs, adverbs, and
adjectives that indicate his actions and attitude.

Ans. Although Laurie is introduced as a sober child in the context of the story but it does not
remain the same. There are also some other aspects of Laurie’s character such as he used to
about the just after coming to the home from school. He also remarked about Charles grimly
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English for Under Graduates
and scornfully even he behaved with his father coldly and insolently and some times he paid
no attention towards his parents. He never took care of his younger sister too.

B.Com (Regular) 2005

Q.5 Who was “Charles” in the story and what was happening to him according to Laurie?

Ans. Charles was an imaginary character, invented by Laurie. The real person behind the character
was Laurie himself. He used to tell his parents about his own activities in the disguise of this
imaginary character Charles.

Since Charles was an extremely mischievous boy that was why no teacher, even their friends,
could escape from his mischievous and unruly behavior. Often he was punished for his
attitude and was detained after the school hours or he was made to stand facing the reversed
direction of the board.

B.Com (Regular) 2004

Q.6 How does Laurie’s mother know that Charles was her son’s creation?

Ans. When Laurie’s mother goes to PTA meeting, it must be remembered that she aims at
attending PTA only for the sake of meeting with the mother of the terrible child called
Charles. When during the meeting with class teacher, she speaks about Charles, the teacher
refused astonishingly that no such boy exists in the school – means Charles is an imaginary
character invented by her son. In addition to this whatever, according Laurie is Charles’
characteristics, seems identical her son’s. The change in her son’s attitude looks similar to the
changes appearing in Charles. Besides no Charles exists in the school, it is clear enough that
Charles was none but Laurie. This is now she knows that Charles was her son’s own creation.

B.A. (Regular/External) 2004

Q.7 What description of Charles does Laurie give to his father? What does this description
tell us about the kind of person Charles is?

Ans. Charles had been a matter of discussion between Laurie and his parents since Laurie started
telling his parents about what Charles used to do in the school. Following are some of the
characteristics of Charles, which come into picture through depiction by Laurie:
ƒ He was naught as every day he is found involved any kind mischievous behavior.
ƒ He had no respects for those elder or older to him as he once hit to his class teacher and
the next time his target was the teacher’s friend.
ƒ He was free-spirited and a very agile and active boy who always wanted something to do
or move.
ƒ He was disobedient as well as when he was asked to use red crayons he did not and used
green ones instead.

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English for Under Graduates

SAMPLE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

Q.1 How does the teacher seem to react to “Charles”? What kinds of things does she
have him do in the classroom?

Ans. Teacher was very busy and high handed to control “Charles” (in real Laurie) in the
kindergarten class. Sometimes she punished him to make him stand in the corner. Often
he was punished to be alone and was not allowed to play with other students. Once he
was deprived of blackboard privileges. Finally he was spanked to stay after school.

Q.2 What is P.T.A meeting? What are some of in activities? (as indicated in this story)

Ans. PTA stands for Parents Teacher Association whose motivation is to arrange meeting
among school teachers and the parents of the students. Some of the activities of a PTA
meeting are:
ƒ To mingle and to introduce their selves to each other.
ƒ To build up a strong relationship between the staff and the parents.
ƒ To enhance the cooperation between both in order to provide a better environment to
their children for studies.
ƒ To overcome the difficulties and hindrances by mutual understanding.
ƒ To discuss about some of the problems facing by the parents or their children about
studies on dues.

Q.3 Does Laurie’s mother ever meet Charles’s mother?

Ans. Laurie’s mother is very much anxious to meet Charles’s mother because she wants to
sympathize her for misconduct of Charles in the class. Although Charles is a fake character
which has been created by Laurie himself, so there is no question of such meeting.

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English for Under Graduates

THE STORY OF AN HOUR

By: Kate Chopin
(February 8, 1851 – August 22, 1904)

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Kate Chopin, born Katherine O’Flaherty (February 8, 1851 – August 22, 1904) was an American
author of short stories and novels. She is now considered by some to have been a forerunner of
feminist authors of the 20th century.

From 1892 to 1895, she wrote stories for both children and adults which were published in such
magazines as Atlantic Monthly, Vogue, the Century, and Harper’s Youth’s Companion. Her major
works were two short story collections, Bayou Folk (1894) and A Night in Acadie (1897). Her
important short stories included “Desiree’s Baby” (1893); “The Story of an Hour” (1894), and “The
Storm” (1898). Chopin also wrote two novels.

SUMMARY
The short story “The Story of an Hour” is basically the story of a lady Lousie is a kind of wife who
feel themselves under the influence of their husbands. They think that husbands’ authority snatches
their liberty and free thoughts.”

There spreads news that her husband is killed in an accident and even his name is inclusive in the list
that was killed in the accident. When the news is given to Mrs. Mallard is a sensitive lady and she is
a heart patient as well and it is expected that the ever sad news might not become a cause for her
from a sever heart attack. But beyond expectations when, the news is given to her unlike many other
women whose husbands were found dead she accepts that news significance. She weeps at once and
throws herself in abandonment in her sister’s arms. After the fire of grief extinguishes or settle
down, she goes away towards her room, moving in such a way that she expects no one to follow her.
In the room, she stands alone then she sinks deeply into the armchair just in front of the open
window there is fresh breath of rain in the air, the sky looks blue with shades of white clouds like
colour touches. The birds are chipping outside and the entire scene is extremely absorbing. But she is
sunk deep in her thoughts and lays her head’s back on the top of the chair cushion. Her face is
showing that she is in suspension of intelligent thoughts.

Having in mind the same concept and dreaming for the happy days to come, when se descends from
the stairs along with her sister, there is some rattling at the door. The door opens and dramatically
her husband, who has earlier assumed as “Killed”, enters the house. He looks tired and exhausted
who is unaware of the fact that lethal news about his death has spread. Seeing him alive, Mrs.
Mallard suffers a heart attack and she falls. There are two possible reasons of the attach either she is
happy enough to see her husband alive again or she feels grieved about her dreams which will not
come true. Anyhow, when she is taken to the hospital, it is declared by the doctor that she is dead
because of the heart attack. She has suffered – mainly because of the extreme joy that kills.

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English for Under Graduates

DIFFICULT WORDS WITH MEANINGS

Afflict Trouble Haunt Worry
Veil Covering Twitter Chirrup
Hasten Hurry Ware Goods, articles
Forestall Prevent Peddler Dealer
Tender Caring Eaves Roof space
Abandon Throw away Pile Mound
Exhaustion Tiredness Sob Weep
Stare Gaze Tumultuous Disorderly
Yonder That over there Slender Slim
Subtle Slight Whisper Speak softly
Elusive Mysterious Course Route
Illuminative Light up Trivial Unimportant
Implore Beg Monstrous Horrible
Verve Energy Exalt Praise
Pierce Cut Procession Demonstration
Bosom A woman’s chest of Elixir A magical or medical
breasts potion
A preparation
Literary a person’s supposedly able to
loving care and change metals into
protection gold, sought by
alchemists.
Feverish Excited Triumph Victory
Unwitting Unsuspecting Latchkey A key of an outer door
of a house

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English for Under Graduates

PAST PAPER QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

B.Sc 2010

Q. What is the surprise ending to this story?

Ans. The surprise end of the story is that, Mrs. Mallard who has persuaded herself as a widow and
expects to live her rest of the life as free and an uninterrupted life as she says, Mrs. Mallard.

Having in mind the same concept and dreaming from the happy days, to come, when she
descends from the stairs along with her sister, there is some rattling at the door. The door
opens and dramatically her husband, who has earlier assumed as “killed”, enters the house.
He looked tired and exhausted who is unaware of the fact that lethal news about his death has
spread.

Seeing him alive, Mrs. Mallard suffers a heart attack and she falls. There are two possible
reasons of the attach either she is happy enough to see her husband alive again or she feels
grieved about her dreams which will not come true. Anyhow, when she is taken to the
hospital, it is declared by the doctor that she is dead because of the heart attack. She has
suffered – mainly because of the extreme joy that kills.

B.Com 2010 (External)

B.Com 2004 (External)

Q. What sorts of married life of you think Mr & Mrs. Mallard had in the story?

Ans. The reactions of Mrs. Mallard on hearing the sad news of husband’s did not look as ever-sad
news for him. This shows that the depths of relations, which are expected in a married, are
life either did not exist between them or they never grew in their life. Her weeping a little and
becoming perfectly in less than an hour shows that ties of relations were not as strong as they
should have been.

So it can be inferred that their married life was an unhappy life and looked nothing merely a
compromise from both ends.

B.Com 2005 (Regular)

Q. When the doctor came, they said she had died of heart disease – of joy that kills”. Do
you agree with this statement? OR

B.Com 2004 (Regular)

Q. Did Mrs. Mallard die because of joy in “The story of an hour”?

Ans. Mallard was a sensitive lady and she was a heart patient as well. There spreads news that her
husband was killed in an accident and even his name was inclusive in the list that were killed
in the accident and it was expected that the ever sad news might not become a cause for her
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English for Under Graduates
from a sever heart attack. But beyond expectations when, the news was given to her unlike
many other women whose husbands were found dead she accepted the news significance.
She wept at once and threw herself in abandonment in her sister’s arms.

This shows that she was rather little happy on her husband’s death and against her
expectations when she saw her husband entering the house safe and sound, she was stunned,
seeing him alive, Mrs. Mallard suffered a heart attack and she fell. There are two possible
reasons of the attack either she was happy enough to see her husband alive again or she felt
grieved about her dreams which would never come true.

Since joyful attitude of Mrs. Mallard was dominant upon the death of her husband, this
shows that she died of extreme grief and hence the statement looks wrong in its assumption.

B.Sc 2004

Q. Why do you think that Mrs. Mallard reacted the way she heard on hearing of her
husband’s death? Give examples from the text.

Ans. Mallard was a sensitive lady and she was a heart patient as well. There spreads news that her
husband was killed in an accident and even his name was inclusive in the list that were killed
in the accident and it was expected that the ever sad news might not become a cause for her
from a sever heart attack. But beyond expectations when, the news was given to her unlike
many other women whose husbands were found dead she accepted the news significance.
She wept at once and threw herself in abandonment in her sister’s arms.

Her reactions were not an emotional as other women’s could be. The reason is that she was
one of those kinds of wives who feel themselves under the influence of their husbands. They
think that husband’s authority snatches their liberty and free thoughts. So when she heard the
sad news of her husband’s death, it consequently brought her the pleasure that now she was
free of bonds and clutches. There would be none who could impose authority on her. This
was why she behaved like that.

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English for Under Graduates

SAMPLE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

Q.1 What was Mrs. Mallard’s first reaction to the news of her husband’s alleged death?

Ans. Mrs. Mallard was a sensitive lady and she was a heat patient as well and it was expected that
the ever sad news might not become a cause for her from a seer heart attack. But beyond
expectations when, the news given to her unlike many other women whose husbands were
found dead she accepted the news significance. She wept at once and threw herself in
abandonment in her sister’s arms.

This is how she reacted first to her husband’s death.

Q.2 What was her little reaction?

Ans. When she had got the news and wept in the arms, the fire of grief extinguished or settled
down, she went away towards her room, moving in such a way that she expected no one to
follow her. In the room, she stood alone then she sank deeply into the armchair just in front
of the open window. There was fresh breath of rain in the air, the sky looked blue with
shades of white clouds like colour touches. The birds were chipping outside and the entire
scene was extremely absorbing. But she was deep in her thoughts and laid her head’s back on
the top of the chair cushion. Her face was showing that she was in suspension of intelligent
thoughts.

Q.3 What words did she use to express her later feelings / reaction?

Ans. In fact, Mrs. Mallard whose name is Louise was a kind of wife feel themselves under the
influence of their husbands. They think that husband’s authority snatches their liberty and
free thoughts. When her husband, according to the news, dies she feels grieved but on the
hand she feels joy to think that now her life is free from any interruption. She thinks not only
life but also her soul is free and the days left in her will only be for her. She will live them
alone for herself.

The words she used to express her emotions, as she says, “Free! Body and soul free!”.

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English for Under Graduates

PLAN OF ATTACK
By: Hugh Munro Saki
(December 18, 1870 – November 13, 1916)

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Hector Hugh Munro (18 December 1870 – 13 November 1916), better known by the pen name Saki,
was a British writer, whose witty and sometimes macabre stories satirized Edwardian society and
culture. He is considered a master of the short story and is often compared to O. Henry and Dorothy
Parker. His tales feature delicately drawn characters and finely judged narratives. “The Open
Window” may be his best known, with a closing line (“Romance at short notice was her speciality”)
that has entered the lexicon. In addition to his short stories, he also wrote a full-length play, The
Watched Pot, in collaboration with Charles Maude; two one-act plays; a historical study, The Raise
of the Russian Empire, the only book published under his own name; a short novel, The Unbearable
Bassington; the episodic the Westminister Alice (a Parliamentary parody of Alice in Wonderland),
and When William Came, subtitled A Story of London Under the Hohenzollerns, a fantasy about a
future German invasion of Britain.

SUMMARY
The story “Plan of Attack” written by Saki is about a young man, Bertie and her curious mother. The
ever-greatest problem Bertie and his sister faced was that there was NO privacy of them in their
home. Their mother would treat them like infants even though; they were about to be twenty years.
Bertie’s bother, Mrs. Heasant was a very interesting character with the following features:
• She had been found of reading novel, watching dramas and movies and thus there built a
curiosity factor in her personality.
• She was a suspicious lady and even did not trust on her offspring.
• She was rude and harsh and her confidence and trust on her offspring could easily be
shattered.
Once Bertie sent a present of lovely handkerchiefs to her friend named Ella McCarthy. In reply, Ella
McCarthy wanted to thank him for such a nice gift of lovely handkerchiefs through a letter of thanks.
But she knew that all letters were censored and scanned by his mother. When Bertie knew about her
feelings, he himself felt grieved of losing such an opportunity because of his mother’s curiosity of
scanning and censoring letters. He shared the same feelings with his friend, Clovis Sangrail. Clovis
at once hatched a plan and started acting on it without bringing the same into Bertie’s notice. He sent
a letter marked “private” to Bertie address with the name of an imaginary girl “Clotide”, who
seemed to be in love with Bertie. Bertie’s mother had been in doubt that her son would surely have
some relations with other girls without brining into her notice. When as per expectation, Bertie’s
mother found the letter in the letterbox and the word “private” on the top of the letter doubled his
curiosity to open it. She opened the letter hastily and as she suspected it was from a girl unknown to
her. More and more letters came up and after each letter, she used to interrogate her son about those
letters but her sons disowned the letters. In the end, when the last letter was received and the
suspense of an unknown lady died down. She knew that she had been tricked and made fool of. In
addition to this, her being scared to knowing that outside their family someone knew that even
private letters were opened make her extremely puzzled.

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English for Under Graduates

PAST PAPER QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

B.Com 2010 (Regular)
B.Com 2006 (External)

Q.1 Discuss the role played by Clovis plays to resolve Bertie’s problem in the story.

Ans. Clovis played a vital role for the same. He act once hatched a plan and started acting on it
without bringing the same into Bertie’s notice. He sent letter marked “private” to Bertie
address with the name of an imaginary girl “Clotide”, who seemed to be in love with Bertie.
Bertie’s mother had been in doubt that her son would surely have some relations with other
girls without brining into her notice. When as per expectation, Bertie’s mother found the
letter in the letterbox and the word “private” on the top of the letter doubled his curiosity to
open it. She opened the letter hastily and as she suspected it was from a girl unknown to her.
More and more letters came up and after each letter, she used to interrogate her son about
those letters but her sons disowned the letters.

In the end, when the last letter was received and the suspense of an unknown lady died down.
She knew that she had been tricked and made fool of. In addition to this, her being scared to
knowing that outside their family someone knew that even private letters were opened make
her extremely puzzled. Considering the delicacy of the situation, she promised her son that
she would never open his and his sister’s letters. This is how Clovis helped Bertie and
resolved his problem.

B.A. 2006 (Regular & External)

Q.2 Who is the most interested character in this story?

Ans. The most interesting character of the story “Plan of Attack” indicated by Saki H. H. Munro
is, as the author has shown, Bertie’s mother that is Mrs. Heasant. Her action and reactions on
receiving the letters are something what that have added colour to the story. She was
behaving like a detective and trying to reach the depth of the matter and her attitude that have
met fun in the story. In the end, when the last letter was received and the suspense of an
unknown lady died down. She knew that she had been tricked and made fool of. In addition
to this, her being scared to knowing that outside their family someone knew that even private
letters were opened made her extremely puzzled.

B.A. 2005 (Regular & External)

Q.3 Who writes Clotide’s letters to Bertie? For whom are these letters actually mean to be,
and why?

Ans. When Bertie shared the feelings with his friend, Clovis Sangrail, he at once hatched a plan
and started acting on it without bringing the same into Bertie’s notice. He sent letter marked
“private” to Bertie address with the name of an imaginary girl “Clotide”, who seemed to be
in love with Bertie. These letters are meant to be for Bertie’s mother who never trusts her
children and she always inclines to open their letters.
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English for Under Graduates
B.A. 2004 (Regular & External)

Q.4 List some qualities of Bertie’s mother.

Ans. She was an empty minded woman who always had interest in affairs of other people
especially if they were supposed to be private and confidential. Her interest to those events
was directly proportional to the privacy of them. She had been fond of reading novels,
watching dramas and movies and thus there built a curiosity factor in her personality. She
was rude and harsh and her confidence and trust on her off spring could easily be shattered.

An example of the entire characteristics, Bertie’s mother, Mrs. Heasant, life is the arrival of a
series of letter marked “private” for Bertie. She had been in doubt that her son would surely
have some relations with other girls bringing into her notice. Having seen the letter marked
“private” turned to be alarming for her. She opened the letter hastily and as she suspected it
was from a girl unknown to her, more and more letters came up and after each letter, she
used to interrogate her son about those letters but her son disowned the letters.

SAMPLE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

Q.1 Why did Ella’s dull afternoon suddenly brighten up?

Ans. Ella McCarthy’s dull afternoon suddenly brightened up because she was expecting her friend
Bertie who had sent her lovely handkerchiefs and he appeared suddenly in the scene. Seeing
him her dull afternoon was perfect for her.

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English for Under Graduates
A MAN WHO HAD NO EYES
By: MacKinlay Kantor
(February 4, 1904 – October 11, 1977)

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

MacKinlay Kantor (February 4, 1904 – October 11, 1977), born Benjamin McKinlay Kantor, was an
American journalist, novelist and screenwriter. He wrote more than 30 novels, several based on the
American civil war, and won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1956 for his 1955 novel Andersonville,
about the Confederate prisoner of war camp. (The novel is often erroneously believed to have been
the basis for the stage play and TV movie. The Andersonville Trial (1970), as well as for the TV
mini-series Andersonville (1995), but neither have any actual connection to Kantor’s work).

SUMMARY
Mr Parsons was coming out from a noted when he came across with a blind beggar, who has holding
a traditional came in his hand and was proceeding ahead by means of a stick. He had put on an oily
and untidy dress, a black pouch on his shoulder in which there were some ordinary articles to sell
out. Hence, Mr. Parsons was a well-dressed good looking and successful insurance salesman.

The beggar noticed his movement and asked him for help by purchasing one of the articles. Mr.
Parsons looked cross due to the interruption of the beggar and handed him over two half dollars
notes in order to getting rid of him. It was the moment when Mr. Parsons asked him the story of
loosing his eye-sight. The beggar prepared to tell him the tale of becoming blind in a habitual
fashion. He told him that he had been blind for 14 years and it happened to him in Westbury
chemical explosion, when he had been working. He further brought under his knowledge that there
were hundred and eight people got killed; two hundred got injured including over fifty as blind. The
beggar uttered in a complaining accent about the capitalists, who did not take any immediate action
to help the suffering unfortunate people. In the last segment of the story the beggar portrayed the
scene of escaping from the c-shop. He told Mr. Parsons that a stranger man pulled him behind in
order to make some room for hi. So he got take in escaping from the scene and the rolling over
flames and spreading gas or chemical made him blind forever. Thence, Mr. Parsons brought a twist
in the whole story by recoiling the beggar that his story was partly true. He disclosed that he had
himself worked at the same site and was also present and the beggar was the person who did it. Mr.
Parsons also recognized the beggar and called him by his name as Mark Wards. The beggar again
tried to harp on one string by imploringly but the moment Mr. Parsons disclosed that he was also a
blind person.

DIFFICULT WORDS WITH MEANINGS

Dull Borning Hoarse Rough
Delicate Weak Boor Fool
Jewel Precious stone Inquisitive Curious
Hump Swelling Gulp Drink quickly
Thumping Beating Smudge Blur
Cautious Careful Reminiscence Memories
Shaggy Hairy Grope Feel around
Lapel Collar Dough Crash

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English for Under Graduates
Immaculate Spotless Haul Drag
Crook Criminal Trample Crush
Futile Useless Dirt Dust
Asphalt Blacktop Swallow Gulp down
Shabby Untidy Shrill Harsh
Shrubbery Bushes Quiver Tremble

PAST PAPER QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

B.A. 2010 (Regular & External)
B.Com 2010 (External)
B.Com 2005 (Regular)

Q.1 What is the difference in the description between the blind beggar and the insurance
salesman?

Ans. The different between the descriptions of the both follows is as follow:
The beggar is a shaggy and thick necked fellow. He is putting on a greasy coat and has rung a
black couch on his shoulder. He also carried a traditional came in his hand. He used to tell his
tragic story about the lost of his eyes in order to get sympathy. This causes to collect more
money for him. Although, he also has some other articles to sell out but he seems to ask for
begging besides selling. Whereas, the Insurance salesman is a young and smart figure. He is
wearing a neat and clean gray suit with a hat. He is also holding a brown stick in his hand
because he is also blind. (although it was not disclosed in the story in the beginning).

B.Sc 2005

Q.2 Why was the blind beggar always eager to narrate his tale of how he lost his sight?

Ans. The blind beggar was always eager to tell his tragic fake story to other people that the people
might take pity on him, but he wanted to give such impression that he was not a professional
beggar. He used to explain that he worked in a chemical workshop. According to him he was
a very skilled hard-worker and genius in his work and a chemical explosion in that worked
shop made him blind forever. Afterwards, he began to sell out lighters and such other small
items for his living, but by appearance he was more like a professional beggar than peddler.
So he kept repeating his story to all other persons in order to get more earning.

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English for Under Graduates

SAMPLE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

Q.1 What did Mr. Parsons feel when he heard the blind man approach and why?

Ans. Mr. Parsons felt a sudden and foolish sort of pity for the blind beggar, because he understood
the difficulties and problems faced by a blind beggar very well. He was also aware of the
way of walking and the tip-tap of a blind person so he at once noticed the beggar’s approach
towards him. He was well-versed with grief of being blind as he has also lost his eye-sight in
an explosion where he was working. So he enforced him self to help that blind beggars.
Therefore, he felt misery and gave two half dollars to the beggar.

Q.2 Is Mr. Parsons blind? If yes, then how did he recognize who the beggar was?

Ans. Yes, it is cent percent true that Mr. Parson was also a blind man. This fact can be known to
us in the beginning of the story, when he was standing and nothing the sound of stick. He
was also thinking about the past time when he had no one to assist to him and he even did not
need for it. He secured this reputation and well-off situation himself, alone and without being
assisted or helped by another person. He also though about facing a great many problems and
hindrances. While he was talking the beggar, he acknowledged that the beggar was blind too.
He could only find the identify of the beggar when he disclosed the name of “ WEST
BURY”. Then Mr. Parson recognized and called him by his real name i.e. Mark Wardt the
described scene of escaping from the C shop also he helped Mr. Parson to identify that
wicked cunning fellow.

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English for Under Graduates

HINTS FOR CORRECT FORMS OF VERBS

Hint # 1
If any sentence contains the following adverbs, we use the Present Simple in present situation or Past
Simple in past situation, for the given verb.
(1) Generally (2) Occasionally (3) Often (4) Daily, Sometime
(5) Regularly (6) Everyday (Month, Week, Year) (7) Every Sunday, Monday etc
(8) Always (9) Normally (1) Rarely

EXAMPLE:
1. She often (come) to my house in evening. Ans: She often comes to my house in evening
2. I (meet) him on every Sunday. Ans: I meet him on every Sunday.
3. He generally (travel) by car. Ans: He generally travels by car.

Hint # 2
If any sentence contains the following words, we use Present Continuous.
Listen, look, know, these days, these weeks, these years, these months, at this movement, etc.

EXAMPLE:
1. Listen! Your father (sleep) now. (not make a noise).
Ans: Listen! Your father is sleeping now. Don’t make a noise.
2. Look! This car (move) very fast.
Ans: This car is moving very fast.

Hint # 3:
If any sentence contains the following adverbs, we can from the given verb into Present Perfect.
(1) Already (2) Just (3) so far (4) recently (5) yet

EXAMPLE:
1. I already (take) tea. Ans: I have already taken tea.
2. They (not come) yet. Ans: They have not come yet.

Hint # 4:
If any sentence contains the following temporal adverbs, then, we use Past Simple.
1. Yesterday 2. Last/Previous Day (Month, week, years) 3. Ago

EXAMPLE:
1. I (see) him yesterday in the market.
Ans: I saw him yesterday in the market.
2. He (write) me last week about his studies.
Ans: He wrote me last week about his studies.

Hint # 5:
If any sentence contains the words “As and While” then this immediate verb can be changed into
Past Progressive and the any other verb in the same sentence is to be changed into Past Simple.

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English for Under Graduates
EXAMPLE:
1. As I (enter) the room, she (look) some food for me.
Ans: As I entered the room, she was looking some food for me.

Hint # 6:
If any sentence contains the word “When” change it into Past Simple, and the other verb into Past
Progressive.

EXAMPLE:
1. When you (Call) me, I (look) upstairs.
Ans: When you called me, I was looking upstairs.

Hint # 7:
Change the immediate verb into Past Perfect if any sentence contains the word “After” and the other
verb in the same sentence will be changed into Past Simple.

EXAMPLE:
1. After I (finish) my job, I (go) away with my boss.
Ans: After I had finished my job, I went away with my boss.

Hint # 8:
Any sentence contains the word “Before”, the immediate verb may be changed into Past Simple and
any other verb in the same sentence changes into Past Perfect.

EXAMPLE:
1. The president (go) before I (come).
Ans: The president had gone before I came.

Hint # 9:
Following adverbs are used to indicate future.
1. Shortly 2. Soon 3. Tomorrow 4. Next/Coming (days, months, years, weeks)

EXAMPLE:
Instant Decision Planned Future
i. I (go) to France next year. i. I am buying a new car next year.
I will go to France next year. He is going to take admission in M.B.A. next year.
ii. He (come to college tomorrow.
He will come to college tomorrow.

Hint # 10:
For these Auxiliary Verbs such as: “has been”, “have been” or “had been” always Present Participle
(v+ing) form is used.

EXAMPLE:
1. Peter has been (read) since morning.
Ans: Peter has been reading since morning.

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English for Under Graduates
Hint # 11:
After almost all prepositions such as for, on, before, after, at, through and by always Gerund Noun
(v+ing) is used.

EXAMPLE:
1. Mr. John came here for (meet) Cinderella.
Ans: Mr. John came here for meeting Cinderella.

Hint # 12:
The word be followed by a noun or adjective is known as State Verb or Verb to Be which may be
interpreted as; is, am, are, was, were, will be, shall be, as per the tens of the given sentence.

EXAMPLE:
1. He (be) in his room.
Ans: He is in his room.
2. He (be) a doctor.
Ans: He is a doctor.

SENTENCE STRUCTURE OF
“CONDITIONAL SENTENCES”
1. If Present Indefinite, Future Indefinite.

EXAMPLE:
If you (work) hard. You (succeed).
If you work hard, you will succeed.

2. If Past Indefinite, subject + would + verb 1st + object.

EXAMPLE:
If I knew him, I (tell) you.
If knew him, I would tell you.

3. If Past Perfect, Subject + would have + 3rd form of verb + object.

EXAMPLE:
If I had gone there, I (inform) her.
If I had gone there, I would have informed her.
If I had been there, I (slap) him.
If I had been there, I would have slept him.

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English for Under Graduates

EXERCISES OF INTERMEDIATE LEVEL

TO START PRACTICE
KARACHI BOARD 1998 (SCIENCE)
• I (write) him a note of thanks for the gifts.
• He (work) slowly but skillfully.
• It (begin) to rain just as we (leave) the house.
• He (get) a raise in his salary soon.

SOLUTIONS:
• I am writing him a note of thanks for the gifts.
• He works slowly but skillfully.
• It had begun to rain just as we left the house.
• He will get a raise in his salary soon.

KARACHI BOARD 1998 (COMMERCE)

• I (wait) here for an hour, but my friend (not come) yet.
• By the end of the month I (finish) my job.
• The tide (go) out half a kilometer since we (arrive).

SOLUTIONS:
• I have been waiting her for an hour but my friend has not come yet.
• By the end of the month I will have finished my job.
• The tide had gone out half a kilometer since we arrived.

KARACHI BOARD 1998 (ARTS REGULAR)

• I (not see) you for a long time.
• Look! That man (wave) a red flag.
• I had (go) to Lahore by train but I (not get) a ticket.
• He (pay) you next month.

SOLUTIONS:
• I have not seen you for a long time.
• Look! That man is waving a red flag.
• I had to go to Lahore by train but I could not get a ticket.
• He will pay you next month.

KARACHI BOARD 1998 (ARTS PRIVATE)

• Does anyone know who (take) my pen?
• She (live) in this house since 1970.
• I (not see) her for years.
• The sun (shine) in Egypt in summer; it (shine) now.

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English for Under Graduates
SOLUTIONS:
• Does any one know who has taken my pen?
• She has been living in this house since 1970.
• I have not seen her for years.
• The sun shines in Egypt in summer; it is shining now.

KARACHI BOARD 1999 (SCIENCE)

• Neither you nor I (be) good enough to pass this examination.
• I (sit) down for so long that I have cramp in my legs.
• I (read) half a dozen books since Sunday.
• He (hide) in London when the police finally (Find) him.

KARACHI BOARD 1999 (ARTS REGULAR)

• I (wait) here for an hour, but he (not come) yet.
• The guests (depart) before I (arrive).
• While I (clean) the blackboard, the principal (enter) the class.

KARACHI BOARD 1999 (ARTS PRIVATE)

• He (drive) very fast.
• She (write) these letters yesterday.
• I (surprise) at his sudden visit.
• She (fall) down while she (play).

KARACHI BOARD 2000 (SCIENCE)

• When you (see) him yesterday?
• He told me that he (finish) the letter already.
• It (be) a famous saying that charity (begin) at home.
• We (play) in this ground since morning.

KARACHI BOARD 2000 (COMMERCE)

• I expect he (go) to Australia as soon as he (get) a visa.
• He (lean) against the door and (listen) to the wireless when I (try) to speak him.

KARACHI BOARD 2000 (ARTS PRIVATE)

• He (smoke) five cigarettes a day.
• I (buy) this car last year.
• I (not see) him since Friday.
• If he (ask) me, I will help him.
• He (sleep) since 5p.m.

KARACHI BOARD 2001 (SCIENCE)

• She (sleep) when I reached there.
• Aslam (write a letter now.
• I (go) to Lahore two years ago; but I (not be) there since.
• If he works hard next year, he (pass) the examination.

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English for Under Graduates
KARACHI BOARD 2001 (COMMERCE)
• It (begin) to rain just as I (leave) the house.
• If he (work) hard, he (get) through the examination.
• What you (do) for a living?

KARACHI BOARD 2001 (ARTS REGULAR)

• After he (drive) half the way, he (run) out of fuel.
• If he had informed me, I (go) there.
• He (look) for the letter for the hours, but (not find) it yet.

KARACHI BOARD 2001 (ARTS PRIVATE)

• She (drink) two cups of tea every day.
• Yesterday I (see) him in the cinema.
• If he (ask) me, I (answer) him.
• I (sell) my motor-bike yesterday.

KARACHI BOARD 2002

• Look! That man (wave) a red flag.
• The bus (turn) a corner when a private car (crash) into it.
• I usually (catch) the bus to the office but today I (go) by train.

KARACHI BOARD 2OO2 (PRE-ENGINEERING SCIENCE GROUP)

• Where you (go) for your holiday last year?
• I (read) this book since five O’clock.
• If he works hard next year, he (pass) the examination.
• After we (finish) the work, we went home.
• Can’t you see that I (work)?

KARACHI BOARD 2002 (COMMERCE AND HUMANITIES GROUP PRIVATE)

• The weather (be) fine, I shall go out.
• They (meet) me yesterday.
• John (write) a letter now.
• She rarely (do) her work on time.
• I (hear) such stories many times before.

KARACHI BOARD 2002 (HUMANITIES GROUP REGULAR)

• I (read) a book when he (come) in.
• It (rain) in winter. It (rain) now.
• I (buy) a car next year.

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English for Under Graduates
USES OF ARTICLE(S)
TYPES OF ARTICLES:
There are two types of articles:
Definite article (The) and Indefinite articles (A, An). Thus there are three articles…A, An and The.

INDEFINITE ARTICLE “A AND AN”

1) Indefinite Articles are always used before the nouns:
Which are Countable, Singular & Common (CSC).

2) For the introduction of “Religion”, “Nationality” or “Occupation”

Indefinite Articles are commonly used:
(in the reply of: Who someone is? & What something is)
e.g. I am a Muslim/Pakistani/doctor. She is an engineer/Indian.

3) An is usually used before Vowel – Sound:

e.g. an apple, an egg, an orange, an inkpot, an umbrella, an hour etc.

4) A is usually used before Consonant – Sound:

e.g. a cat, a pen, a university.

5) Indefinite Articles can’t be used before Plural, Material or Abstract nouns.

DEFINITE ARTICLE “THE” IS USED:

1) When one shows whole race.

e.g. The cow is a useful animal. The dog is a faithful animal.
The rose is a beautiful flower. The wolf is a fierce animal.
“The” is also used before human groups, when representing community.
e.g. The elders, The younger, The poor, The riches.

2) For making a common, proper.

e.g. The boy, I met, is your brother. The chair, in my office, is broken.

3) Before ordinals (numeric or in words)

e.g. The first position goes to Mr. Tariq He lives on the 5th floor.

4) Before Nouns caused by any reason.

e.g. The Punjab is a fertile province of Pakistan.

5) Before different descriptions for the same noun.

e.g. He is the leader and the guide of his age.

6) Before Nouns having same description.

e.g. The dismissed the typist and the manager.

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English for Under Graduates
7) Before the structure of “Of”.
e.g. The University of Karachi, The tools of machine.
(“The Karachi University or The Machine Tools is wrong).

8) With those places where we go other than their usual aims.

e.g. I go to the hospital to see my Friend (But I’m not sick)
I go to the school in parents meeting. (But I’m not a student)

9) Superlative degree of adjective.

e.g. He is the richest person of the town.

10) In comparison.
e.g. The more he earns, The less he saves.

11) With a unit of measurement to mean ‘every’:

e.g. My car does forty miles to the gallon. You get paid by the hour.

12) With a unit of time to mean ‘the present’:

e.g. Why not have the dish of the day? She’s flavour of the month with him.

13) Before the plural of last name to refer to a whole family or a married couple:
e.g. Don’t forget to invite the Jordans.

14) With unique natures:

e.g. Rivers, Islands, Ranges of mountain/hills, group of states, gulfs, stars, titles, jungles,
directions, seas, oceans, holy books, hotels, theatres, cinemas, ships, canals,
newspaper, deserts, valleys, planets, continents, regions and wonders etc.

DEFINITE ARTICLE “THE” IS NEVER USED BEFORE:

1) An abstract noun.
e.g. (x The x) Honesty is the best policy.

2) Man and women (in general).

e.g. (x The x) Woman is a man’s friend.

3) The names of:

City, country, people, roads, street, town, villages, squares, parks, bridges, buildings,
stations, airport, individual island or mountain and lake.

NOTE:
Articles can’t be used before ending adjective, Material & Abstract Nouns:
e.g. He is x good. x is a metal. x honesty is best policy.

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English for Under Graduates
WORKSHEETS FOR ARTICLES
ARTICLES TEST # 1
Instruction: Insert suitable article in the following sentences, if necessary.

1. Zain is ___________ only batsman who played well.

2. ____________ evening by ___________fire in freezing cold is better than wandering about
in ___________town.
3. _________ wisdom wins over ignorance.
4. This is ________ tallest building of _________ city.
5. ______ Sun rises in _______ East.
6. _________ honesty is _________ best policy.
7. __________ higher you go, _________ lighter you feel.
8. __________ Quran is _________ holy book of Muslims.
9. For me, _________ hardest subject is Math, ________ English and Urdu are _______easiest.
10. You will not fine ________ house like this anywhere else in ________ city.
11. __________independence of ______ USA dates from _________ 4th July 1776.
12. __________ Sun went down bellow _________ horizon.
13. __________ stitch on time saves nine.
14. __________ apple ________ day keeps ________ doctor away.
15. At ________ little distance from __________ college there is _________ building, in which
_________ honest and _______hard working man lives on _________ top floor.
16. He is ________ very brilliant boy.
17. They are _________ best out of _______ all.
18. There is _________ slop round ________ corner.
19. He will leave after ________ day or two.
20. ________ old gardener is watering _________plants.
21. He is always helpful to _______ people.
22. I want _______ glass of milk.
23. Ali is _________ tallest boy of ________ class.
24. There is ________ fly in _______ ointment.
25. She is __________ honourable woman.
26. Which is _________ longest river in Pakistan?
27. I had been ill for ___________ last two days.
28. _________ honest man is ________ noblest work of God.
29. Do you take ________ sugar in _________ tea?
30. Yesterday __________European called at my office.
31. He received _________ telegram in _________ afternoon.
32. __________ poor worker was digging _________ ground.

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ARTICLES TEST # 2
Instruction: Insert Suitable article in the following sentences, if necessary.

1. _____ rose is ______ beautiful flower.

2. He is __________ poor man.
3. _________ world is not ________ happy place.
4. _________ Sun was shining brightly.
5. _________ guide knows ________ way.
6. _________ horse is ________ gentle animal.
7. _________ Indus is ________ river.
8. _________ lion in ________ king of ________ forest.
9. _________ French defeated _________ Germans.
10. _________ Karachi is ________ famous city.
11. _________ England is only _______ part of _______ Europe.
12. _________ Tiger is _______ man – eating animal.
13. _________ Horse is man’s _______ best friend.
14. _________ all _______ books of library are _______ novels.
15. _________ man is more genius than ________ woman.
16. He is _____ MA in English.
17. _______ man is mortal.
18. _______ Iron is ________ metal.
19. There is _________ garden behind _______ House.
20. I dislike ________ Liyari town.
21. I dislike ________ town but I like _________ Villages.
22. Karachi is _________ biggest city of _________ Pakistan.
23. He is _________ honest man.
24. He is only ______ person, I trust.
25. ________ sooner you start _________ better it is.
26. Our cricket team will visit ______ UK, ______ Australia and ________ West Indies.
27. I want ________ glass of ________ milk.
28. I have _______ cup of ______ tea daily.
29. ________ more we get, ______ more we want.
30. I have ________ umbrella and _______ stick in my hand.
31. She is _______ best student of _________ class.
32. ________ most righteous is _______ most honourable.
33. He has been living in _________ USSR since his childhood.
34. She has to walk ________ long way to ________nearest post office.
35. Look outside, _________ sky is getting dark.
36. They had to wait for __________ hour and _________ half at _______ airport.
37. I often go to ________School of my brother.
38. Moulana Muhammad Ali Johar published _________ comrade.
39. _______ young lady is eating _________ apple.
40. He has gone to _________hospital for _________ operation.
41. He is _________ honourable man.
42. _________ bird can fly very high in __________ sky.
43. Space travel has now become ___________ reality.
44. John is _________ only student who didn’t pass _________ test.
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English for Under Graduates
45. I plan to buy _________ expensive camera.
46. He will leave after __________ day or two.
47. _______ old gardener is watering _________ plants.

ARTICLES TEST # 3
Instruction: Insert suitable article in the following sentences, if necessary:

1. For __________ first time on a trip, we had _________ difference of opinion as to how
_____ best, this should be done for _______ better result.
2. He is _______ very brilliant boy.
3. There is _________ shop round the corner.
4. I must have _________ extra key for the front door.
5. He broke ___________ leg in the skiing accident. It’s still in the plaster.
6. Quaid-e-Azam was ___________ honourable man.
7. I saw him in __________ hotel. I saw him ________ hour ago.
8. The more you work, __________ better will your result.
9. They received __________ telegram in the after noon.
10. He worked hard, as he had ________ object to work for.
11. You should eat _________ apple _________ day.
12. My hen laid _____ egg yesterday.
13. ________ few of them managed to touch ________ shore.
14. ________ Indus has flooded ________ village.
15. ________ apple has ________ sweet taste.
16. The knife is made of _____ metal.
17. A red and _____ white cow are grazing in the field.
18. _______ sky was dark and it seemed that _____ storm was coming.
19. I need _____ umbrella.
20. ________ Ravi is not _______ longest river in Pakistan.
21. ________ dust man comes only a week.
22. Karachi is _________ biggest city in Pakistan.
23. ________ Quran is a holy book.
24. ________ Jhelum is a big river.
25. Man is ______ mortal being.
26. The lady was clad in ________ black burqa.
27. The lion is ______ noble beast.
28. We started late in _______afternoon.
29. ________ Indus is a great river.
30. Quran is ________ sacred book of ________ Muslims.
31. ________ horse is a useful animal.
32. ________ luggage is on _______ platform.
33. I can’t forget ______ kindness with which he treated me.
34. I went to ________ hospital to see my uncle.
35. Copper is ________ useful metal.
36. I have _______ black and _________ white dog.
37. ______ more I think about the idea ________ less like it.

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English for Under Graduates
ARTICLES TEST # 4
Instruction: Insert Suitable article in the following sentences, if necessary.

1. Buying _______ horse is often ______ excellent investment.

2. ________ house that my parents own has doubled in value over _______ past ten years.
3. ________ year ago, he was earning $2,000 a month.
4. _______ cats don’t usually like ______ dogs.
5. _______ California that my grandparents grew up in was largely undeveloped land.
6. ______ most of _______ students haven’t had any of ______ exams yet.
7. When I was in _______ Philippines, I stayed in _______ Manila.
8. My mother will prepare _______ huge feast for _____ Christmas Day.
9. ________ President Kennedy was one of ________ most beloved presidents of our time.
10. _____ waters of _____ Atlantic Ocean are much warmer than those of ______ Pacific Ocean.
11. We saw _______ familiar face as we pulled into _______ driveway.
12. While humans use _________ reason to make decisions, animals rely on ______ instincts.
13. Eating ________ apple a day will keep _______ doctor away.
14. Last semester in my astronomy class, I studied _______ earth, ______ sun, and ____ moon.
15. After her mother scolded her, she slammed ________ door to her bedroom.
16. My neighbour took care of ________ kittens while my family vacationed.
17. My neighbour found ____ kitten. Having no pets of her own, she decided to keep ___ kitten.
18. He loves ________ car so much that he washes and waxes it every weekend.
19. _______ butcher at the market gave me _________ excellent cut of beef for my stew.
20. She likes to eat ______ good food.
21. _______ youngster was hit by _______ car while he was crossing the street.
22. He made _______ bad mistake in his report.
23. He has accumulated ______ great wealth from his investment.
24. She wants to become ______ doctor.
25. They asked him ______ difficult question.
26. ______ honesty and ______ loyalty are rare virtues.
27. The celebrated their victory with ______ big dinner.
28. What _______ bad weather we are having today.
29. He wants to hire ________ good housekeeper.
30. The lawyer gave his client ________ good advice.
31. What ______ problem that was!
32. New York city has _______ large population.

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English for Under Graduates
ARTICLES TEST # 5
Instruction: Insert suitable article in the following sentences, if necessary:

1. Sehar is ______ wiser of _____ two.

2. The cat is _______ domestic animal.
3. ________ eagles if ______ bird of prey.
4. I have bought _______ ox.
5. _________ pen is mightier than ______ sword.
6. Let us rest for ________ quarter of an hour.
7. They landed in _________ moon.
8. He is ______ moon.
9. The children put ________ egg in the nest.
10. _______ stitch in time saves nine.
11. The sun is ______ big ball of fire.
12. There is a bridge over _______ Ravi near Lahore.
13. ______ cow gives milk.
14. ______ moon has not risen yet.
15. The teacher gave him _____ wiser we become.
16. _____ English are hard working.
17. _____ older we grow, ______ wiser we become.
18. Sarfaraz is _____ hard working boy.
19. Cloth is sold by _____ yard.
20. A boy was carrying a parcel, _______ parcel was of meat.
21. Faisal is ________ best boy in the class.
22. A camel has _______ long neck.
23. He looks stupid as ______ owl.
24. Look outside ______ sky is getting dark.
25. He is _____ honest man.
26. Udu is ______ easy language.
27. Dry your clothes in ______ sun.
28. I have got _______ headache.
29. ______ rice of Kashmir is very sweet.
30. Eggs are sold by ______ dozen.
31. _____ Hindus worship idols.
32. Faisalabad is _____ big city.
33. You won’t find _____ house like this.
34. I read ______ Holy Quran daily.
35. Twelve inches make ______ foot.
36. _____ pen you wanted to buy, was good for nothing.
37. Zahid is _____ ugly boy.
38. Honesty is ______ best policy.
39. Zia is ______ university student.
40. ______ boy who is standing there, is my son.
41. She gave me _____ one-rupee note.
42. I read ______ “Jang” daily.
43. Faisal was _____ hour late.

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English for Under Graduates
44. He is _____ M.B.B.S.
45. _______ owl can see in the dark.
46. We saw ____ elephant in ____ zoo.
47. He is famous all over ____ country.
48. _______ River Indus flows from North to South.
49. Australia is ______ Island.
50. Do not tell ______ lie.
51. She takes tea twice ______ day.
52. _______ apple a day is good for health.
53. Sehar is ________ intelligent girl.
54. Karachi is ______ biggest city of Pakistan.
55. ______ sun rises in _____ East.
56. This is ______ honorary post.
57. She is ______ honest lady.
58. He was forced to ask _______ believers to migrate to Medina.
59. He is ______ M.A. in English.

ARTICLES TEST # 6
Instruction: Insert suitable article in the following sentences, if necessary:

1. _____ woman is an opponent of ______ man.

2. Zeeshan sings ______ sweet song.
3. ______ Americans are hard-working.
4. She always speaks _____ truth.
5. He is like ______ angel.
6. Keep to _______ left.
7. He looks as stupid as _______ owl.
8. Let us go to ________ club.
9. ______ Urdu is ______ easy language.
10. He has ______ goat and ______ cow.
11. I have _______ umbrella and _______ stick.
12. Karachi is _______ big city.
13. _____ French defeated ________ Germans.
14. _______ copper is _______ useful metal.
15. _____ Muslims read ____ Holy Quran daily.
16. He gave me _____ one-rupee note.
17. _____ Punjab is _____ biggest province of Pakistan.
18. I have got _____ headache.
19. Iqbal was _____ great poet.
20. This is ______ school.
21. Zahira Bano is _____ best teacher.
22. Zeeshan likes ______ orange and Alishan likes _____ apple.
23. _______ rich should help _____ poor.
24. We saw _______ elephant in _____ zoo.
25. I bought _______ apple and _____ mango from the fruit seller.
26. ______ independence of ______ United States of America dates from ____ 4th of July, 1776.
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English for Under Graduates
27. They received ______ telegram in _____ afternoon.
28. ______ more you work ______ better will be your result.
29. There is _____ shop round the corner.
30. He is _____ very brilliant boy.
31. _____ Quaid-e-Azam was _____ honourable man.
32. Ahmed is _____ tallest boy of the class.
33. He will leave after _____ day or two.
34. She is ______ most hardworking student in the class.
35. Life is not ______ bed of roses.
36. She is going to _____ school today.
37. She is going to _____ school today.
38. He is _____ idiot.
39. Bring me _____ cup of ____ coffee.
40. _______ few of them managed to touch _____ shore.
41. He is _____ excellent players.
42. _____ gold is ____ precious metal.
43. ______ sun sets in ____ west.
44. ____ man is mortal.
45. There is ______ garden behind _____ house.
46. He is ______ honest man.
47. Karachi is _____ biggest city in Pakistan.
48. Do you take ______ sugar in ______ tea.
49. _______ dog is _____ intelligent animal.
50. English is _____ language of ______ English.
51. Allama Iqbal was ______ great poet.
52. ______ horse was _____ beautiful animal.
53. He is _______ poor man.
54. ______ rose is _____ beautiful flower.
55. ____ wisdom of Solomon is famous.
56. He was ____ founder of Pakistan.

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English for Under Graduates
PAST PAPER SOLUTION FOR ARTICLES
(from B.com part I Examination Papers)

Year Articles

Mr. Smith is _______ engineer. He works on ______ oil rig in _____ North Sea. He
2007R work on ______ rig for two weeks and then spends two weeks at home. _____ rig is a
hundred miles off the coasts.

One of _______ most important functions of Public Relating is to help management

2006R plan for crises. ______ good P.R professional scan. ______ business environment and
then alerts management to ______ implications and suggests ____ best course of action.

______ child beggar distracted me while I was driving and I missed _____ turn. I was
2005R supposed to take. I found my self in _____ unfamiliar part of _____ locality which I
later discovered to be _______ block two.

One of ______ dead birds proved to be a sort of thrush and ______ other was _____
2004R very small kind of pigeon which in _______ Antilles is called _______ Ortolan.

There was ______ program on television about dangers to _______. There was also
_____ article in the paper that ____ Ozone layer will continue to disappear if we do not
2007P find a way to stop it. Oil tankers are often spilling oil damaging wild life. If ______
earth was a human being, it would be in hospital.

Control of production in _______ modern world is largely in the hands of ____

individual business people who organize and direct industry, induced to do so by _____
expectation of profits. Since the beginning of the extraordinary era of _____ economic
progress ushered in by _______ industrial Revolution old ways of conducting business
2006P have been modified and new forms of business organisation have been introduced. This
has enabled various branches of _____ industry to adopt to changing conditions and to
function more efficiently and more profitably. In this form of organization _____ owner
is in sole charge of ______ business. Unless ______ activity is prohibited by laws on
line of business is closed to ______ owners.

His father is not only _______ town mayor he also runs _____ business. It is said _____
2005P few people are as successful as he is. Since ______ childhood he had _____ interest in
politics.

______ large piece of land near Muree once used by _____ N.G.O has been handed
2004P back to _____ government. ______ land is going to be used for ____ public recreation.

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English for Under Graduates
PAT PAPER SOLUTION FOR ARTICLES
(From B.Com Part I Examination Papers)

Year Articles Year Articles

2007R An, an, the, a, the 2007P A, ?, an, the, the

2006R The, a, the, the, the 2006P A, an, an, the, an, the, the, the, an, the

2005R A, the, an, the, the 2005P A, a, a, the, an

2004R The, the, a, the, x 2004P A, an, the, the, x

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SOLVED EXERCISES
Q.1 Fill in the blanks with suitable articles.

1. My grand mother likes __________ flowers very much.

2. I love _________ flowers in your garden.
3. I always listen to ________ radio in the morning.
4. Alex goes to work by _________ bus.
5. Don’t be late for _________ school.
6. Listen! Dennis is playing _________ trumpet.
7. We often see our cousins over ________ Easter.
8. She has never been to ________ Alps before.
9. What about going to Australia in _______ February.

Answers:
1. X 2. The 3. The 4. X 5. X 6. The 7. X 9. The 10. X

Q.2 Fill in the blanks with suitable articles.

1. Last year we visited _________ St. Paul’s Cathedral.
2. __________ Mount Everest is the highest mountain on earth.
3. _________ Loch Ness is the most famous lake in Scotland.
4. _______ most children like sweets.
5. ______ summer of 1996 was hot and dry.
6. The Plaza Hotel is on the corner of _______ 59th Street and _____ 5th Avenue.
7. My sister often stays at ______ Uncle Tim’s in Detroit.
8. Our friends _____ Millers moved to Florida last August.
9. ______ smog is a problem in ______ big cities.
10. Our children go to ________ school by _____ bus.
Answers:
1. X 2. X 3. X 4. X 5. The 6. X 7. X 8. The 9. X 10. X
Q.3 Fill in the blanks with suitable articles:
1. Lucy has _______ dog.
2. Let’s sing _______ song.
3. Emily needs _______ new desk in her room.
4. I need _____ blue pen.
5. Ben has ______ old bike.
6. Peter has _____ aunt in Berlin.
7. We listen to ______ English CD.
8. She has _____ exercise book in her school bag.
9. The speed of this car was 160 miles _____hour.
10. They finished _____ unit.

Answers:
1.a 2. a 3. a 4. a 5. an 6. an 7. an 8. an 9. an 10. a

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English for Under Graduates
Q.4 Fill in the blanks with suitable articles.

1. There is ______ new English book on the desk.

2. She’s reading _____ old comic.
3. They’ve got _______ idea.
4. He is drinking ______ cup of coffee.
5. The girl is _____ pilot.
6. Leipzig has ____ airport.
7. This is _____ expensive bike.
8. Look! There’s _____ bird flying.
9. My father is ______ honest person.
10. My friend likes to be _______ astronaut.

Answers:
1. a 2. an 3. an 4. a 5. a 6. an 7. an 8. a 9. an 10. an

Q.5 Fill in the blanks with suitable articles:

1. _________ Swedish is a difficult language to learn.

2. _________ general’s army attacked the city at night.
3. I like to play _______ basket ball.
4. My parents gave me __________ basketball for my birthday.
5. She is _______ prettiest girl in the school.
6. I have ______ idea! Let’s go bowling.
7. I have borrowed _____ money from her before.
8. My first apartment was on ______ Orange Street.
9. ______ dress she is wearing is blue.
10. He is _____ real gentleman.

Q.6 Fill in the blanks with suitable articles.

1. There were many dogs in the park. One dog was _____ Dalmatian.
2. Pandas and ______ tigers are both endangered.
3. She is wearing ______ blue dress with red earnings.
4. Hawaii is ______ Island in the Pacific Ocean.
5. Christmas comes once ______ year.
6. ________ ant is _______ insect.
7. The Nile is _____ river.
8. I went to the shop to get ______ brand.
9. He broke ______ glass when he was washing dishes.
10. You should take _____ umbrella.

Answers:
1. a 2. X 3. a 4. an 5. a 6. an, a 7. a 8. X 9. a 10. an

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English for Under Graduates
Q.7 Fill in the blanks with suitable articles.

1. I bought ______ pair of pants and a shirt.

2. I saw _____ car crash last week.
3. They are staying ______ downtown.
4. I think ______ man is very unfriendly.
5. I don’t like ______ soccer.
6. That is ______ issue between you and the boss.
7. _______ water is dirty. Don’t drink it!
8. _____ price of gas keeps rising.
9. John moved to ______ San Francisco.
10. Celine is ______ French.
11. ______ amazing thing happened to me yesterday.
12. My friend does not eat _____ red meat.

Answers:
1. a 2. a 3. X 4. X 5. The 6. X 7. an 8. The 9. The 10. X 11. X 12. An

Q.8 Fill in the blanks with suitable articles:

1. He left _____ home without informing anyone.

2. There is a box of sweets on _____ table.
3. Do you need ____ degree in economic or a degree in finance to be a better manager?
4. When we arrived, she went straight to _____ kitchen and started to prepare a meal for us.
5. He has _____ cut on his leg and ____ bruice on _____ chin.
6. Mount Everest is _____ highest mountain in _____ world.
7. Switch off ____ air-conditioner please. I have ____ cold.
8. We reached _____ top of _____ hill during _____ afternoon.
9. Do you like _____ weather here? Isn’t it too hot during ______ day but it is very cold at
night?
10. ___ attempt has been made to collect funds to start a public library in ____ town where I live.

Answers:
1. the 2. the 3. a,a 4. the 5. a,a 6. the, the 7. the, a 8. the,a, the 9. the, the 10. an, the

Q.9 Insert articles where necessary.

1. The sun rises in _____ east.

2. ____ brave soldier lost an arm in the battle.
3. _____ doctor says it is a hopeless case.
4. Go and get a pound of sugar, from _____ nearest grocer.
5. ______ Eskimos make houses of snow and ice.
6. Have you never seen ______ elephant?
7. The teacher asked _____ student to draw ____ map of Australia.
8. Do not look _____ gift horse in the mouth.
9. Have you told him about _____ situation?
10. Keats was _____ great poet.
11. How blue _____ sky looks!

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English for Under Graduates
12. What _____ beautiful painting this is!
13. ____ umbrella is useless in ____ thunderstorm.
14. I have not seen him since he was ____ child.
15. Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin were _____ first men to walk on ______ moon.
16. We started late in ______ afternoon.
17. _______ project failed for want of support.
18. ______ tiger is a native of Asia.
19. What kind of ____ bird is that?
20. May we have pleasure of your company?

Answers:
1. the 2. the 3. the 4. the 5. the 6. an 7. the, the 8. a 9. the 10. a
11. the 12. a 13. an 14. a 15. the, the 16. the 17. the 18. the, a

Q.10

I arrived in the USA last Monday, We left X Rome, flew over the Alps and made a quick in X
London. There we went shopping in X Harrods, visited the Tower and enjoyed a sunny afternoon in
X Hyde Park. On the following day e left for X New York. The time on board wasn’t boring as there
were two films to watch on the monitor. The people on the plane were all X Italian. Before we
landed at X JFK airport, we saw the Statue of Liberty, X Ellis Island and the Empire State Building.
The hotel I stayed in was on the corner of X 42nd street and X 5th avenue. I don’t like X hotels very
much, but I didn’t have X time to rent an apartment.

Q.11

I am from Winchester, Hampshire. Winchester is a city in the United Kingdom. I live in a town
called X Taunton which is on the River tone. I live in a house in a quiet street in the countryside.
The street is called “Hudson Street” and the house is old – more than 100 years old!. I am an
English lecturer at a college near the centre of the town. I like X books, music and taking X
photographs. I usually have X lunch at college. I usually go X home by X car. We have all kinds of
food in X England. I like X polish food very much. Sometimes, I go to a polish restaurant in bath.
The restaurant is called “Magda’s”. X polish food is delicious!

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English for Under Graduates

NARRATIONS
DIRECT AND INDIRECT

Rules of Changing Direct Speech into Indirect Speech:

• Change of reporting verb
• Change of pronouns
• Change of reported tense
• Change of words
• Change of reported subject

Kinds of Sentences
1. Affirmative
2. Negative
3. Interrogative
4. Exclamatory
5. Imperative
6. Optative

Change of Pronouns
SON formula is used for changing pronouns
1. 1st Person changes with respect to Reporting Subject (speaker)
2. 2nd person changes with respect to Reporting Object (hearer)
3. 3rd person does not change.
I, we = 1st person
You = 2nd person
He, she, it, noun, they = 3rd person

Change of Tenses
If reporting speech is in “Past Simple” then tense of reported speech changes as follows:
1. Present Simple changes into Past Simple.
2. Present Progressive changes into Past Progressive.
3. Present Perfect changes into Past Perfect
4. Present Perfect Progressive changes into Past Perfect Progressive.
5. Past Simple changes into Past Perfect/Past Simple.
6. Past Progressive changes into Past Perfect Progressive/Past Progressive.
7. Will changes into Would
8. Shall changes into Should
9. May changes into Might
10. Can changes into Could

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English for Under Graduates
11. Should doe not change
12. Would does not change
13. Could does not change
14. Might does not change
15. Is, Am, Are change into Was, Were
16. Have/Has to change into Had to

Changes of Words
Ago into Before
Hence into Thence
Here into There
Hither into Thither
Just into Then
Last night into the previous night
Next into Following
Now into Then
These into Those
This into That
Tonight into That night
Today into That day
Tomorrow into The next day
Yesterday into The previous/last day
Good morning into Greeted

AFFIRMATIVE & NEGATIVE SENTENCES

Changes of Reporting Verb
Say into Say
Says into Says
Say to into Tell
Says to into Tells
Said into Said
Said to into Told

Examples
Direct He said, “I like this pen”.
Indirect He said that he liked that pen.
Direct She said, “These are my books”.
Indirect She said that those were her books.

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English for Under Graduates
Exercise
1. He says to me, “I am young”.
2. They say to you, “We have seen it”.
3. You say to him, “They are ill”.
4. He says, “I went home”.
5. Shoaib said, “I come here every day”.
6. Ahmed said to Zahira, “I am doing my work now”.
7. Sohail said to Shagufta, “I am going to see my doctor tonight”.
8. Sana said to Ejaz, “I came to see you here yesterday”.
9. I said to her, “Ali denied to marry Almas”.
10. She said to me, “I want to take your photo by my Camera”.
11. My mother said to me, “You an not go with your friends in my car”.
12. I said to Cinderella, “You should go with me for walking”.
13. He said, “I am watching a wonderful movie”.
14. They said, “There is no room for you”.
15. I said, “I sleeping in his room”.

Change of Reporting Verb

Said to into Asked

Examples
He said to us, “Had you been singing a song for a long time”?
He asked us if we had been singing a song for a long time.

She said to him, “Will you come back here tomorrow”?

She asked him if he would come back there next day.

Exercises
1. He said to her, “Will you be waiting for me?
2. She said to him, “Will you have finished your work by Sunday”?
3. He said to her, “Will you have been cooking for an hour”?
4. She said to him, “Can you speak English”?
5. She said to me, “Who are you”?
6. He said to her, “Where do you live”?
7. She said to him, “Why did he go there”?
8. He said to her, “When will you come back”?

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English for Under Graduates

IMPERATIVE SENTENCES
Change of Reporting Verb
Said to into Ordered/Requested/Advised/Suggested

Examples
The teacher said to the student, “Get out”.
The teacher ordered the student to get out.

The commander said to his men, “Fire”.

The commander commanded his men to fire.

Exercises
1. Abrar said to Asrar, “Please show me your book”.
2. Arsalan said to Noman, “Work hard”.
3. The teacher said to the students, “Do not site here”.
4. The servant said to the master, “Paradon me, sir”.
5. He shouted, “Let me go”.
6. Bilal said, “Be quiet and listen to my words”.
7. He said to me, “Knock at the door again”.
8. The director said to the actor, “Act”.
9. The instructor said to the student, “Type well”.
10. He said to his son, “Try again”.
11. The student said to the teacher, “Sir, kindly excuse me”.
12. He said to me, “Let us go”.

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES
Change of Reporting Verb
Said to into Exclaimed with joy
Exclaimed with sorrow/grief
Exclaimed with wonder

Examples
He said, “Alas! He has died”.
He exclaimed with grief that he had died.

He said, “Hurrah! We have won the match”.

He exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.

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English for Under Graduates
Exercises
1. He said, “How foolish I have been!”
2. She said, “How sweet these mangoes are!”
3. He said, “What a big ship!”
4. He said, “Good-bye, my friends!”
5. I said, “Alas! I have lost my pen in your car when we were with them”
6. She said to me, “Oh! Forgot to bring your book”.
7. She said to him, “Congratulations! You have passed your exams with flying colours”.
8. I said to them, “Hurrah! You succeeded in your doings”

OPTATIVE SENTENCES
Change of Reporting Verb
Said to into Prayed
Wished

Examples
He said, “May God pardon this sinner!”
He prayed that God might pardon that sinner.

Exercises
1. She said, “May the police arrest the thieves!”
2. She said to me, “May God blessed you!”
3. They said, “Would that our father was alive to see our fate!”
4. I said to Alia, “Would that You I were with you”.

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English for Under Graduates

SOLVED EXERCISES
1. “Are you feeling alright now?” said the master to his servant, “Can you leave for Lahore
tomorrow morning and bring his son there for the holidays?”

Ans. The master asked his servant if he was feeling alright then. He further asked him if he could
heave for Lahore the following morning and bring his son there for the holidays.

2. “A great loss to me at any rate,” said the Miller, “Why I had as good as given him my
wheelbarrow, and now I really don’t know what to do with it”.

Ans. The Miller told them that it was a great loss to him at any rate. He added that he had as good
as given him his wheelbarrow, and then he really didn’t know what to do with it.

3. (i) He said, “The earth moves round the sun”.

(i) He said, “I am an early riser”.

Ans. (i) He said that earth moves round the sun.

(ii) He said that he was an early riser.

4. My father said, “Have you not finished your lesson yet, my boy?” “No, “I replied, “this
lesson, is so difficult!. I tried my best to learn it yesterday but failed.” “Never mind.” Said
my father, “try again and again, and you will succeed at last”.

Ans. My father asked me if I had not finished my lesson till then. I replied in negative and added
that that lesson was so difficult and that I had tried my best to learn it the previous day but
failed. My father forbade me to mind and advised me to try again and again and assured me
that I would succeed at last.

5. The teacher became, angry with the student and said, “Why have you ‘disturbed the class? I
have told you before that when I am speaking you should be silent”.

Ans. The teacher became angry with the student and asked him why he had disturbed the class. He
added that he had told him before that when he was speaking he should be silent.

6. The headmaster said, “Come in, Smith, what you want?” Smith said, “May I stay at home on
Wednesday, Sir? My father is returning from Africa.” The Headmaster said, “At what time
will he arrive?”

Ans. The headmaster permitted Smith to come in and asked him what he wanted. Smith asked
respectfully if he might stay at home on Wednesday and added that his father was returning
from Africa. The Headmaster asked him at what time he would arrive.

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English for Under Graduates
7. “Know nothing about the feelings of parents,” said the water-rat; “I am not a family man.
Love is all very well in its way, but friendship is much higher.”

Ans. The water-rat said that he knew nothing about the feelings of parents and that he was not a
family man. He further said that love was all very well in its way, but friendship was much
higher.

8. ‘Are you feeling alright now?” said the Manager to his Assistant. “Can you manage the
factory in my absence”?

Ans. The Manager asked his Assistant if he was feeling alright then. He further asked him if he
could manage the factory in his absence.

9. “May you succeed in life!” she said to me She said. “What a strange story it is!”

Ans. She prayed that I might succeed in life. She exclaimed with wonder that it was a very strange
story.

10. Allama said, “Have you heard that she has holidays now and that she is coming to see us
tomorrow?”

Ans. Najma asked them if they had heard that she had holidays then and that she was coming to
see them the next day.

11. A fawn, one day, said to her mother, “Mother, you are bigger than a dog and swifter and
better minded, and you have horns to defend yourself, how is it that you are so afraid of the
hounds?”

She smiled and said, “All this, my child. I know fully well; but no sooner do I hear a dog
bark, then, somehow or other, my heels take me off as fast as they can carry me.”

Ans. A fawn, one day told her mother that she was bigger than a dog and sifter and better minded
and she had horns to defend herself. He then asked his mother how it was that she was so
afraid of the hounds. She smiled and told her child that she knew all that fully well but as
soon as she heard a dog bark, somehow or other her heels took her off as fast as they could
carry her.

12. “What a silly boy you are” cried the Miller, “I really don’t know what is the use of sending
you to school. You seem not to learn anything.”

Ans. The miller shouted to his son that he was a very silly boy. He told him that he really did not
know what the use of sending him to school. He further told him that he (the boy) seemed not
to learn anything.

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English for Under Graduates
13. (i) “Sit down and tell me what is worrying you,” he said to her.
(ii) “Take care of your health,” said the doctor to the patient.

Ans. (i) He advised her to sit down and tell him what was worrying her.
(ii) The doctor advised the patient to take care of his health.

14. My friend said, “Who do you think is right, the one who thinks that life in this world is all
paradise or the one who is always cursing himself as to why he was born.”

I said, “None of them is absolutely correct. Life is neither all heavenly nor all infernal. It is
for man to learn how to turn the painful ordeals of life into delightful enterprise.

Ans. My friend asked me who I thought was right, the one who thought that life in this world was
all paradise or the one who was always cursing himself as to why he was born. I replied that
none of them was absolutely correct. I further said that life was neither all heavenly nor all
infernal. It was for the man to learn how to turn the painful ordeals of life into delightful
enterprise.

15. The teacher became angry with the student and said, “Why have you disturbed the class in
this way. I have told you before that when I am speaking you should be silent. Leave the
room and do not return.”

Ans. The teacher became angry with the student and asked him why he had disturbed the class in
that way. He reminded him that he’ had told him before that when he was speaking he (the
student) should be silent. He then ordered him to leave the room and forbade him to return.

16. (i) He said to me, “Change your clothes”.

(ii) He said to his sister, “Honesty is the best policy”.

Ans. (i) He ordered me to change my clothes.

(ii) He told his sister that honesty is the best policy.

17. Blair: Have you seen the President? Stanton: I have just been with him. Welles: What does
he say?
Stanton: He only said, ‘at last’. He is coming in a moment.
Hook: He will bring his proclamation with him again. I do not think is the right moment to
make it.

Ans. Blair asked Stanton if he had seen the President. He answered that he had just been with him.
Welles asked what he (the President) said. Stanton answered that he (the President) only said
“at last”. He further said that he (the President) was coming in a moment. Hook said that he
(the President) would bring his proclamation with him again. He added that he did not think
that was the right moment to make it.

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English for Under Graduates
18. “Ah! The life of my dear friend is in jeopardy,” said the fox to herself, “How to save the life
of the jacket from these furious hounds?”

Ans. The fox said to herself with grief that the life of her dear friend was in jeopardy, She asked
how to save the life of the Jackal from those furious hounds.

19. “I don’t understand you, “answered the water-rat. “Let me tell you a story on the subject,”
said the Linnet. “Is the story about me?” asked the water-rat.

Ans. The water-rat answered that, he did not understand him. The linnet shouted to him to let him
tell him a story on the subject. The water-rat asked if the story was about him.

20. “How very well you speak French!” Lady Grizzel said, “I ought to know it” Becky modestly
said, “I taught it in a school and my mother was a French woman”.

Ans. Lady Grizzel exclaimed with surprise that she (Becky) spoke French very well. Becky
modestly said that she ought to know it and added that she had taught it in a school and her
mother was a French woman.

21. “I’ll sell the T.V. set if you keep quarrelling about the programme.” Said the mother. “Please
don’t do that,” said the children.

Ans. The mother told the children that she would sell the T.V. set if they kept quarreling about the
programme. The children requested her not to do that.

22. “Lots of people act well, “answered the Miller, “but very few people talk well, which shows
that talking is much the more difficult thing of the two, and much the finer thing also.

Ans. The Miller answered that lots of people acted well but very few people talked well, which
showed that talking was much the more difficult thing of the two, and much the finger thing
also.

23. (i) The gardener said to the boys, “Do not pluck the flowers”.
(ii) My friend asked me when I should go to Lahore.

Ans. (i) The gardener forbade the boys to pluck the flowers.
(ii) My friend asked me when I should go to Lahore.

24. (i) The teacher said to us, No doubt that it is a very hot today, even then I am going to
teach you”.
(ii) Ahmed said to me, “Will you really stand by me in hour of need”.

Ans. (i) The teacher told us that no doubt that it was a very hot that day, even then he was
going to teach us.
(ii) Ahmed asked me if I should really stand by him in hour of need.

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English for Under Graduates
25. “Who are you, strangers?” I asked “Where do you come from? Are you honest merchants or
wandering pirates?”

Ans. I asked the strangers who they were and where they came from. I further asked if they were
honest merchants or wandering pirates.

26. The traveler said, “Can you tell me the way to the nearest inn? “Yes,” said the farmer, “Do
you want one in which you can spend the night?” “No,” replied the traveler, “I only want a
meal”.

Ans. The traveler asked the farmer if he could tell him the way to the nearest inn. The farmer
replied in affirmative and asked the traveler if he wanted one in which he could spend the
night. The traveler replied in negative and further said that he only wanted a meal.

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English for Under Graduates

EXERCISES
1. The father said to his son, “Do as I tell you or you will be punished” I will teach you who is
the master in this house?”

2. “There has been an accident and the road is blocked”, said the policeman. “It won’t be clear
for sometime replied.

3. “I don’t know where they are going.” He said, “Have they finished their work?” I asked, “I
don’t think so” he replied.

4. Imran said to Anwar, “How are you getting on with your new job?” “I am doing very well”,
Anwar replied, “In fact I am expecting a substantial movement soon.”

5. “I will be taking my driving test tomorrow”, he said to me, “Can you take me for some
practice today?”

6. The teacher said to the students, “We studied letter writing last week”, he added, “You
should now be ready to learn essay writing this week.”

7. The speaker said, “I entirely object to the proposal. Have you considered all that this
proposal involved? Gentlemen. I entreat you to be cautions.”

8. “The play is difficult”, said he to me. “You can not understand it easily. Try to take your
teacher’s help.

9. “If you are short of money I can lend you Rs. 500” said my uncle, and you can take your time
about paying it back”.

10. This letter is full of mistakes”, shouted the manager. “I did it in hurry”, admitted the typist.
“Type it again”, said the manager.

11. I said to her, “Do you have a car to go”?

12. He said to me, “How are you?”

13. I said to you, “Where did you go?”

14. They said to him, “Why did you do that?”

15. He said to me, “Who are you?”

16. They said to me, “How often do you visit your company in a week?”

17. The shopkeeper said to me, “How any flowers do you want?”

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English for Under Graduates
18. Abrar said to Khalid, “Please show me your book”.

19. Ali said to Noman, “Work hard”.

20. The servant said to master, “Pardon me sir”.

21. He said to me, “Knock at the door again”.

22. Bilal said, “Let him take the photo.”

23. He told, “I can drive a car on Sunday.”

24. He told you, “I am supposed to drive a car on Sunday.”

25. You told me, “I am likely to drive a car on Sunday.”

26. He said to me, “Had you been singing a song for a long time?”

27. He said to him, “Will you come back here tomorrow?”

28. He said to her, “Are you waiting for me?”

29. He said to him, “Will you have finished your work by Sunday?”

30. He said to her, “Have you been cooking for an hour?”

31. She said to him, “Can you speak English?”

32. She said to me, “Are you a doctor?”

33. He said to her, “Will you come back?”

34. He said to him, “Did he go there?”

35. He said to her, “Will you come back?”

36. They said, “Is there any room for us there?”

37. I said to Cinderella, “You should go with me for walking.”

38. He said, “I am watching a wonderful movie.”

39. They said, “There is no room for you.”

40. I said, “I was sleeping in his room.”

41. He told you, “I drive a car on Sundays.”

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English for Under Graduates
42. He told you, “I am driving a car on Sundays.”

43. He told you, “I have been driving a car since Sunday.”

44. You told me, “I was driving a car on Sundays.”

45. You told me, “I had driven a car on Sunday.”

46. You told me, “I had been driving a car since Sunday.”

47. He told you, “I will drive a car on Sunday.”

48. He told you, “I will be driving a car on Sunday.”

49. He told me, “I will have driven a car on Sunday.”

50. He told me, “I will have been driving a car since Sunday.”

51. He says to me, “You are wrong this time.”

52. My friend says to me, “I will tell you later.”

53. She says to me, “You use my pen without permission to complete your work.”

54. I say to them, “You did very well for my future by taking out your time.”

55. Shoaib said, “I come here every day.”

56. Ahmed said to Kashif, “I am going my work now.”

57. Shoaib said to Naseer, “I am going to see my doctor.”

58. Sana said to Ejaz, “I come to see you here yesterday.”

59. I said to her, “Ali denied to marry Almas.”

60. She said to me, “I want to take your photo with my camera.”

61. My mother said to me, “You can not go with your friends in my car.”

62. He said, “Do not make noise.”

63. The teacher said, “Work hard.”

64. Imran told me, “Give me your pen.”

65. My father said, “May you win match.”

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English for Under Graduates
66. He says, “May Allah make you marry two times.”

67. Alas! “He is dead”, he said.

68. Hurrah! “Pakistan has won the match”, he said.

69. He said, “I like this pen.”

70. She said, “These are my books.”

71. I say to him, “I am faithful.”

72. He says to me, “I am tired.”

73. I say to him, “We won the match yesterday.”

74. He says, “My brother is absent today.”

75. He tells me, “I speak English.”

76. He tells me, “You speak English.”

77. He tells me, “He speaks English.”

78. My father says, “I am going to Islamabad tonight.”

79. Imran told me, “You have won a new car.”

80. You told her, “You cooked food.”

81. I will say, “I always come on time.”

82. He told me, “Are you going to start a new business.”

83. He will ask, “Where are you going to stay?”

84. I say, “Does he work in a factory in his free time?”

85. I say, “What does he do in his free time?”

86. He said, “Go there.”

87. He says, “Go there.”

88. My mother says, “Come on time.”

89. My mother said, “May you live long.”

90. My teacher says, “May you all get first division.”

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English for Under Graduates

PREPOSITIONS

DEFINITION
A preposition is a word (or group of words) placed before a noun or pronoun to show in what
relation a person or a thing stands to something else.

Example: 1. He writes WITH a pencil 2. She walks ON the road.

DIFFERENT RELATIONS

1. The Preposition of Place:

The relation of place between two nouns (or pronouns) is expressed.

Example: a) Our plane flew OVER the Arabian Sea.

b) The ship sailed ON the sea.

2. The Preposition of Time:

The Preposition express relation of time with a noun.

Example: a) He went THROUGH the door.

b) The snake was BEHIND the door.

By Usage
Prepositions often come by means of their Specified Use. As, for example:

In, On and At (time)

Look at these examples.

In On At
We bought the flat in 1994. The race is on Saturday. The film starts at seven thirty
In + year/month/season On + day/date At + clock time/meal time
In 1988 On Wednesday At three O’clock
In September On 15 April At lunch (time)
In Winter On that day At that time
In the 21st Century At the moment
In the Easter holiday On + single day At + two or three days
In + a week or more On easter Monday At Easter/Christmas
In the summer term On Christmas Day At the weekend
(US: on the weekend)
In + part of day On + a single day
In the morning On Friday morning
In the evening On Tuesday evening

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Look at these examples with night:
• I woke up in the night.
• I can’t sleep at night.
(= in the middle of the night) It happened on Monday night. (= when it is night)

But we do not use in, on or at before every, last, next, this, tomorrow and yesterday.
• We go to Greece every summer
• I leave school this year
• My brother came home last Christmas
• The party is tomorrow evening
• I’ll see you next Friday
• The group set off yesterday morning
In, On and At (place)
In general, we use:
• At for a POINT
• In for an ENCLOSED SPACE
• On for a SURFACE

AT (POINT) at the corner at the bus stop at the door

at the top of the page at the end of the road at the entrance
at the crossroads at the entrance

IN (ENCLOSED SPACE) in the garden in London in France

in a box in my pocket in my wallet
in a building

ON (SURFACE) on the wall on the ceiling on the door

on the cover on the floor on the carpet
on the menu
LOOK AT THESE EXAMPLES:
• Jane is waiting for you at the bus stop.
• The shop is at the end of the street.
• My plane stopped at Dubai and Hanoi and arrived in Bangkok two hours late.
• When will you arrive at the office?
• Do you work in an office?
• I have a meeting in New York.
• Do you live in Japan?
• Jupiter is in the Solar System.
• The author’s name is on the cover of the book.
• There are no prices on this menu.
• You are standing on my foot.
• There was a “no smoking” sign on the wall.
• I live on the 7th floor at 21 Oxford Street in London.
Notice: the use of the prepositions of place at, in and on in these standard expressions:

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English for Under Graduates
AT at home at work at school at university at college
at the top at the bottom at the side at reception

IN in a car in a taxi in a helicopter in a boat in a lift

In the newspaper in the sky in a row in Oxford Street

ON on a bus on a train on a plane on a ship

on a motorbike on a horse on an elephant on the radio
on television on the left on the right on the way

ENGLISH PREPOSITIONS LIST

There are about 150 prepositions in English. It is a short list of 70 of the more common one-word
prepositions.

A Behind E N Round Upon

Abroad Below Except Near S V
About Beneath Excepting O Save Versus
Above Beside Excluding Of Since Via
Across Besides F Off T W
After Between Following On Than With
Against Beyond For Onto Through Within
Along But From Opposite To Without
Amid By I Outside Toward
Among C In Over Towards
Anti Concerning Inside P U
Around Considering Into Past Under
As D L Per Underneath
At Despite Like Plus Unlike
B Down M R Until
Before During Minus Regarding Up

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English for Under Graduates

MOST COMMON PREPOSITION

About Before In place of Round
Above Behind Into Since
Across Between Like Through
According to Beyond Near Throughout
After But In addition to To
Against By means of In back of Till
Along Concerning In case of Toward
Among Despite Near Under
Around Down Next Underneath
Along with Except Of Unlike
Apart from Excepting On Up
Around Except for Onto Upon
As For Out Up to
As for From Outside With
Below In Over Within
Beneath In front of On top of Without
Beside(s) Inside Out of With regard to
By In spite of Past With respect to
Because of Instead of Regarding

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English for Under Graduates

CORRECT USE OF PREPOSITIONS

PREPOSITION USE
1 Account for He has to account for the money he has spent.
2 Fit for He is fit for this job
3. Good for An apple a day is good for him.
4. Made for This house is made for him.
5. Qualified for He is not qualified for this job.
6. Request for He made a request for this pen.
7. Vote for Asif will vote for me.
8. Sorry for You must be sorry for your behavior.
9. Use for The pen is use for writing.
10. Apply to He applied to the principal for concession.
11. Belong to This building belongs to my uncle.
12. Call to I called to him.
13. Invite to I am invited to a tea party.
14. Lead to Korangi road leads to Saddar.
15. Married to She is married to a rich man.
16. Obedient to She is obedient to her parents.
17. Prefer to Hard worker is always preferred to a lazy person.
18. Reply to You never reply to my messages.
19. Speak to He was speaking to his son.
20. Superior to Never think yourself superior to your elders.
21. Related to These glasses are related to me.
22. Thankful to I am thankful to almighty Allah.
23. Ashamed of He was ashamed of his behavior.
24. Born of Lincoln was born of poor parents.
25. Die of My friend died of malaria.
26. Afraid of She is afraid of lizard.

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27. Full of The hall is full of people.
28. Fond of He is fond of reading books.
29. Hopeful of I am hopeful of bright success.
30. Need of Are you in need of money?
31. Proud of We are proud of being Pakistani.
32. Made of The chair is made of wood.
33. See off The father came to the airport to see off his son.
34. Arrive in He arrived in time.
35. Deal in They deal in hardware.
36. Trust in We trust in God.
37. Translate into Translate the passage into Urdu.
38. Fall into Huge fell into the ditch.
39. Admit into He was admitted into the hospital.
40. Agree with I agree with your idea.
41. Angry with My brother became angry with me.
42. Begin with The meeting began with the recitation of the Holy Quran.
43. Busy with He was busy with work.
44. Deal with I know how to deal with the enemies.
45. Differ with She differs with me on this point.
46. Fight with Kashmiri are fighting with Indians for their rights.
47. Made with He became made with anger.
48. Satisfied with The boss is not satisfied with your performance.
49. Arrive at The train arrived at 09:30 p.m.
50. Knock at The beggar knocked at the door.
51. Look at He looked at his brother with surprise.
52. Laugh at The king laughed at the beggar.
53. Shout at They shouted at their children with anger.
54. Depend on The baby depends on her parents.
55. Carry on Always carry on your hard work.
56. Act upon Act upon the advice of your elders.

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57. Vote against I shall vote against him.
58. Break out The war broke out in Kashmir.
59. On foot They go to market on foot.
60. After He came to Karachi after the death of his mother.
61. Since They have been here since morning.
62. Beside Her daughter is standing besides the shelter.
63. Behind The teacher stood behind the dice.
64. Between The term should be between you and me.
65. Of Something belonging or relating to subject.
Used to show who is intended to have or use. (This food is for
66. For
children)
Something away or not on (Came OFF; TV is OFF; Time
67. Off
OFF; be OFF; its OFF)
In or into a position covering, touching or forming part of a
surface.
68. On
E.g: A picture ON a wall. There is mark ON your shirt. The
diagram ON page # 4.

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English for Under Graduates
SOLVED EXERCISES
Q.1 Fill in the blanks with these words: against, at, by, for, from, in, like, near, of,
on, to, up, with.

1. She is doing a degree course ____ university.

2. His trousers were washed ____ the washing machine.
3. We had to climb slowly _____ the hill.
4. His house looks _____ a temple.
5. How many _____ the members will join the trip?
6. Don’t learn that ladder ____ the wall.
7. I don’t usually feel tired ____ the wall.
8. Have you heard anything _____ him yet?
9. My house is quite ____ to your school.
10. Put this _____ your drawer and do not let anyone see it.
11. A university is where you study ____ a degree.
12. Which of these roads will lead _____ the church?
13. He sometimes quarrels ____ the neighbor.
14. I think there is a salesman ____ the door.
15. Her next birthday will be _____ a Sunday.
16. Even the new drug could not cure him _____ his illness.
17. He was given a ten-year prison sentence armed robbery.
18. The cat likes to rub its head _____ my legs.
19. The store was robbed because there was no guard _____ duty.
20. My father has a car ____ yours.
21. His sister holds a degree _____ physics Oxford.
22. The new factory is expected to come online May.
23. If you go _____ river you go towards its source.
24. Many of us eat _____ fork and spoon.
25. The mob stoned her _____ death.

Answers:
1. At 2. By 3. Up 4. Like 5. Of 6. Against 7. In
8. From 9. Near 10. In 11. For 12. To 13. With 14. At
15. On 16. Of 17. For 18. Against 19. On 20. Like
21. In, from 22. By 23. Up 24. With 25. To

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Q.2 Fill in the blanks with these suitable prepositions:

1. ________ the picture, I can see a woman.

2. The woman is sitting ______ a table.
3. She is sitting _____ a chair.
4. There is another chair ______ the woman.
5. Her feet are _____ the table.
6. The woman is holding a cup ____ her hands.
7. ______ the table are a laptop, a paper, a calculator, two pens and a muffin.
8. The woman is looking _____ her laptop.
9. The woman’s bag is _____ the table.

Answers:
1. On 2. In front of 3. On 4. Beside 5. Under
6. In 7. On 8. At 9. Under

Q.3 Fill in the blanks with these suitable prepositions:

1. ____ the picture, there are four people.

2. A couple is sitting ____ the table.
3. They are sitting ____ chairs.
4. The drinks are _____ the table.
5. One woman is standing _____ the table.
6. ______ her is a man who is barbecuing.

Answers:
1. In 2. At 3. On 4. On 5. In front of 6. Behind

Q.4 Fill in the blanks with these suitable prepositions:

1. ______ the picture, there are three kids.

2. The girl is standing _____ the two boys.
3. The boy with the green shirt is _____ the right.
4. He has a game boy ____ his hands.
5. The kids are looking _____ his game boy.

Answers:
1. In 2. Between 3. On 4. In 5. At

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English for Under Graduates
Q.5 Fill in the blanks with these suitable prepositions:
1. ____ the picture, I can see Santa Claus and a girl.
2. Santa is sitting _____ a chair.
3. The girl is standing ______ Santa.
4. Santa and the girl are looking _____ each other.
5. The girl has a present _____ her hands.
6. _____ the girl, there is a Christmas tree.
7. There are more presents ____ the tree.
8. Santa’s big bag is laying ____ the floor.
9. Peter is playing tennis _____ Sunday.
10. My brother’s birthday is ____ the 5th of November.
11. My birthday is ____ May.
12. We are going to see my parents _____ the weekend.
13. ____ 1666, a great fire broke out in London.
14. I don’t like walking alone in the streets _____ night.
15. What are you doing ____ the afternoon?
16. My friend has been living in Canada ____ two years.
17. I have been waiting for you ____ seven O’ Clock.
18. I will have finished this essay _____ Friday.
Answers:
1. In 2. On 3. Next to 4. At 5. In 6. Behind 7. Under
8. On 9. On 10. On 11. In 12. At 13. In 14. At
15. In 16. For 17. Since

Q.6 Fill in the blanks with these suitable prepositions:

1. What are you doing _____ the weekend?
2. I don’t know yet. May be I’ll go to the cinema ____ Saturday.
3. That’s interesting. I haven’t been to the cinema _____ so many years.
4. We could go there together ____ the afternoon.
5. That would be great. But I would prefer to go there ____ the evening. I am visiting my
grandma Saturday.
6. That’s okay. The film starts ______ eight O’clock.
7. I can pick you up ____ half ____ seven. How long the film last?
8. It lasts ____ two hours and forty-five minutes.
9. ____ eight ____ a quarter ___ eleven.
10. That’s right. But I must hurry home ____ the film. I have to be home ____ eleven O’clock.

Answers:
1. At 2. On 3. For 4. In 5. In, on
6. At 7. At, past 8. For 9. From, to 10. After, by

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English for Under Graduates
Q.7 Fill in the blanks with these suitable prepositions.

1. I have been waiting _____ 4 o’clock.

2. Sue has only been waiting ____ 20 minutes.
3. Tim and Tina have been learning English ____ six years.
4. Fred and Farida have been learning French ____ 1998.
5. Joe and Josephine have been going out together ____ Valentine’s Day.
6. I haven’t been on holiday ____ last July.
7. Mary has been saving her money ____ many years.
8. I haven’t eaten anything _____ breakfast.
9. You have been watching TV ____ hours.
10. We have been living here _____ 2 months.

Answers:
1. At 2. On 3. For 4. In 5. In, on
6. At 7. At, past 8. For 9. From, till, to 10. After, by

Q.8 Fill in the blanks with these suitable prepositions.

1. If you want to go _____ bus, you have to go ____ the bus stop.
2. You look ____ the time table.
3. Then you wait _____ your bus.
4. When the bus arrives, you get ____ the bus.
5. You buy a ticket _____ the driver or show your ticket ____ the driver.
6. When you arrive ____ your destination, you get ____ the bus.
7. Sometimes you even have to change buses ____ another bus stop.
8. Look _____ this painting.
9. _____ the painting, you can see a little girl.
10. So, it is a painting ____ a girl.
11. A famous painter painted it. So it is a painting _____ a famous painter.
12. My grandma once owned the painting, but she gave it to me on my birthday. So it is a picture
___ my grandma.

Answers:

1. By, to 2. At 3. For 4. On 5. From, to 6. At, off

7. At 8. At 9. In 10. Of 11. By 12. From

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English for Under Graduates
Q.9 Fill in the blanks with these suitable prepositions.

1. He lives _____ Zielona Gora.

2. She went ____ home.
3. Piotrek works _____ Gorzow Wilkp.
4. He went ____ his friend’s house.
5. She arrived _____ Manchester for the celebrations.
6. I’m going to stay _____ home this weekend.
7. Joanna works ______ the hospital.
8. Why don’t we go to ____ the movies tonight.
9. I’m going to see Hania _____ France this summer.
10. I arrived ____ work early this morning.
11. She came home ____ early.
12. We stayed ____ the Mieszko Hotel.
13. They visited _____ England last summer.
14. She’s going to travel ____ Finland this summer.
15. I’ll be ____ school later today.

Q.10 Complete the following sentences with the correct preposition: At, In or On.

1. Will you wait for me ____ the bus stop?

2. Jane is ____ her bedroom.
3. Daria’s books are lying ____ the floor.
4. The girls did not want to spend a long time ____ the carnival.
5. I let the cat sit ____ my lap, but then suddenly it jumped, ____ my face!
6. Do you live the city or _____ the country?
7. Trent arrived ____ the school building just _____ time.
8. The rancher built a fence to keep his cows ____ the pasture.
9. Kevin and Mack are out practicing ____ the football field.
10. From afar, Heathcliff could see a light ____ the window.

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English for Under Graduates
Q.11 Complete the following paragraph with the correct preposition.

Michael Phelps made sports history by winning eight gold medals at the 2008 Olympics in
Beijing. China, Born on June 30, 1985, Phelps was just 15 years old when he qualified for
the Sydney Australia Olympics in 2000. Phelps shattered the 200 meter butterfly swimming
it in record time. He swam it in 1:56:50 seconds. He went on to break many more records at
the 2004. Athens Olympics. In August 2008, he arrived at the Beijing. Olympic games
determined to break, former Olympic swimmer, Mark Spitz 6-gold medal record. He
qualified to complete in three team and five individual events. He swam 17 races in nine
days and won gold medal in all eight events. On August, 16, Phelps won his seventh gold
medal of the Games in the men’s 100 meter butterfly even, setting an Olympic record for the
event. He did it in 50:58 seconds, edging out his nearest competitor by 1/100 of a second.
When his team won the 4 x 100 meter medley relay, he stood on the podium overwhelmed
with emotion as he received his eight record-breaking medal.

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English for Under Graduates
PHRASAL VERBS
PHRASAL MEANING EXAMPLE
VERBS
Abide by Respect of obey, (the law, If you want to stay at this school, you must abide by
a decision, a rule) the rules.
Account for Explain, give a reason I hope you can account for the money you spent!
Add up Make sense, seem Her story just doesn’t add up.
reasonable
Agree with Have the same opinion as I agree with you. I think she deserves the award too.
somebody else
Allow for Take into consideration, You’d better leave early to allow for traffic jams.
include in a calculation
Answer Reply rudely Don’t answer back your mother!
back
Apply for Make a formal request for He applied for the job he saw advertised in the
something (job, permit, newspaper.
loan etc.)
Avail Take advantage of When the company is privatized, you should avail
(oneself) of something (an yourself of the opportunity and buy some shares.
opportunity)
Back away Move backwards, in fear When he saw the dog, he backed away.
or dislike
Back down Withdraw, concede defeat Local authorities backed down on their plans to
demolish the building.
Back up 1. Give support or 1. If I tell the boss we have got too much work, will
encouragement you back me up?
2. Make a copy of (file, 2. It is recommended to back up all files in the
program, etc) secure location.

Black out Faint, lose consciousness When he fell off the horse he blacked out.
Block off Separate using a barrier The area was blocked off during the demonstration.
Blow up 1. Explode: 1. The terrorists said the bomb would blow up at 9
2. Be destroyed by an o’clock.
explosion 2. The car blew up but luckily there was nobody in
it.
Boil down Be summarized as The problem boils down to a lack of money.
to
Break 1. Go out of order, cease 1. John’s car broke down so he had to take the bus.
down to function 2. The parents broke down when they heard the bad
2. Lose control of one’ news.
emotions
Break into Enter by force Burglars broke into the house around midnight.
Break out Start suddenly Rioting broke out as a result of the strike.
Break out Escape from a place by Three prisoners broke out of jail.
of force

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English for Under Graduates
Break up Come to an end (marriage, After her marriage broke up, Emma went to live in
relationship) London.
Bring up Raise (a child) She stopped working in order to bring up her
children.
Brush up Improve, refresh one’s Mary had to brush up on her Spanish before going to
on knowledge of something South America.
Bump into Meet by accident or Pedro bumped into his English teacher at the
unexpectedly supermarket.
Burn out 1. Stop (something) 1. The fuse has burn out
working 2. Tom will burn himself out if he doesn’t slow
2. Become exhausted down.
from over-working
Butt in (on Interrupt impolitely Its rude to butt in on a conversation like chat!
stag)
Call back Return a phone call I’ll call you back as soon as possible.
Call off Cancel The meeting was called off because of the strike.
Call Formally invite or request I now call upon the president to address the assembly.
on/upon
Calm down Become more relaxed, He was angry at first but he eventually calmed down.
less angry or upset
Carry on Continue He carried on gardening in spite of the rain.
Carry out 1. Do something as 1. The plan was carried out to perfection.
specified (A plan, An 2. Tests are carried out to determine the efficiency of
order, A threat) a new drug.
2. Perform or conduct
(Test, Experiment)
Check in Register at a hotel or For security reasons you have to check in two hours
airport. before your flight.
Check out 1. Pay one’s bill and 1. Is Mr. Blair still at the hotel? No, he checked out
leave (a hotel) this morning.
2. Investigate 2. I don’t know if the address is still valid. I’ll check
it out.
Calm up Refuse to speak When the teacher arrived she calmed up.
Calm down Act strictly to preventThe government has decided to clamp down on
on something smoking in public places.
Close down Stop operating (company,
When the factory closed down, the employees lost
restaurant, cinema) their jobs.
Come 1. Find by chance 1. Julie came across some photographs of her
across 2. Appear, seem, make grandparents in the attic.
an impression 2. The candidate came across as a dynamic person
during the interview.
Come Present oneself The police have asked any witnesses to come
forward forward.
Come up Be faced with or opposed The project came up against a lot of criticism.
against by

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English for Under Graduates
Conk out 1. Stop working 1. The car conked out on the motorway.
2. Stop or fall asleep 2. He was so exhausted, he conked out in front of the
(from exhaustion) T.V.
Cut down Reduce in number of size The doctor told him to cut down on cigarettes.
on
Cut out 1. Remove using scissors 1. She cut out a picture in a magazine.
2. Stop doing something 2. I am going to cut out eating between meals.
Deal with Handle, take care of The manager is good at dealing with difficult
(problem, situation) customers.
Die down Calm down, become less When the applause died down, she started to sing.
strong
Do without Manage without The shops are closed so we’ll have to do without
sugar.
Drag on Last longer than expected We expected a short speech but it dragged without
sugar.
Draw up Write (contract, An agreement was drawn up and signed by the two
agreement, document) parties.
Dress up 1. Wear elegant clothes 1. Do people dress up to go to the opera in your
2. Disguise oneself country?
2. Children love to dress up at Halloween.
Drop in Visit, usually on the way I sometimes drop in to see my grandparents on my
some where. way home from school.
Drop off 1. Deliver someone or 1. I will drop you off at the bus stop if you like.
something 2. Grand dad often drops off in front of the TV.
2. Fall asleep
Ease off Reduce, become less After Christmas the workload generally eases off.
severe or slow down
(pain, traffic, work)
Even out 1. Eliminate differences 1. After a long discussion they managed to even out
of opinion their differences.
2. Become level of 2. The road was evened out to make it safer.
regular
Fall Fail, does not happen Our planned boat trip fell through because of the
through storm.
Figure out Understand, find the I am trying to figure out how to assemble the
answer bookshelves.
Fill out Complete (A form / An Please fill out the enclosed form and return it as soon
application) as possible.
Find out Discover or obtain I am going to call the cinema to find out what time
information the film starts.
Focus on Concentrate on something The advertising campaign will focus on the quality of
the product.
Get at Imply What exactly the you trying to get at?
Get away Escape The robbers got away in a black car.
Get by Manage to cope or to Its difficult to get by on a low salary.
survive
Get in Enter How did the burglar get in?

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English for Under Graduates
Get into Enter How did the burglar get into the house?
Get off 1. Leave (Bus, Train, 1. You should get off the bus at Trafalgar Square.
Plane) 2. She can not get the stain off her sweater.
2. Remove
Get on Board (Bus, Train, Plane) You can pay when you get on the bus.
Get on with Continue to do; make Be quiet and get on with your homework.
(something) progress
Get on Have a good relationship I get on very well with my colleagues.
(well) with with
(somebody)
Get out Leave How did he get out?
Get out of Avoid doing something How did he get out of the house?
(+noun)
Get out of Avoid doing something Some husbands manage to get out of doing any
housework.
Get over Recover from (illness, My grand mother had pneumonia but she got over it.
disappointment)
Get rid of Eliminate Its difficult to get rid of old habits.
Get Meet each other Lets get together for lunch on day.
together
Give up Stop doing something Sarah gave up smoking 5 years ago.
Go through Experience Pee went through a lot of pain after the accident.
Grow up Spend one’s childhood; He grew up in a small village in the mountains.
develop; become an adult
Hang in Submit (report, All applications forms must be handed in before the
homework) end of the month.
Hang out Distribute Samples will be handed out at the end of the
demonstration.
Hang out Spend time in a particular Where does he hang out these days?
place, Or with a group of Who does he hang out with?
friends
Hand up End a phone conversation ‘‘don’t hang up. I haven’t finished yet.”
Hit at Aim a blow at He hit at the wasp with the newspaper.
Hit back Retaliate; reply to an When he was attacked by the others, the boy hit back.
attack
Hit on / Find unexpectedly She hit upon an idea for her new collection.
upon
Hold on 1. Wait 1. Hold on please. I’ll put you through to Mr.
2. Grip tightly Brown.
2. She held on to the railing as she crossed the
bridge.
Hurry up Be quick Hurry up! We will miss the bus.
Iron out Resolve by discussion, The meeting tomorrow will be an opportunity to iron
eliminate differences out difficulties.

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English for Under Graduates
Join in Participate She was too shy to join in the game.
Join up 1. Engage in, become a 1. John was in the Army and Tom joined up as soon
member of as he left school.
2. Meet and unite with 2. The two groups of tourist joined up at the hotel.
Jot down Tack quick notes I jotted down the address while watching the
programme on TV.
Keep on Continue doing something It told him to be quiet but he kept on making noise.
Kick off Begin, Start The football match kicked off at 3 o’clock.
Leave out Omit, Not mention The child’s name was left out of the report.
Let down Disappoint You promised to come to the party, so don’t let me
down!
Look after Take care of A babysitter looks after the children when they go
out.
Look ahead Think of the future It’s time to forget the past and look ahead.
Look down Consider as inferior He tends to look down on anyone who is not
on successful.
Look on Be a spectator at an event Billy did not take part in the flight. He just looked on.
Look for Try to find something Jane went to the shops to look for a pair of shoes.
Look Await or anticipate with I look forward to seeing you soon.
forward to pleasure
Look up to Admire He was a wonderful teacher and many students
looked up to him.
Make fun Laugh at/ make jokes The old lady dresses so strangely that the kids make
of about fun of her.
Make up Invent (excuse, story) Some employees make up excuses when they arrive
late for work.
Mix up Mistake one thing or I don’t know my neighbour’s names yet. I keep
person for another mixing them up.
Move in Arrive in a new home or You have bought a new house? When are you
office moving in?
Move out Leave your home / office My neighbor is leaving. He is moving out next
for another one Sunday.
Nod off Fall asleep My grandfather often nods off in front of the TV
Note down Write something I will call the station and note down departure times.
Own up Admit or countess The boy owned up. He said he kicked the ball
something through the window.
Pass away Die The old lady passed away peacefully.
Pass out Faint She passed out when she heard the bad news.
Pay back Reimburse I will lend you 20 Rs provided you pay me back
before the end of the week.
Put off Postpone, arrange a later The meeting was put off because of the strike.
date
Put on Turn on, switch on Could you put on the light please?
Put out Extinguish It took a long time to put out the fire.
Put up Accommodate, give We can put you up if you’d like to come for a week-
somebody a bed end.

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English for Under Graduates
Pick up Collect somebody I will pick you up at the station when you arrive.
Point out Indicate/direct attention to She pointed out the mistake.
something
Relay on Count on, depend on, trust Don’t worry. You can rely on me. I can keep a secret.
Rule out Eliminate The police ruled out political motives.
Run away Escape from a place or He ran away from home at the age of fourteen.
suddenly leave.
Run into Meet by accident or Sophie ran into Maria at the shopping centre.
unexpectedly (also; bump
into)
Run out of Have no more of What a nuisance! We have run out of coffee.
something
Set off Start a journey Early Saturday morning we set off for the ski slopes.
Set up Start a business She set up he own company 10 years ago.
Shop Compare prices Its always wise to shop around before buying
around anything.
Show off Brag or want to be There’s David showing off in his new sports car!
admired
Show up Appear / arrive We expected David to come but he did not show up.
Shut up Be silent, stop talking Oh shut up, you idiot!
Sit down Take a seat Please come in and sit down.
Stick up for Defend Its important to stick up for ones principles.
Take after Resemble, in appearance Jamie really takes after his dad.
or character
Take care Look after I will take care of your plants while you are away.
of
Take off Leave the ground The plane took off at 6. a.m.
Take on Hire or engage staff Business is good so the company is taking on extra
staff.
Tell off Criticize severely The teacher told her off for not doing her homework.
Think over Consider I will have to think over the proposal before I decide.
Try on Wear something to see if I am not sure about the size. Can I try it on?
it suits or fits
Turn down Refuse I could not turn down an offer like that!
Use up Finish a product (so that The kids have used up all the toothpaste.
there’s none left)
Vouch for Express confidence in, or You can give the keys to Andy. I can vouch for him.
guarantee something
Watch out Be careful Watch out! There’s a car coming.
Work out 1. Do physical exercise 1. I work out twice a week at the gym club.
2. Find a solution or 2. It’s expensive but I have not worked out the
calculate something exact cost yet.
Wipe off Clean (board, table) The teacher asked Lee to wipe off the board.

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English for Under Graduates
SOLVED EXERCISES
Q.1 Fill in the blanks with Phrasal Verbs with “up”.

Complete the first part of the phrasal verbs. Use each verb only once.

1. Jane and I want to _____ up smoking.

2. Could you ____ me up at 6 o’clock?
3. We must ______ up or we will miss the bus.
4. Can you ______ me up at the station?
5. In many countries, the pupils have to _____ up when the teacher enters the class room.
6. I usually have to _____ up at half past six.
7. I must _____ up my room today.

Answers:
1. Give 2. Wake 3. Hurry 4. Pick
5. Stand 6. Get 7. Tidy

Q.2 Phrasal Verbs with ‘on’.

Complete the first part of the phrasal verbs. Use each verb only once.

1. Please _____ on your coat, its cold outside.

2. Do you mind if I _____ on the television? I want to watch the news.
3. Excuse me. Where can I ____ on the shirt?
4. Can I _____ on reading now?
5. If you don’t ______ on the train now, it will leave without you.

Answers:
1. Put 2. Turn 3. Try 4. Carry 5. Get

Q.3 Phrasal Verbs with “turn”.

Complete the sentences. Use each particle only once.

1. I love this sing! Do you mind if I turn ____ the volume?

2. Turn ____ the television and go to bed.
3. Turn ____ the oven, I want to bake a pizza.
4. Turn the page ______. The information you are looking for is on the other side.
5. Turn ____ . Is that Bob over there?
6. Please turn ____ the music. I am speaking on the phone.

Answers:
1. Up 2. Off 3. On 4. Over 5. Around 6. Down

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English for Under Graduates
Q.4 Phrasal verbs.

1. Put your shoes _____. Its too cold to walk around barefoot.
2. You must get _____ now or you will be late for school.
3. Sit ______, please. I’ll be with you in a minute.
4. Could you write this word _____ for me, please?
5. Don’t give _____ singing. You are very talented.
6. Where is the fitting room? I’d like to try ____ these trousers.
7. Have you tidied _____ the kitchen, yet?
8. My little sister woke me ____ in the middle of the night.
9. Don’t put the vase there, it will fall.
10. Adam switched _____ his torch, so we could find our way home in the dark.

Answers:
1. On 2. Up 3. Down 4. Down 5. Up
6. On 7. Up 8. Up 9. Down 10. On

Q.5 Phrasal Verbs with ‘out’.

Complete the first part of the phrasal verbs. Use each verb only once.

1. When it is hot and dry, forest fires ________ out easily.

2. _____ out! There’s a car coming.
3. It took the firemen 5 hours to _____ out the fire.
4. You are the woman of my dreams. Will you ______ out with me?
5. Could you _____ out the candle?
6. We knocked at Mary’s door but she wouldn’t ______ out.
7. Would you like to ____out tonight? There is a new restaurant in town.

Answers;
1. Break 2. Watch 3. Put 4. Go 5. Blow
6. Come 7. Eat

Q.6 Phrasal verbs with ‘down’:

Complete the first part of the phrasal verbs. Use each verb only once.

1. It’s so hot in here! Could you ______ the heater down, please?
2. _______ down, we don’t have to run that fast!
3. Be careful! I don’t want you to ______ down the stairs.
4. Why don’t you _____ down and have a nice cup of tea with me?
5. Could you _____ down your e-mail address? I want to keep in touch with you.

Answers:
1. Turn 2. Slow 3. Fall 4. Sit 5. Write

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English for Under Graduates
Q.7 Phrasal Verbs with ‘look’.

Complete the sentences. Use each particle only once.

1. I am looking _____ my mobile. Have you seen it?

2. Look _____ these kittens, aren’t they cute?
3. There are so many words in this text I had to look ____ in the dictionary.
4. I can not go out tonight. I must look ____ my little brother.
5. Are you looking _____ your holidays?

Answers:
1. For 2. At 3. Up 4. After 5. Forward to

MID EXERCISE
Q.8 Complete the sentences with suitable phrasal verbs.

1. I often use Wikipedia to ____ information.

2. If you want to _____ a bus in London, You will have to queue.
3. Can I _____ the TV? I want to watch the weather forecast.
4. IT is very hard to _____ smoking.
5. It is so dark in here, you can really ______ your sunglasses now.
6. Shall I ___ and offer my seat to the old lady?
7. With a few buckets of water, we _____ the fire.
8. Who will ______ your cat when you are on holiday?
9. Would you like to _____ your new dress today?
10. At the next stop we have to ______ the bus and walk along the street to the cinema.

Answers:

1. Look up 2. Get on 3. Turn on 4. Give up 5. Take off

6. Stand up 7. Put out 8. Look after 9. Put on 10. Get off

Q.9 Phrasal Verbs with ‘off’.

Complete the first part of the phrasal verbs. Use each verb only once.

1. Its so hot today. Why don’t you ____ off your coat?
2. Due to lack of interest, we had to ____ the meeting off.
3. Oh no! Look, the wallpaper is ______ off!
4. I stayed up to _____ watch a film, but then I ______ off.
5. Stop _____ off your knowledge of history.
6. Damn, I could not _____ the stain off my favourite sweater.
7. All the hard work finally ____ off.
8. The company ____ off jobs. About 100 workers were _____ off.
9. Would you please let me finish my thought? Don’t ____ me off in the middle of a sentence.
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English for Under Graduates
Answers:
1. Take 2. Call 3. Coming 4. Dozed 5. Showing
6. Clean 7. Paid 8. Killed, laid 9. Cut

Q.10 Phrasal Verbs with ‘come’.

Complete the phrasal verbs according to their meanings in brackets.

1. When I was reading the paper, I _____ this article.

2. How did this mess _____ ?
3. We were at a complete loss, and then Jane _____ a brilliant idea.
4. His new novel will _____ soon.
5. What it all ____ is you’ll have to pay more for less.
6. For the production of his new film, the actor _____ from the United States.
7. Where did you _____ this old painting in the living room?
8. Do you think oil prices will ______ again?
9. It was dark, when we ______ his house.
10. When I tried to open the door, the door handle _____.

Answers:
1. Came across 2. Come about 3. Came up with 4. Come out
5. Comes down 6. Came over 7. Come by 8. Come down
9. Came 10. Came off

Q.11 Phrasal Verbs with ‘get’.

Complete the sentences. Use each particle only once.

1. Let’s get ______ business.

2. How do you get ______ with your classmates?
3. I know that you are still in love with you ex. But believe me, you will get ____ him soon.
4. Quick, get _____ the car. I am not supposed to stop here.
5. I tried to get my point____, but nobody seemed to care.
6. With 10 dollars per day, one can hardly get _____.
7. We have to get _____ the bus at the next stop.
8. My sister helped me get _____ the exam.
9. What you did was very mean. I don’t think you will get _____ so easily.
10. We won’t get ______ the sea today if you don’t cycle a bit faster.

Answers:
1. Down to 2. Along 3. Over 4. In 5. Across
6. By 7. Off 8. Through 9. Away 10. To

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English for Under Graduates
PHRASAL VERBS – BRING
Q.1 She did not manage to bring subject up at the meeting because there was not enough time.
a) down b. up 3. On

Q.2 The scandal brought the government down.

a) off b) out c) down

Q.3 The computer has brought about more changes in my life than any other invention.
a) about b) down c) up

Q.4 The band are bringing out a new album in the new year.
a) up b) out c) down

Q.5 I was brought up in the North.

a) up b) down c) off

PHRASAL VERBS – GET

Q.1 I hate getting ______ early in the winter when its still dark.
a) on b) off c) up

Q.2 The local residents are getting _____ a petition to protest about motorway plans.
a) off b) round c) up

Q.3 Children must not get _____ strangers cars.

a) in b) on c) out

Q.4 It took her a long time to get _____ the illness.

a) over b) by c) in

Q.5 He got _____ the bus and showed his travel pass.
a) in b) on c) at

PHRASAL VERBS
Placing Prepositions or Adverbs after certain verbs to obtain a variety of meanings is called
PHRASAL VERBS.
e.g: Look after (to take care of); Look out (be aware); Look for (search for or seek) etc.

The students don’t have to bother about the combination that it is Verb + Adverb or Verb +
Preposition, but they should consider the expression as whole to get the accurate meaning of the
phrasal verb.

Sometimes a combination may have two or more than two meanings.

E.g: Take off means remove and it is also used for an aircraft to rise from the ground.

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English for Under Graduates

COMMON PHRASAL VERBS

Separable Phrasal Verbs

The object comes after the following phrasal verbs or it may separate the two parts:
e.g. You have to do this paint job over. You have to do over this paint job.

When the object of the following phrasal verbs is a pronoun, the two parts of the phrasal verb must
be separated:
e.g. You have to do it over.

Verb Meaning Verb Meaning

Blow up Explode Put away Save or store

Bring up Mention a topic Put off Postpone

Bring up Raise children Put on Put clothing on the body

Call off Cancel Put out Extinguish

Do over Repeat a job Read over Peruse

Fill out Complete a form Set up To arrange, begin

Fill up Fill to capacity Take down Make a written note

Find out Discover Take off Remove clothing

Give something to someone else Discuss

Give away Talk over
for free
Give back Return an object Throw away Discard

Hand in Submit something (assignment) Try on Put clothing on to see if it fits

Hang up Put something on hook or receiver Try out Test

Hold up Delay Turn down Reject

Hold up (2) Rob Turn down (2) Lower volume

Leave out Omit Turn up Raise the volume

Look over Examine, check Turn off Switch off electricity

Look up Search in a list Turn off (2) Repulse

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English for Under Graduates
Make up Invent a story or lie Turn on Switch on the electricity

Make out Hear, understand Use up Exhaust, use completely

Pick out Choose Put away Save or store

Pick up Lift something off something else Put off Postpone

Point out Call attention to Put on Put clothing on the body

Inseparable Phrasal Verbs (Transitive)

With the following phrasal verbs, the lexical part of the verb (the part of the phrasal verb that carries
the “verb-meaning”) can not be separated from the prepositions (or other parts) that accompany it:
“Who will look after my estate when I’m gone?”

Verb Meaning Verb Meaning

Call on Ask to recite in class Look into Investigate

Call on (2) Visit Run across Find by chance

Recover from sickness or Meet

Get over Run into
disappointment
Go over Review Take after Resemble

Go through Use up; consume Wait on Serve

Intransitive Phrasal Verbs

The following phrasal verbs are not followed by an object:
“Once you leave home, you can never really go back again.”

Verb Meaning Verb Meaning

Break down Stop functioning Go back Return to a place

Catch on Become popular Go on Continue

Come back Return to a place Go on (2) Happen

Come in Enter Grow up Get older

Come to Regain consciousness Keep away Remain at a distance

Keep on (with Continue with the same

Come over To visit
gerund)
Drop by Visit without appointment Pass out Lose consciousness, faint

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English for Under Graduates
Eat out Dine in a restaurant Show off Demonstrate haughtily

Get by Survive Show up Arrive

Get up Arise Wake up Arouse from sleep

Break down Stop functioning Go back Return to a place

Three – Word Phrasal Verbs (Transitive)

With the following phrasal verbs, you will find three parts:
“My brother dropped out of school before he could graduate.”

Verb Meaning Verb Meaning

Break in on Interrupt (a conversation) Look forward to Anticipate with pleasure

Catch up with Keep abreast Look down on Despise

Check up on Examine, investigate Look in on Visit (somebody)

Come up with To contribute (suggestion, money) Look out for Be careful, anticipate

Cut down on Curtail (expenses) Look up to Respect

Drop out of Leave school Make sure of Verify

Get along Tolerate

Have a good relationship with Put up with
with
Get away with Escape blame Run out of Exhaust supply

Get rid of Eliminate Take care of Be responsible for

Get through Answer impolitely

Finish Talk back to
with
Keep up with Maintain pace with Think back on Recall

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 English for Under Graduates
BEST IDIOMS
FOR
CONVERSATION
S.NO IDIOMS MEANINGS SENTENCES
1. No love lost Enmity There is no love lost between the two friends.
2. Aswan song The last work of the The tempest is the swan song of William
person Shakespeare.
3. To bid fairs To promise well She birds fair to be a great single in future.
4. To break in To interrupt He always breaks in, when I discuss his future
plans.
5. To curry favaour To win favour He is trying to curry favour of his superiors.
6. To flare up To burst in anger He flared up as soon as he saw his rival.
7. To drive at To come to conclusion I can not understand where you are driving at
in this manner.
8. To fall foul of To quarrel He is a wicked person. Do not fall foul of him.
9. To lay by To save money You must lay some money against the rainy
days.
10. To play the truant To go away from The boy has been play truant for a long time.
school
11. To run short To be in shortage The sailor ran short of food during the storm.
12. To sponge upon To live on the cost of He sponges upon his rich uncle.
other
13. To talk shop To talk about own self He is selfish person and always talk shop.
14. To wind up To close up The main intends to wind up his business
15. A.B.C Basic knowledge He does not know even A.B.C of physics.
16. A bed of roses Very comfortable Life is not a bed of roses; it is also a bed of
thorns.
17. A blue stocking Literary woman She is a blue stocking and is very famous
among the literary circle.
18. A bone of Basic cause of quarrel Kashmir is a bone of contention between
contention Pakistan and India.
19. An apple of Basic cause of quarrel The father’s property has become an apple of
discord discord among the brothers.
20. An apple of eye Very dear She is an apple of her mother’s eye
21. An open secret A known secret This is an open secret that some people are
ruining the peace of city
22. A brain wave A bright idea He is above board in his dealings
23. Above board Unhidden He is above board in his dealings
24. A casting vote A declining vote The chairman used his casting vote in favour
of the proposition.
25. A child’s play Easy work It is not a child play to pass B.Com exams.

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 English for Under Graduates
26. A close fisted A miser person He is a closed fisted person and you cannot
person hope for any donation.
27. A close or narrow A narrow escape He had a close shave from an accident
shave yesterday.
28. A fish out of Fell uncomfortable I am just like a fish out of water. I am away
water from my brothers.
29. A jail bird Habitual/Criminal He is jailbird and does not feel happy outside
of the prison.
30. Man of letters A literary person The man of letters has a respectable place in
our society.
31. Man of straw A weak person He is a man of straw and can not face the
opposition.
32. Rotten egg Bad thing or person A rotten egg spoils the whole lot.
33. Blue blood Royal blood Princes the royal attitude. She has blue blood
in her veins.
34. Bad blood Ill feelings Some people are trying to create bad blood
among the provinces.
35. Back out To retreat He promised to help me but the back out at
the last moment.
36. Bad debt Irrecoverable loan A debt which not likely to be paid in a bad
debt
37. Bag & Baggage Will all the belongings The left the house with bag and baggage
38. Bear the brunt of To face the main force The manager has the bear the brunt of the
labour anger
39. Beard of lion To oppose in face To stop him from his violent activities is liked
to beard the lion.
40. Bear the palm To be the winter He bore the palm at the annual contest.
41. Better half Wife The husband has complete trust in his better
half.
42. Bird of passage Who has no settled He is the bird of passage. He will never settled
home down here.
43. Bird’s eye View a general view We has an eye bird view of Islamabad last
week.
44. Black and blue Too much Teachers are not permitted to beat their
student black and blue.
45. Birds of feather People of the same Birds of a feathers flock together.
thought
46. Black sheep Un wanted person We must point out the black sheep of our
society.
47. Bread and butters Material gains Everybody is running after board and butter
now a days.
48. By leaps and Very quickly He is making progress by leaps and bounds
bounds
49. By hook or by By right or wrong The students want to pass the exam by hook
crook means or by crook.
50. By fits and starts Irregularly Those who work by fits and starts seldom
succeed in life

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 English for Under Graduates
51. By and by Gradually In convinced him by and by that he agrees my
fully.
52. Add fuel to fire To increase the anger The speech of labour leader added fuel to fire.
53. Again and again Repeatedly If you do this exercise again and again, you
will become master.
54. All and sundry Every body All and sundry came to see the village fair
today.
55. All at sea At a loss I remind all at sea in this new business.
56. Alladin’s lamp Magic lamp, which can Those who dreams of Allahdin’s lamp can
do everything achieve nothing.
57. Alpha and omega Beginning and end The alpha and omega of Islam is that Allah is
one & Mohammad (PBUH) is his prophet.
58. Animal spirit Physical strength He is full of animal spirit and he will win the
race.
59. An axe to grind To think of own He will not help anyone unless he has axe to
interest grind.
60. At arm’s length That a distance You must keep the bad friends at your arms
length.
61. At daggers drawn Having enmity The two brothers are at daggers drawn since
the death of their father.
62. At large Eat liberty / free The murderer is still at large in the city.
63. At the eleventh At the last moment The public meeting was cancelled at the
hour eleventh hour.
64. At a stone throw Not far off My college is at a stone’s throw from my
house.
65. At a loose end Without work After his retirement, he is at a loose end.
66. An eye wash A mere show His expression of grief is only an eye wash.
67. A curtain lecturer A scolding form wife He would go his own in spite of all the curtain
lecturers.
68. In short Briefly In short, he struggles much but he failed.
69. In the air Spreading about It is in the air that date of examination will be
postponed.
70. In the long run In the end Truth shall prevail in the long run.
71. In the nick of Proper time He reached the station in the nick of time to
time catch the train.
72. Kit and kin Near relatives We must look after our poor kith and kin.
73. Lame excuse Unsatisfactory reasons He has always some lame excuse for coming
late.
74. Lion’s share Most valuable share The older brother got the lion’s share in the
property.
75. Maiden speech First speech It was his maiden speech in the assembly but
he did it very well.
76. Now and then Occasionally He comes here only now and then.
77. Null and void In effective The high court declared the orders of his
arrest null and void.
78. Odds and ends Unimportant The students gathered all odds and ends after
the picnic.

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 English for Under Graduates
79. Off and on With intervals He has been visiting us off and on for the last
ten years.
80. Out and out Thoroughly He is a gentleman out and out.
81. Over and above Besides The workers get enough bonus over and
above their wages.
82. Over head and Deeply He is overhead and ears in love.
ears
83. Part and Parcel Essential parts A reading room is a part and parcel of a
library.
84. Pros and cons For and against point You must examine the pros and cons of his
statement.
85. Red handed On the spot The thief was caught red handed.
86. A rainy day Difficult time We must save money for rainy days.
87. Cat and dog life Full of quarrel The man committed suicide; his life was a cat
and dog life.
88. Cat’s paw A person used as tool Find the real culprit, the man you have caught
is merely a cat’s paw.
89. Cock and bull Incredible story No intelligent person will believe your cock
story and bull story.
90. Comes to below To begin fighting After exchanging hot words, they come to
below.
91. Crocodile’s tears Fake weeping He is shedding crocodile’s tears over the
death of his rival.
92. A dark horse Person with hidden Hi proved to be a dark horse and won all the
qualities prizes.
93. Double faced Un-reliable One can not trust a double-faced person.
94. Flesh and blood Human nature I am a man of flesh and blood. I cannot
commit mistakes.
95. French leave Leave without He was turned out from services because he
permission always enjoyed the French leaves
96. From hand to To be poor He is a poor man and lives from hand to
mouth mouth.
97. Go hand in hand To go together Hard work and success go hand in hand
98. Hand and glove To be very close They are very sincere. They are hand glove
with each other.
99. Hard and fast Strict This club has hard and fast rules to govern the
members.
100. Hard nut to crack Difficult problem The problem of water logging is a hard nut to
crack.
101. Gift of the gab Speaking power A teacher must have the gift of the gabs.
102. Heart and soul With full devotion He puts his heart and soul in his work and
thus succeeds.
103. In a fix Undecided He is in fix to decide about his future career.
104. In black and In writing The agreement was put in black and white.
white.
105. In cold blood Without His enemies killed him in cold blood.
feelings/wickedly

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 English for Under Graduates
106. To cry wolf To raise a false alarm The Indian leaders often cry wolf to get more
aid.
107. To cut sorry To make a poor He cut a very sorry figure in his interview.
figure impression
108. To eat one’s Retract one’s word Think before you speak lest you should have
words to eat your words.
109. To feather one’s To think of own benefit He always feathers his own nest. He does not
nest think about poor.
110. To fall short Diminish He could not continue his business because
fell short of money.
111. To get into hot In trouble My friend is in hot water now a days.
water
112. To get rid of To get free It is difficult to get rid of foolish habits.
113. To grind up one’s To prepare oneself Grind up your loins and face the situation
loins boldly.
114. To get through Discuss in detail We have not gone through the mater yet.
115. To hit below the To harm through the Only a coward will hit below the belt.
belt unfair mans
116. To hold water Bear the examination Your argument is not sound and will not hold
the water.
117. To keep an eye on To keep a watch The teachers keep an eye on the naughty boys.
118. To keep the ball To continue the talks He did not want to talk with the strangers but
rolling he kept the ball rolling.
119. To keep the wolf To fight against It is difficult for him to keep the world away
away from the poverty from his door.
door
120. To keep in the To leave in difficulty His entire friend left him in the lurch.
lurch
121. To leave no stone Make all efforts He left no stone unturned to make him
unturned successful in life.
122. To lend an ear Listen attentively Always lend an ear to the lecturer in the class
123. To make faces Make grimaces It is unmannerly to make faces on others
124. To nip in the bud Destroy in the It is better to nip the evil in the bud.
beginning
125. Red letter day Important day 23rd march is a red-letter day in the history of
Pakistan.
126. Red tap Official formalities Red tap always delays the matter in govt.
offices.
127. A rolling stone Who does not stick to A rolling stone gathers no mass.
one place
128. To be at six and In disorder His room was at sixes and sevens, when he
sevens came back.
129. To take a back To be surprised He was taken a back at the sudden change in
the behavior of friend.
130. To beat about the To talk irrelevant He knows nothing about his subject & is only
bush beating about the bush.
131. To beat the air Useless efforts He merely beat the air, no one listen to him.

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 English for Under Graduates
132. To blow own Self praise He always blow his own trumpet.
trumpet
133. To break the ice To break the silence The passengers broke the ice and started
talking like friends.
134. To burn one’s To damage oneself You will burn your fingers if you would not
finger leave his company.
135. To bury the Patch up the quarrel They buried the hatchet and started living like
hatchet friends.
136. To call a spade To speak in plain terms It takes real courage to call a spade over
spade spade.
137. To call names To abuse It is very bad habit to call the names.
138. To carry the day To wind rewards He carried the day with his forceful option.
139. You built castle Dry dreaming He is not a practical man and always built
in the air castle in the air.
140. To come off with Succeed with honour Our cricket team came off with flying colours.
flying colour
141. To cry for the Desire for impossible
His desires to become the president is cry for
moon moon.
142. To cry over spilt Useless regret He failed in examination but it is useless to
milk cry over spilt milk.
143. To turn the tablesTo reverse the position He turned the tables on his accusers and
proved the charges were false.
144. Ups and downs Good or bad fortune He has seen many ups and downs in life.
145. White elephants Burdensome WAPDA is really a white elephant of our
country.
146. White lie Harmless lie She often tells white lie to prevent ugly
situation.
147. With open arms With affection Whenever I go to him, he receives me with
open arms.
148. Yeoman’s service Help in need Sir Syed did a yeoman’s service in spreading
education among muslims.
149. Achilles’ heel Weak point Chemistry is proving to be my Achilles’ heel.
150. In pell mell In confusion The crowd began running pell mell as the fire
started.
151. To flare up To become angry When I told her about his mistake he flared
up.
152. A chicken hearted A weak person She is chicken hearted and can not face the
situation.
153. Far wide Away and near Parents of Lucy Gray shouted far and wide.
154. High lights Main pints He published the high lights of his historical
speech.
155. To pull ones leg To insult Why are you pulling his leg? He is a noble
person.
156. To see eye to eye To have the same I cannot see eye to eye with you in this spot.
opinion
157. To rain cats and Heavy fall of rain It is raining cats and dogs today.
dogs

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 English for Under Graduates
158. Above board Openly All his action are above board.
159. Bring to book Bring to justice Crimes will decreases if the offenders are
brought to book.
160. To get a wind of To hear rumours He got wind of the conspiracy against him.
161. Moonshine A piece of absurdity Your find talk is all moonshine.
162. To pay through To pay dearly He is paying through the nose for his
the nose misdeeds.
163. To pocked an To bear a disgrace He could not hit back and had to pocket the
insult insult.
164. To poison one’s To misguide someone The conspirators poisoned the ear of king
ear against Abbot
165. To poke one’s To interfere Please do not poke your nose in my affairs.
nose
166. To pull a long To look gloomy Why are you pulling a long face today.
face
167. To put the cart To reverse the order Things should be done systematically. Don’t
before the horse put the cart before the horse.
168. To take one’s To run away He pick pocket took to his heels as soon as he
heel saw the police.
169. Through thick Under all I shall be with you though thick and thin.
and thin circumstances
170. Throw cold water To discourage If you can not help me at least don’t throw
upon cold water on my plans
171. To be all ears Very attentive Please continue your story, I am all ears.
172. To be a daggers To be at enmity They were friend but now they are at daggars
drawn drawn
173. To be at home To be perfect He is quite at home on English.
174. To be in bad To be in disfavor He is a good book of his master but he is his
hooks bad book.
175. To be under a In trouble He is under a cloud now a days as he has lost
cloud his reputation.
176. To be under the Under control He is under the thumb of his wife and can not
thumb do anything.
177. Tooth and nail Fiercely They fought tooth and nail and won at last.
178. To turn deaf ear Not to listen He turned a deaf ear to the advice of his father
179. With high head With courage He came out of his troubles with the high
head.
180. Head over heels Hurriedly He run away head over heels when he saw the
police.
181. A hairs breadth Very short distance We has a hairs breadth escape from an
accident yesterday.
182. In a hot soup In trouble He is in a hot soup now a days.
183. A sugar daddy Old man who gives This man is a sugar daddy for young girls.
gifts to girls
184. Under cover of In the disguise of He betrayed me under the cover of friendship.
185. In a blue moon Very rarely He comes here once in a blue moon.

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 English for Under Graduates
186. A hat trick Three successive His hat tricks make him favourite among the
victories players.
187. All moon shine Mere show He talks much of wealth but it is all
moonshine.
188. A jack of all Who knows some thing He is the jack of all trades but master of none.
trades only
189. Oily tongue A flatterer He winds over everything because of his oily
tongue.
190. To lick the dust To face insult He tried to harm me but he is not licking the
dust.
191. To die in harness To die in active service Brave solders always die in harness.
192. To face the music To bear the criticism The public leaders have to face the music of
the people.
193. Find fault with To find the mistakes He always find faults with my works
194. To end in smoke Without result All his plans ended in smoke.
195. To split hairs Criticize on small It is a bad habit to split the hairs.
points
196. To red between To know the hidden Do not try to read between the lines. It is not a
the lines purpose good thing.
197. To give oneself Self praise He always gives airs to himself. I don’t like
airs him.
198. To bring the To explain / to expose The criminal activities brought in light by
lights police.
199. A fool’s paradise Imaginary comforts He wants to be president, thus living in a
fool’s paradise.
200. A man of his Reliable person/stick to He is a man of words and he will do what he
words staying says.
201. Let down To disappoint My friend will never let me down in any
matter.
202. Put down To crush /to depress The rebellion was put down.
203. Break out To spring up The disease suddenly broke out in the city.
204. To give up To leave He gave up many of his bad habits.
205. To look after To take care There is no one to look after the family
affairs.
206. To look down To hate We must not look down upon the poor people.
207. A child’s play Easy work It is not a child’s play to get a grade in
examination.
208. A far cry At a long distance
209. A broken reed Unreliable person Do not trust him, he is a broken reed.
210. A fly in the Sudden mishap His presence in the function proved to be a fly
ointment in the ointment.
211. In the teeth of In spite of He survived in the teeth of many worries.
212. A blue eyed boy To be favourite He is boss’s blue eyed boy and will definitely
get promotion.

213. A turn coat Who changes his ideas No party trust him because he is a turn coat.
often

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 English for Under Graduates
214. In apple pie order In proper order Everything in this room was in apple pie
order.
215. On the horns of In confusion I am at the horns of dilemma and cannot do
dilimma anything right.
216. Root and branch Completely We destroyed our enemies root and branch.
217. Hue and cry Much noise The women raised hue and cry when they saw
the thief.
218. To patch up To join/to adjust He is trying to patch up his relation.
219. A snake in the To hidden enemy You must be aware of him. He is a snake in
grass the grassed can harm you.
220. To make the most To try best He is trying the most of his strength to regain
of his position.
221. To break out To spread A fire broke out in the shopping plaza
yesterday
222. To be taken back To be surprised He was taken back to know that his own close
friend was responsible for this ruin.
223. To make up To pay for the loss No one was ready to make up for his loss
during the disturbance.
224. Blue moon At peak of success He was once in his blue moon and he was the
successful man.
225. To be at a loss In position of loss He is very lucky person, he was never at a
loss in any business.
226. To beat at one’s Personal judgment He has to decide the matter at his own wit’s
wit’s end end.
227. To put up with To tolerate I can not put up with this kind of treatment
any more.
228. To run riot To be un restrained She allows her imagination to run riot.
229. To run amuck To turn made A man ran a much in the market yesterday.
230. To make light of To think insignificance He made a light of the often of his close
friend.
231. To smell a rat To suspect I smell a rat in his offer, therefore, if cannot
trust him.
232. A big shot An important person She is a big shot for the manage of the
company.
233. In the same boat In the same condition Waseem and Amir are sailing in the same
boat.
234. To make up To determine I have made up my mind to go there.
235. By and by Sprightly By and by, I heard him say this just now.
236. To break down Stop functioning The car has broken down.
237. To bring about Effect His polite behavior brought good about me.
238. A wet blanket A person who My friend is a wet blanket, he discourages me
discourages in every thing.
239. A fair weather A false friend It is folly to depend on a fair weather friend.
friend
240. To turn down Reject The head master turned down his application
of leave.
241. To bring to books To punish Every criminal may be brought the books.

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 English for Under Graduates
242. Take off Remove She took off vile from her face.
243. To look down To hate He always looks down everything brought by
you.
244. To carry out Obey They carry out the commands of their officers
245. To make sure To make certain She makes sure the programme of picnic with
all her friends.
246. To stand by Become ready The Muslim stood by their decision to get a
separate homeland.
247. To make out Try to prove He is trying to make out the secrets of the
event.
248. To keep offs Separate He wanted that his name would be kept off
from the list.
249. A burning An important problem The Kashmir dispute between India and
question Pakistan is a burning question.
250. Cold war An intense struggle Since long Pakistan and India are passing
through cold war.
251. A short cut Easy way Do not find a short cut for the preparing of the
examination.
252. At a short notice Without any reason The company terminated him a shot notice
253. For good Beneficial It is for good of her if she does not marry with
her cousin.
254. All at once Suddenly The car accident happened all at once.
255. To show one’s Disclose oneself She is now showing her true colour after her
true colour wedding.
256. To hand over Give something to He is handing over his business to his once.
someone else
257. To come to light Make clear The teacher hand come to light on this topic.
258. To put off Postpone The prime minister has put off his visit.
259. To mind your To keep with your own You should mind your own business. Why are
own business interest you interfering in his matters?
260. To run short To exhaust supplies The demand of this book is much, so it is
running short now days.
261. A bad egg Useless person He is a bad egg in his family.
262. To bring up To look and educate I was brought up by my grand mother.
the child
263. To be ill at ease Not satisfied in comfort She is an active lady. She would not be ill at
ease.
264. Writing on the Spread all over The news of the death of the actor is like
wall writing on the wall.
265. All in all Most powerful The manager is all in all in the office.

266. To break into Enter into a place by The thieves broke into the house from this
force window.
267. To through light Explain something The teacher threw light upon the history of the
upon Germans.
268. A big gun An important person He is a big gun of the city. The government
could not arrest him till now.

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 English for Under Graduates
269. To bring out To put before the In 1931, the company brought out a new,
public smaller car.
270. To keep pace To be friendly with They are keeping pace with ills now a days.
with someone
271. At a loss By getting some She married him at a loss of his job.
disadvantages
272. In the good books Make remarkable Your sincere work will keep you in the good
of books of the owner.
273. In a nut shell Briefly She told us a story in a nutshell.
274. By and by Slowly He is progressing by and by.
275. To take care of Try to keep safe Please you should take care of your health.
276. To call off To decide to stop an The strike had been called off by the political
activity party

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English for Under Graduates

THE PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE

(A) From Active into Passive

Example:
Active Voice Passive Voice
1. I break a cup. 1. A cup is broken by me.
2. They eat apples. 2. Apples are eaten by them.
3. My mother beats me. 3. I am beaten by my mother.
4. Do you sell potatoes? 4. Are potatoes sold by you?
5. She does not tell a lie. 5. A lie is not told by her.

Exercise: 1
Put into the Passive Voice:
1. We speak the truth. 2. You boil eggs. 3. My mother loves me.
4. They read the Holy Quran every day. 5. Do you draw a map of Pakistan?
6. Does he sing a song? 7. She does not wash my clothes. 8. I do not teach them English. 9. Do we
help them in every way? 10. You praise her very much. 11. He kills a snake. 12. We play foot boll
in the afternoon. 13. They do not break toys. 14. Do you polish your shoes yourself? 15. I learn this
poem by heart.

(B) From Passive into Active

Example:
Passive Voice Active Voice
1. Eggs are boiled by him. 1. He boils egg.
2. A noise is made by them. 2. They make a noise.
3. I am punished by my father. 3. My father punishes me.
4. Is the moon seen by her? 4. Does she see the moon?
5. Sweets are not liked by us. 5. We do not like sweets.

Exercise: 2
Put into the Active Voice:
1. The match is played by us. 2. Tickets are checked by him. 3. Locks are broken by them. 4. She is
beaten by her mother. 5. The cows are milked by her. 6. These letters are written by him. 7. The roll
is not called by me. 8. They are not taught English by him. 9. Is the chain pulled by him? 10. Are
flowers plucked by her? 11. A lie is not told by me. 12. Am I stopped by the police man? 13. A song
is sung by them. 14. They are not fined by me. 15. Are we cheated by them?

(C) From One Voice into the Other

Exercise 3:
Change the voice of:
1. She eats apples. 2. He learns this poem by heart. 3. These apples are bought by him. 4. Am I
disliked by them? 5. You do not speak the truth. 6. We do not play football in the morning. 7. These
books are not sold by us. 8. Is he punished by his father? 9. Tickets are sold by him. 10. Are these
flowers plucked by her? 11. You do not write a letter to him. 12. Am I selected by him from this
post?

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English for Under Graduates

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

(A) From Active into Passive
Example:
Active Voice Passive Voice
1. I am writing a letter 1. A letter is being written by me.
2. She is singing songs. 2. Songs are being sung by her.
3. They are not helping me. 3. I am not being helped by them.
4. Are you teaching him? 4. Is he being taught by you?
5. He is not blaming me. 5. I am not being blamed by him.

Exercise:4
Put into the passive voice:
1. She is burning those letters. 2. We are buying tickets. 3. He is not telling a lie. 4. They are selling
the bicycles. 5. Are you fining me? 6. She is not reading the newspaper. 7. I am learning this poem
by heart. 8. Mosquitoes are biting me. 9. Is he beating my mother? 10. They are not sowing these
seeds today. 11. Children are pulling his shirt. 12. Are you proving the case? 13. He is reading the
Holy Quran. 14. Am I telling a lie? 15. They are not eating sweets.

(B) From passive into active:

Example:
Passive voice Active voice
1. The letter is being posted by him. 1. He is posting the letter.
2. The roll is being called by me. 2. I am calling the roll.
3. The dogs are being chased by them. 3. They are chasing the dogs.
4. Am I being abused by him. 4. Is he abusing me?
5. They are not being praised by you. 5. You are not praising them.

Exercise:5
Put into the Active Voice:
1. An apple is being eaten by me. 2. Books are being printed by him. 3. Cricket is being liked by
them. 4. Eggs are not being boiled by her. 5. Is the cow being milked by you? 6. Kites are being
flown by them. 7. Are these lamps being lit by us? 8. Water is being drawn from the well by him. 9.
The truth is not being spoken by you. 10. This poem is being learnt by heart by her. 11. We are not
being marked absent by the teacher. 12. Is the History of Pakistan being published by you? 13. Are
your shoes not being polished by him? 14. Is that shirt being sewn by her? 15. This lion is not being
fed by them today.

(C) From One Voice into the Other:

Exercise:6
Change the voice of:
1. He is writing a letter. 2. They are singing a song. 3. I am reading the Holy Quran. 4. Milk is being
sold by him. 5. Mangoes are being eaten by us. 6. She is being helped by me. 7. This poem is being
learnt by them. 8. You are not ringing the bell. 9. Are they buying tickets? 10. Doors are being
closed by us. 11. Is the thief being caught? 12. You are not boiling eggs.

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English for Under Graduates
THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE:
(A) From Active into Passive:
Example:
Active voice Passive voice
1. I have eaten sweets. 1. Sweets have been eaten by me.
2. She has caught a pigeon. 2. A pigeon has been caught by her.
3. We have not beaten him. 3. He has not been beaten by us.
4. Have you laughed at them? 4. Have they been laughed at by You?
5. Has he knocked at my door? 5. Has my door been knocked at by him?

Exercise:7
1. She has lost her wrist-watch. 2. I have seen a cobra. 3. We have painted these pictures. 4. Has he
written a letter? 5. The hen has not laid an egg. 6. Have you tested by eyes? 7. They have not caught
the thief. 8. You have taken the examination. 9. I have not abused him. 10. He has not sent a
telegram to her. 11. You have visited Karachi twice. 12. Has he broken this cup? 13. The old man
has cut grass. 14. She has not obtained pas marks in Persian. 15. I have lent him some money.

(B) From Passive into Active:

Example:
Passive voice Active voice
1. The cow has been milked by her. 1. She has milked the cow.
2. We have been fined by the magistrate. 2. The magistrate has fined us.
3. Has this letter been copied by you? 3. Have you copied this letter?
4. They have not been cheated by me. 4. I have not cheated them.
5. You have not been laughed at by us. 5. We have not laughed at you.

Exercise:8
Put into Active Voice:
1. Three tickets have been issued by him. 2. My seats has been changed by her. 3. The chain has not
been pulled by me. 4. Has this room been locked by him? 5. Tea has been prepared by her for the
guests. 6. Has the bell been rung by him? 7. This horse has not been ridden by me. 8. Have they been
beaten by us? 9. A telegram has been sent by me to your father. 10. Has the result been published by
you in your newspaper? 11. He has not been married to a lady-doctor by us. 12. This post has not
been advertised by you. 13. Has the Minar-e-Pakistan been photographed by them? 14. We have not
been invited to tea by her. 15. Have those letters been posted by him?

(C) From One Voice into the Other:

Exercise:9
Change the voice of:
1. We have bought this house. 2. He has repaired the car. 3. Eggs have been boiled by her. 4. Has he
broken a cup? 5. The door has not been opened by him. 6. My eyes have been tested by her. 7. Has
he caught the bell? 8. Have these prizes been won by you? 9. They have not helped us. 10. She has
beaten by her brother. 11. Have you sent him a telegram? 12. I have not been taught English by her
today.

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English for Under Graduates
4. THE PAST INDEFINITE TENSE:
(A) From Active into Passive:
Example:
Active Voice Passive Voice
1. I bought two watches. 1. Two watches were bought by me.
2. He met me yesterday. 2. I was met by him yesterday.
3. She did not repair this pen. 3. This pen was not repaired by her.
4. Did you kill tee snake? 4. Was the snake killed by you?
5. Why did you take tea? 5. Why was tea taken by you?

Exercise:10
Put into the Passive Voice:
1. She received a telegram from her father. 2. You sent a telegram to you friend. 3. We sold six
hundred eggs. 4. I did not count the balls. 5. They did not take the test. 6. Did she obtain pass marks
in Urdu? 7. Did they stop the train at once? 8. We wore ready-made shirts. 9. They did not win those
prizes. 10. She pushed the door. 11. He did not please me with his work. 12. We laughed at them. 13.
I lost my purse in the garden somewhere. 14. Did you drink cold water? 15. They did not cross the
river.

(B) From Passive into Active:

Example:
Passive voice Active voice
1. Some meat was cocked by him. 1. He cocked some meat.
2. Two cups were brought by her. 2. She brought two cups.
3. Eggs were not selected by them. 3. They did not select eggs.
4. Were two lamps lighted (lit) by her? 4. Did she light two lamps?
5. Why was I not invited by him to dinner? 5. Why did he not invite me to dinner?

Exercise:11
Put into the Active Voice:
1. The doors were opened by him. 2. A fish was cooked by me. 3. Kites were not flown by us. 4.
Clothes were not changed by him. 5. The match was not won by them. 6. Was he buried by them at
the dead of night? 7. She was not blamed by me. 8. Was your paper set by her? 9. Was she divorced
by him? 10. They were not promoted by the headmistress to the next class. 11. Where was that
money order sent by him? 12. These chairs were not woven by us. 13. Were they dismissed from
service by the President? 14. When was the purse found by her? 15. They were not forgiven by us.

(C) From One Voice into the Other:

Exercise:12
Change the voice of:
1. Two plates were broken by him. 2. He did not tell a lie. 3. Was an earning lost by her? 4. He
polished my shoes. 5. He did not steal my wrist-watch. 6. Were your clothes ironed by her? 7. He did
not sell his books. 8. Did you not pull the chain? 9. I wrote a letter to him. 10. She did not teach us
English. 11. My clothes were not sewn by him. 12. He did not sell his car.

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English for Under Graduates
6. THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE:
(A) From Active into Passive:
Example:
Active Voice Passive Voice
1. I was reciting the Holy Quran. 1. The Holy Quran was being recited by me.
2. They were selecting apples. 2. Apples were being selected by them.
3. He was not taking a bath. 3. A bath was not being taken by him.
4. Was she sewing my shirt. 4. Was my shirt being sewn by her?
5. She was not speaking the truth. 5. The truth was not being spoken by her.

Exercise:13
Put into the Passive Voice:
1. We were feeling some pain. 2. He was looking at them. 3. She was knocking at the door. 4. You
were not playing at the cards. 5. Was I taking his side? 6. Was the dog barking at them? 7. You were
giving her a test in English. 8. I was painting a picture. 9. She was writing a letter home. 10. I was
learning my lesson. 11. He was not driving this car. 12. Were you closing the door? 13. They were
not clearing the road. 14. He was doing his duty. 15. Were you plucking flowers?

(B) From Passive into Active:

Example:
Passive voice Active voice
1. Pigeons were being kept by them. 1. They were keeping pigeons.
2. The letter was being posted by me. 2. I was posting the letter.
3. A telegram was not being sent by him. 3. He was not sending a telegram.
4. Were the thieves being chased by them? 4. Were they chasing the thieves?
5. The dogs were not being chained by 5. They were not chaining the dogs.
them.

Exercise:14
Put into the Active Voice:
1. A bird was being caught by them. 2. My shoes were being repaired by him. 3. He was being
chased by a bad character. 4. Kites were not being flown by us. 5. That chair was not being punished
by her sister? 7. The cow was being milked by me. 8. We were being sent to Abbotabad by our
parents. 9. Was your fine being remitted by him? 10. He was not being transferred by me toGujrat.
11. Were television sets being imported by them from Japan? 12. Was this story being typed by her?
13. They were not being arrested by the police. 14. Your clothes were being washed by her. 15. Was
the house being built by him?

(C) From One Voice into the Other:

Exercise:
Change the voice of:
1. He was ringing the bell. 2. I was not knocking at the door. 3. These letters were being posted by
her. 4. Were they being sent to Mecca by their parents? 5. The thief was not being beaten by the
villagers. 6. The room was not being dusted by her. 7. Prizes were being given away by the
president. 8. He was polishing my shoes. 9. We were being taught Arabic by our father those days.

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English for Under Graduates
10. A mosque was being built by him. 11. Were they playing a match against our school? 12. He was
not being promoted by the headmaster to the next class.

THE PAST PERFECT TENSE:

(A) From Active into Passive:
Example:
Active Voice Passive Voice
1. She has lost a ticket 1. A ticket had been lost by her.
2. You had stolen my watch. 2. My watch had been stolen by you.
3. Had I not spoken the truth? 3. Had the truth not been spoken by me?
4. A mad dog had not bitten him. 4. He had not been bitten by a mad dog.
5. Had they burnt those papers? 5. Had those papers been burnt by them?

Exercise:15
Put into the Passive Voice:
1. He had planted a tree. 2. We had attended a meeting. 3. She had prepared tea. 4. I had not tested
his eyes. 5. You had not supported them. 6. Had the guard giving the green signal? 7. Had she ironed
your clothes? 8. Had they forgiven us? 9. I had not marked those papers. 10. Had she cooked every
thing? 11. You had sent a telegram to him. 12. We had not plucked these flowers. 13. Had he signed
my passport? 14. She had not fulfilled her promise. 15. Had they defeated us?

(B) From passive into active:

Example:
Passive Voice Active Voice
1. The bell had been rung by me. 1. I had rung the bell.
2. The cow had been stolen by him. 2. He had stolen the cow.
3. She had not been pardoned by her 3. Her mother had not pardoned her.
mother.
4. Had the snake been killed by them? 4. Had they killed the snake?
5. The trophy had not been won by us. 5. we had not won the trophy.

Exercise:16
Put into the Active Voice:
1. That boy had been saved by her. 2. Four tickets had been spoiled by us. 3. The lights had been put
out by me. 4. A wonderful speech had been delivered by him. 5. That house had not been built by
them. 6. Had this picture been painted by her? 7. Tea had not been prepared by you. 8. Had a very
big fish been chosen by him? 9. The dog had not been poisoned by me. 10. Had the tap been turned
off by her? 11. Had that shirt been sewn by him? 12. Their case had not been completed by the
police. 13. We had not been deceived by her. 14. Had they been looted by me? 15. We had not been
defeated by them.

(C) From one voice into the Other

Exercise:17
Change the voice of:
1. She had been praised by her friends. 2. I had already bought a scooter. 3. Had he been caught by
the police? 4. Had his case been dismissed by the judge? 5. We had not bought tickets for the
journey. 6. Had he not pulled the chain in order to stop the train? 7. My uncle had already milked the

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 English for Under Graduates
cow. 8. She had not heard the news of her uncle’s death. 9. They had taken tea before they left for
Peshawar. 10. He had already marked my paper. 11. My wrist-watch had been stolen by your
servant. 12. Had the river been crossed by them by means of boats?

THE FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE:

(A) From Active into Passive:
Example:
Active Voice Passive Voice
1. I shall help them. 1. They will be helped by me.
2. He will cancel the paper. 2. The paper will be cancelled by him.
3. She will not type this letter. 3. This letter will not be typed by her.
4. Will they laugh at us? 4. Shall we be laughed at by them?
5. Shall we take tea? 5. Will tea be taken by us?

Exercise:18
Put into the passive voice:
1. He will follow me. 2. They will begin their work. 3. I shall transfer him to Peshawer. 4.
The robbers will took him. 5. He will not cover his head. 6. Will she attend the meeting. 7.Shall we cross
the river by means of boats? 8. The dog will not bark at them. 9. Shall we wind the clock tomorrow?
10. We shall stop the train over there. 11. I shall not waste your time. 12. They will not inform me
about their results. 13. Will you lock the door this time? 14. He will not learn this poem by heart. 15.
Will you report against him to the police?

(B) From Passive into Active:

Example:
Passive Voice Active voice
1. He will be punished by me. 1. I shall punish him.
2. We shall be guided by them. 2. They will guide us.
3. The cow will not be milked by her. 3. She will not milk the cow.
4. Will she be married by him? 4. Will he marry her?
5. Will this room be occupied by us? 5. Shall we occupy this room?

Exercise:19
Put into the Active Voice:
1. Shall will be murdered by him. 2. The dog will be chained by me. 3. The car will be driven by her.
4. This door will not be shut by them. 5. Will their address be forgotten by me? 6. Will these papers
be cancelled by him? 7. He will not be sentenced to death by the sessions judge. 8. Tickets for
Lahore will not be issued by me. 9. These hens will not be hidden by her. 10. Will my son be saved
by him? 11. Will a thousand rupees be saved by us? 12. I shall not be selected by him today. 13.
They will be supported by us. 14. Will he be murdered by his enemies? 15. This application will be
typed by me.

(C) From one voice into the Other:

Exercise:20
Change the voice of:
1. He will be saved by his friends. 2. She shall not be allowed by the Headmistress to go home. 3.
The postman will be caught by the bad characters. 4. Will you call in the doctor at once? 5. The

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English for Under Graduates
principal will not forgive you. 6. Will these horses eat grass? 7. I shall be awakened by him. 8. Will
the car be driven by her? 9. She will prepare tea for the guests. 10. He will not stop the train. 11.
They will be punished by me. 12. Will these sweets be eaten by them?

THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE:

(A) From Active into the Passive:
Example:
Active Voice Passive Voice
1. I shall have won a prize. 1. A prize will have been won by me.
2. He will have finished that book. 2. That book will have been finished by him.
3. Will you have cheated us? 3. Shall we have been cheated by you?
4. She will not have forgive me. 4. I shall not have been forgiven by her.
5. We shall not have beaten them. 5. They will not have been beaten by us.

Exercise:21
Put into the Passive Voice:
1. She will have learnt this poem by heart. 2. We shall have pleased them. 3. He will have copied my
letter. 4. Will they have blamed her? 5. I shall not have cooked my meal. 6. He will have joined that
college. 7. They will have selected me for the post. 8. I shall not have finished my work yet. 9. She
will have brought some gifts for her friend. 10. They will have auctioned my car. 11. You will not
have cut that cake. 12. She will have returned the tickets by now. 13. Will he have locked the
cupboard? 14. She will not have tested me in English. 15. Will they have paid him the price in my
presence?

(C) From one Voice into the Other:

Exercise:22
1. He will have changed his clothes. 2. I shall have written a letter to him. 3. My shoes will not have
been repaired by him. 4. Will two birds have been caught by her? 5. He will have painted that door.
6. She will have been bitten by a snake. 7. The lock will not have been broken by him. 8. Will the
dog have eaten bones? 9. She will not have punished her servant. 10. He will not have ironed your
clothes. 11. He will not have repaired our radio-set as yet. 12. Will they have sold those plots of
land?

10. THE IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

(A) From Active into Passive:
Example:
Active Voice Passive Voice
1. Open the door. 1. Let the door be opened.
2. Learn this poem by heart. 2. Let this poem be learnt by heart.
3. Do not beat him. 3. Let him not be beaten.
4. Do not shut your book. 4. Let not your book be shut.
5. Eat an apple in the morning 5. Let an apple be eaten in the morning.

Exercise:23
Put into the Passive Voice:
1. Burn this door. 2. Do not burn this doll. 3. Catch this bird. 4. Do not catch that bird. 5. Eat these
apples. 6. Do not eat these apples. 7. Rill the bell. 8. Do not ring the bell. 9. Steal his pen. 10. Do not

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English for Under Graduates
steal his pen. 11. Expel Mr. Pervaiz from your class. 12. Do not expel Mr.Pervaiz from your class.
13. Wind the watch. 14. Do not wind the watch. 15. Draw a map of Pakistan. 16. Do not draw a map
of Pakistan.

(B) From Passive into Active:

Example:
Passive Voice Active Voice
1. Let the door be locked. 1. Lock the door.
2. Let these toys be broken. 2. Break these toys.
3. Let the match not be played. 3. Do not play the match.
4. Let these letters not be posted. 4. Do not post these letters.
5. Do not let that boy be beaten. 5. Do not beat that boy.

Exercise:24
Put into the Active Voice:
1. Let him be punished. 2. Let him not be punished. 3. Let her be promoted. 4. Let her not be
promoted. 5. Let them be sent to Peshawar. 6. Do not let them be sent to Peshawar. 7. Let this letter
be copied. 8. Do not let this letter be copied. 9. Let the gate be opened. 10. Do not let this gate be
opened. 11. Let him be selected for this post. 12. Do not let him be declared successful. 13. Let the
chain be pulled. 14. Let them not be paid in full. 15. Let him be pardoned.

(C) From One Voice into Other:

Exercise:25
Change the voice of:
1. Light the lamp. 2. Let this letter be posted. 3. Hand him over to the police. 4. Do not beat this boy.
5. Open the door before sun-rise. 6. Let this road be repaired immediately. 7. Let the train be stopped
near the bridge. 8. Let not these hens be sold. 9. Do not enlarge this photograph. 10. Let that cow be
slaughtered tomorrow morning. 11. Post these letters before sunset. 12. Let her eyes be tested before
she goes home.

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
I. Put into the Passive Voice:
1. We read the Holy Quran in the morning every day. 2. Pull the chain. 3. She was using my pen. 4.
He will praise them. 5. We shall not follow you. 6. Had she won the prize? 7. I did not spoil the
show. 8. Was she knocking at the door? 9. Do not break these toys. 10. He is looking at us. 11. I
have not put my camera on the table. 12. Are they taking the examination? 13. He does not like this
house. 14. She was not telling a lie. 15. He will have pressed the button. 16. Do not drink cold water.
17. Strike the iron while it is hot. 18. Will she set my hair? 19. I was feeding my son. 20. She has not
poisoned your dog.

II. Put into the Active Voice:

1. A letter was being written by me. 2. Tea has been prepared by her. 3. This poem will have been
taught by me. 4. The lock was broken by him. 5. Had he been beaten by you? 6. Do not let this news
be published. 7. He was fined by the headmaster. 8. Let his name be struck off. 9. Was the thief
caught by you? 10. Has a telegram being received by him? 11. Let her be sent to Murree. 12. They
will be defeated by us. 13. This tree was not planted by me. 14. Those letters will have been burnt by
him. 15. Let not this case by decided soon. 16. Is she being praised by them? 17. I was being blamed

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by them. 18. Will my eyes be tested by him? 19. Those rooms are not occupied by my brother. 20.
Have my letters been posted by him?

III. Change the voice of:

1. She helps them. 2. These sums were solved by him. 3. Catch him by the neck. 4. Do not abuse
them. 5. Will these books be sold by her? 6. Had they won the trophy? 7. Do not let this watch be
stolen. 8. Set a thief to catch a thief. 9. I had not stopped the train. 10. Was the boat being rowed by
them? 11. She will have bought two tickets. 12. Let them be punished. 13. He will not catch the ball.
14. I had reported the matter to the police. 15. He received us at the gate. 16. Is he wearing new
clothes? 17. Will they have burnt those letters? 18. She did not weave that chair. 19. Do not sign this
cheque. 20. He pulled the chain at once.

IV. Change the Voice of:

1. I shall not touch these notes. 2. Throw these eggs at him. 3. They visited us yesterday. 4. Has this
house been vacated by them? 5. I was using my own pen. 6. Many words are being spelt wrongly by
her. 7. Show me that letter. 8. She offered me a chair. 9. He will order you to leave his room. 10. The
whole story has been narrated by me. 11. I shall prove her innocence. 12. Prayers are being offered
by them. 13. She met me at the gate. 14. I did not lead the procession. 15. Do not judge him by his
appearance. 16. Was it known to everybody? 17. I hear her cries even now. 18. Let not the poor be
hated in any way. 19. Wheat is non being imported by us from America. 20. Have you been insulted
by them?

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ESSAYS
EARTHQUAKE AND DISASTROUS
There great many wonders of nature in the entire universe. Some of them are in the space such as
stars, wholes, planets, etc. whereas some are on the earth. All these wonders testify the existence of
almighty Allah. Although Allah has authorized man over almost everything but some time these
existing wonders becomes horrendous and disastrous. One of them is an earthquake.
An earthquake is caused the movement of plates. It hurls and diva states everything situated on the
ground. Such an earthquake came in the northern areas of Pakistan on October 8, 2005, Saturday.
This is the most devastating earthquake that Pakistan has ever faced before; it destroyed the areas of
Balakot, Ravlakot, Bagh, Islamabad and other areas. Some of the villages of these areas were totally
erased of existence, nothing left. The earthquake got more than 80,000 peoples killed and more than
100,000 people were injured. What a real disaster it was, whole world was moved to tears.
In these movements the international community reacted quite energetically to help the earthquake
victims. India, Malaysia, Turkey, Egypt, USA, Great Britain and so many other countries came
together to support the victims and provided generous help to them. Specially the response of
Pakistani nation was noticeable. Everyone, artists, engineers, doctors, traders and all individuals
came out to help their brothers and sisters affected by calamity, sight of more than 100,000 homeless
is miserable, we should all do something for them but as much as we can.
Man has made great progress in every field but no one has yet been able to predict an earthquake.
We should hope might man succeed in inventing or discovering such a means that can foretell an
earthquake so that loss can be minimized. (Ameen)

STREET BEGGING
All over the world in almost every society you see some worse outlooks which make that particular
society bad around its surrounding. Some of the most menacing features on ideological ground in a
society are street begging. It refers a certain groups of people who are engaged begging although
they can earn their bread through a better and legal profession.
We shall see many people begging around the corner approximately every street. This how they not
only make the society outlooks bad but also snatch the right of real poor people. Our Islam urges
every Muslim to keep some part of their incomes for the poor people. This is because the wealth can
be distributed well among all the members of a society. But these clever people come into our vision
by discussing themselves as poor it is a disaster.
Moreover in this modern era these professional beggars have modernized themselves. These are
groups in every area having an incharge who keeps an eye on every beggar. These is a chief who is
above all the incharges who seems the whole groups of beggar, however, it should be pointed out
that because this organized begging the kidnapping and smuggling children and mentally disabled
people have increased over past years.
In the end I would like to say that if we want our society to be good, we have to eliminate street
begging other wise it would cast destructive shadows on our society.

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MERITS AND DEMERITS

OF WATCHING T.V.
Human has made great progress in every field of science. This progress has made his life fast and
productive. But this has caused both easiness and restlessness. The T.V is one of the most extra
ordinary advancements of technology science.

It is an outstanding source of information and entertainment. There are great many programs on
world geography, programs on religion, talk shows in which different topics of a society are
discussed in their true prospective. These are programs which keep us informed with not only the
politics of the country but also of the world. Some programs keep us amused and provide us lot of
fun and entertainment in shot T.V has many advantages.

But is it equally harmful when we consider the importance of time. It is said “Time once has gone
can never be recorded again”. Therefore watching T.V requires times. One needs to be sitting to
watch a T.V documentary and has to call off the other activities. It also makes one lazy because he
keeps on sitting before T.V. It is a very big disadvantage of watching T.V. In the end I quote a wise
saying “nothing is either good or bad but its usage makes it good or bad”. Similarly T.V has both
merits and demerits if not used properly. Now it’s we who should go towards is better side rather
than towards its negative side.

A PICNIC AT SEA SIDE

It was a pleasant day of early fun which is the best time to believing for a picnic especially to sea
side. My class fellows decided to go on a picnic to sea side that morning. We arranged all eatable
and drinks which included sandwich, kababs and tikkas with soft and hot drink.

At 11 O’clock we left our school it was fortunate that school management provided the mini bus for
traveling. Everyone enjoyed the traveling some traditional folk and rock music was played. At exact
1 O’ clock we reached a beautiful point of sea side which is called paradise. As every one loves to
have some time at sea side therefore some of us at once started swimming whereas some other liked
to walk along the beach.

After about an hour we all got back to our bus and had delicious sandwich, Tikkas and Kababs with
soft drink. Later on together we made our traditional tea that only contains pure milk. Every one
enjoyed having that. At 5 O’clock we started to get back. During coming back we talked to each
other about the trip which every one enjoyed a lot. It was one of the most memorable day of my life
and recorded in my daily diary.

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A GREAT LEADER
In every nation of the world there is always one man whose will is strongest the determination is
highest and under shadow of that man’s personality the nation walk that man, his wisdom and
abilities to lead one people to the right way of course that man must called nothing but a great leader.

The great leader of our nation is the Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah. He was born in Karachi
on 25th December, 1876. He passed his matriculation examination at age of sixteen. He went to
England for higher studies. There he studied law and got back to India and started his practice. As a
lawyer he proved himself very efficient in his work. When the cause of Muslim independence took
root the Quaid-e-Azam joined the All India Muslim League. He led the Muslims into a right
direction.

After a long hard struggle the Muslims achieved their desired goal under his able guidance. Then
Pakistan appeared on the map of the world on 14th August, 1947. Throughout the struggle the Quaid-
e-Azam was very sick man, he lost his health but not his determination. It is his consistency and wise
leadership that the Muslims of India could be able to have a separate Muslim state. Against his
services the whole nation always remembers him as the great leader of the Muslims. May God bless
his soul.

“The man of courage and determination is the leader of the nation”

A ROAD ACCIDENT
As we all know very well the traffic conditions in our country. Most of the drivers do not follows
traffic rules and regulations and it results in horrible accidents and sometimes the lives of innocent
people are lost in them.

Such an accident took place the last day. I am still in the influence of that accident, as it was really
dangerous. An old man was walking along the road with his short strike. He was trying to cross the
road. As the red lights turned on, he started walking on the zebra crossing to go across the road. But
unfortunately there were two bike riders coming after one another in a furious speed. They were
trying to beat each other. One of them safely crossed the zebra crossing and did not harm the old
man. But the other one badly hit that old man.

That miserable man fell on the ground and started to bleed and was seriously injured. I suddenly
rushed to that old man to pick him up. I took the help of other people and carried him to the hospital.
His injuries were serious because he was an old man. Both the riders do not even look back what
they had done behind? He was treated in the casually and after about half an hour he came round. I
dropped him at his home and took many prayers from him.

The good thing about old man was that he forgave those cruel bike riders but I would say that they
should have taken case, as the old man was quite careful on his part. In the end I would like to say
that we should follow the traffic rules so that we may travel without the fear of accident.

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NEWSPAPER
In any society, media plays an important role or to be more exact a good civilization cannot be made
without the influence of media that are “Print Media” which includes magazines, newspapers, etc
other one is “Electronic Media” and its main source is television.

However, newspaper is considered more effective and wide spread. Newspaper is such a good mirror
of any society that it reflects it very clearly. In every day what good or bad have happened it tells us.
But unfortunately it is now used for commercial purpose if anyone wants himself to be known as
popular among people he creates a scandal, gets his interview printed on the front of the paper. Some
people use to against their enemies to defense them.

It is very unfortunate thing that people are using it for their own purposes but these are some good
thing that we gets from a Newspaper. For example, informative columns, generally appear in every
newspaper concerning questions and answers in religious, political, social and commercial
prospective. There is always something to read about philosophy of different things. The newspaper
gives us all this.

In the end I would suggest to all who use newspaper in a negative way they should use it positively.
Then it will be able to provide us a great found of knowledge.

THE SPIRIT OF PATRIOTISM

The spirit of patriotism is the love which one does with his country. A true patriot should put his
heart and soul for his country. That is what we the Pakistanis do for Pakistan. We should love our
Pakistan very much as it has been achieved after a long and hard struggle.

Our ancestor worked day and night under the guidance of a great leader, the Quaid-e-Azam. They
know that the Hindus were in majority in the country as well as in the political party. Therefore,
under this impression that freedom would not be shared with the Muslims, the Muslims started their
struggle their leader led them into the right decision and at last on 14th August 1947, Pakistan
appeared on the map of the world.

Now as a sincere and loyal patriot of Pakistan we should love it and try to take come of it. We
should enhance its strength and profit its freedom as Liaquat Ali Khan once said in his speech “Our
first duty is to our selves.”

If we just consider this state of Liaquat Ali Khan we shall realize that first of all we must maintain
our freedom so that we could be able to provide our loyal service to our dear homeland so we should
be daily dealing with all the problems faced by Pakistan in a positive way. That is what actually
called the spirit of patriotism. In the end I would to go every citizen of Pakistan might the true patriot
of the country.

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IMPORTANCE OF
DISCIPLINE IN LIFE
Discipline is the golden principle, which makes life perfect. Discipline has its importance in every
walk of life, in work, in games and even in entertainment. Our daily life should be according to
certain principles like getting up early in the morning, offering prayers in time, taking food at the
proper time. The work and the playtime should also be fixed.

Following these principles makes our life easy and dignified. Discipline in life leads to success and
whatever field we are working. A person, whose gets up late, does not take foot at proper time and is
late in his work, is a person unsuccessful in life. We, the students have to follow discipline in the
class, in the corridor and in the playground. This is not a punishment but training for us to have
discipline in the future life.

TRAFFIC HAZARDS IN KARACHI

OR
TRAFFIC PROBLEMS IN CITY OF LIGHT
The hazards of traffic in Karachi are increasing day by day. Every day a large number of people are
killed and made disabled by accidents. In Karachi, accidents have become so common, that now
people have become indifferent to them.

Only the relatives of people killed those wounded and they suffers can sense the seriousness of the
accidents. Not only this, people in Karachi deliberately break the traffic rules just for the sake of
reaching their destination early. Due to this, there are traffic jams in the break hours. This had been
very often in Ramadan at the iftar time.

The public transport of Karachi is mainly in the hands of drivers of mini buses and buses. They are
mostly illiterate and get licenses somehow. The buses never stop at the bus stops but ahead or behind
the actual bus stop. In addition to this often the drivers stop then vehicles right in the middle of the
road. The whole traffic behind is block. Home begins to sound loudly but the concerned drivers turn
a deaf ear to the horns. He takes off only when the passengers including ladies get into the bus.

The nuisance of traffic hazard worse when buses or mini buses of the same route start racing. At that
time passengers are neither alighted nor taken in and serious accidents take place at last.

It is high time that the authority should think seriously about traffic hazards. Driving license must be
given after strict examination and checking.

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IMPORTANCE OF MUSLIM UNITY

Muslim Unity is the order of the present political of world. Muslim unity had been needed in the past
too and after 11th September, Trade Tower blast in America, it has become most essential for the
Muslims of the world. The 11th September incident has victimized the Muslims and then are
considered as terrorist throughout the world by the west. The Muslims have to unite themselves to
correct this world by have to unity themselves to correct this wrong view of the west. This can be
dome through Muslim unity and by providing that followers of Islam stand for peace and work for
peace and that terrorism are quite against the teachings of Islam.

The late Shah Faisal of Saudi Arabia had devoted his life for Muslim Unity. Present regime of Saudi
Arabia still wants Muslims to unite together. This is to be understood by the heads of other Muslim
countries too. If the Muslim countries remain separate and think about their own well, the west can
easily exploit them and make them weak. It is the need of the day that Muslim countries should sit
together and think about the plans of the non – muslim countries, and then to chalk out a strategy for
their independent and respectable existence in the world. Unity of Muslims does not mean that
Muslims should unite to fight with the west.

It means only to decide a plan for peaceful and respectable co-existence. This can be done only
through and cooperation in different fields. United efforts and cooperation in social, economic,
industrial, technical and other fields will bring progress and prosperity for Muslim and other fields
will bring progress and prosperity for Muslim countries. A strong Muslim country cannot be dictated
by the big-lords of the West’s. Unity is strength and that is needed for Muslim of the world.

DUTIES OF A GOOD CITIZEN

Citizen ship means membership of the state along with duties, rights and benefits of the membership.
A citizen is a person who was allegiance to the state. A citizen gets electricity, water and gas at his
house. The government provides these. He is free to have any profession or business, own his
property and vehicle for transport.

He can use public libraries; go to govt. hospitals and public parks. All these are his rights. In return
of all the rights and benefits he enjoys, the government expects him to pay his taxes sincerely,
honestly and regularly. There should be no cheating of any kind. Above all a citizen has to be patriot
and loyal to his country. It is also his duty to see, if there is any traitor or someone who is trying to
give great loss to the state. The good citizen reports to the government about such a person.

Speaking in the religious sense every religion, including Islam, lays great stress on our duties as
citizens. We are much to our neighbours and to our country. Islam says we cannot become good
Muslims unless we are good and dutiful citizens.

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A HOT DAY IN KARACHI

OR
SUMMER IN KARACHI
In Karachi, the summer is not hot as in Lahore, but sometimes it is very hot in Karachi. One such hot
day in Karachi will be remembered for long. It was Friday and I got up early in the morning, offered
prayers, very soon the sun rose up and it became hot. I looked at the clock, it was just 7.30 am, but
still it seemed as if it was noon. As the day passed, the hotness of the weather became sever and
sever. Cold drinks shops were doing great business.

At 1:00 pm it became so hot that sunrays were penetrating into the body. Not only this, there was no
wind blowing and was much closed. Birds were searching shelter and panting with open mouths.
Crows were very uneasy in the hot day. Due to their black colour, this absorbs heat.

People were sitting in shelter and roads and markets places were deserted. The sun continued its
glare and hotness. At about 4:00 pm most people started towards seashore and the roads leading to
Clifton and Hawks bay were full of traffic. I also went to Clifton with my friends. But even at the
seashore we were uneasy. There was a great rush and cold drinks were out of stock. I went into the
water and had a bath and got a little relief. In the night during the weather news I saw that the day
temperature was 430F, which is quite unusual for Karachi.

MY LEISURE TIME
Leisure hours or time means free time. The time that is for man’s recreation. The best rule for the
employment of our leisure is to make as marked a contrast as possible between our amusement and
our work. It is a great mistake to make a practice of pondering over our work when we profess to be
amusing ourselves, as is done by those students who, in the course of their solitary walks or in the
cricket field, try to think out intellectual difficulties.

In Karachi there are many places like the Quaid-e-Azam park, Sea View, Aladin, Hill park, Mazar-e-
Quaid, Sindbad and other countless parks and places which are recently established and very much
popular among the people to walk and enjoy the leisure time.

I usually spend my leisure time in reading an interesting book. As we know that the book is the best
friend, so I always prefer a book on any other think for amusing my self. A good book makes my
time pass quicker and in getting knowledge. A decent book becomes the source of information,
entertainment and increasing the ability to learn more words. It helps me to be on who can share his
ideas with others in superb manner.

Hobbies such as photography, sketching, carpentry and others are equally pleasant, but reading a
book in my leisure time is the thing I like most.

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TRAFFIC PROBLEMS
With the increase in population, the traffic problem has become very severe in almost all the cities of
Pakistan particularly Karachi. The increased pressure of traffic has increased the number of traffic
accidents and our roads are growing dangerous each day. Unfortunately our people have title or no
road sense and no respect for the traffic rules. This aspect is mostly responsible for the number of
road accidents, which take place every day. It is the duty of every citizen to respect the law to
cooperate with the law enforcing agencies in the smooth flow of traffic.

The main cause for the traffic accidents and the number of traffic jams each day is due to rash and
negligent driving. The biggest offenders in this respect are the Yellow Devils and the private car
owners. They indulge in over-speeding and wrong overtaking and are hence the cause for many fatal
accidents, which are a daily feature of Karachi.

These people have scant respect for the law and being influential, they get away with everything, and
the drivers of the mini-buses have no value for life. The way they drive and kill on the roads show
this. The pity is that these killers are not taken to task.

The miserable condition of the roads is also a big factor in the traffic problem. Cyclists, camel and
donkey carts obstruct in the smooth flow of traffic. These also cause traffic jams, resulting in many
serious accidents.

These days, traffic jams is the biggest problem which most drivers face, in the rush hours both in the
morning and in the evenings, the traffic rush is at its peak and because of various reasons, traffic
jams are caused, resulting both in the wastage of precious time and the wastage of petrol, which is
brunt, which in turn cause a lot of smoke, making life miserable for the people.

The heavy vehicles, such as truck etc also cause a lot of problems and pose a constant threat to the
pedestrian, sometimes, technical defects in the vehicles are also responsible for some serious
accidents and traffic jams on the roads.

One way of checking the traffic problems is to have one-way traffic, on all the roads, as far as
possible. A regular campaign should be launched to teach ‘road sense’ and ‘driving sense’ to all the
sundry.

The traffic should also be properly canalized. There should be separate lanes for cyclists, mini-buses,
buses and cars. It is my firm belief, that if the above mentioned lane-system is introduced on all our
roads, I am convinced that the number of road accidents would drastically be reduced, and the traffic
jams would also reduce.

It calls for the undivided attention of the City Nazim, to save the situation and take measures to rid
the people of the traffic mess. If everyone does his duty sincerely, the traffic mess can be controlled
and sanity can prevail on the roads.

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STATUS OF WOMEN IN ISLAM

Women enjoy the right status in Islam. After the advent of Islam, people began a value the woman.
The women also enjoy more rights as compared to past. Islam recognizes the position of women to
be the same as that of men. It claims that both come from the same essence. That is why woman
have same status.

Woman is a great gift of God. In a woman we find three different personalities a mother, a wife and
a daughter. The position of mother is very much exalted in Islamic tradition. Prophet Muhammad
(P.B.U.H) has gone so far as to say, “Paradise lies underneath the feet of mothers”. As regards of
woman as wife, the saying of the Prophet (P.B.U.H) is categorical, “The best among you in the one
who is best towards his family”. Concerning woman as daughter, the Islamic attitude can be realized
from the reproaches, which the Holy Quran makes against the pagan Pre-Islamic behavior at the
birth of daughters. Islam did not allow the Arabs to bur their young daughters.

Islam is the religion according to nature. It envisages a natural division of work between men and
women. She can take part in most of the activities if she has the ability and opportunity. In this way,
Islam has clearly defined and determined the status of woman in society. However, Islam does not
prevent the woman from serving in various social institutions. They may work as teachers, doctors,
nurses etc. they may also take part in politics.

Despite it, Islam has laid greater stress on domestic duties of a woman. Our salvation lies in the
following teachings of Islam. Therefore we must abstain from copying the western culture blindly,
and stick to our own Islamic culture as firmly as possible.

KARACHI AS A CITY OF PROBLEMS

OR
LIFE IN A BIG CITY
Karachi is obviously the city of Pakistan; it is the 2nd largest city of the world which has undergone
through many historical, social and economic crises. In the past period, this city was colourful,
pleasant with its beautiful evenings and mornings of hope and optimism. There was a spiritual
feeling of love and affection among the people of this city.

When the population of the city grew larger due to uncontrolled and unsystematic movement of the
people from all the provinces of Pakistan as well as from the Asian countries of the third world, it
created thousands of unmanageable problems.

As a matter of fact, the whole planning system, mainly the projects of Karachi development
authority (KDA) have completely distributed and puzzled due to over increasing population in all the
corners of Karachi. There is a saying that God mad the country and manmade the town. Karachi is
an example of it. After a period of fifty years, when we have celebrated the golden jubilee of
Pakistan, a glance must be thrown over its development and progress.

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Karachi has now become the city of problems. Evil deeds have germinated. Vulgarity has uprooted
the basement of virtuosity has wiped out. There are countless problems which the dwellers of this
city have been facing. Problems have arose in each faculty. It has increased the tension and anxieties
of people.

The fundamental problems are concerned with the basic needs of people e.g. water supply,
electricity, communication, slow working progress of developing projects, poor road conditions,
excavation of roads, transport problems. The biggest problem is the application of law and order
which is basically concerned with pace. It seems that law controlling authorities have failed to
control the enhancing terrorism.

Terrorism has muffled the peacefulness of the city. The whole violence is the result of political
conspiracy which has sped with fast pace. It must be the fundamental issue, the problems of law and
order for which law authorities should take essential measures. Higher are responsible concerned
authorities should take the necessary measure, for the sake of satisfaction.

MEDIA
(ITS POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EFFECTS)
Imagine a city without televisions, radios or internet connections. All these media facilities provide
people awareness of what is going on around them. Electronic as well as Print Media is an effective
way of communication as it provides link between ordinary persons and others in the world. It is
only due to newspapers that we can read in the morning about the events that took place on the other
side of the world only the day before. Besides, electronic media can telecast live happenings from
around my corner of the world. Radio, television and internet are inventions that extend across all
areas of internet including weather forecasts, entertainment, educational broadcasts, business and
important political and social events. Companies that want to sell their products by advertising also
make use of media. Media is very important in the fast moving world, because without media the
society would be unaware of the local and foreign affairs.

Now, we come to the drawbacks of media. Electronic media is the most unpredictable mean of
spreading knowledge among people. One gets biased and one-sided views through this media and
nobody can rely on truth. Internet was supposed to be used for gaining information from throughout
the world, but only a faction uses it for information. Rests are being morally devaluated through the
improper and non-religious publishing. Print media is also playing its role in this regard. Fashion and
movies, magazines are the main cause of wastage of money and every amidst the young generation.
If a newspaper can be used, it can be misused much easily by spreading views of one political party
and other rumours. Readers should be careful and judicious in selecting the type of media so that
they may keep away from its harms.

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AN UNFORGETTABLE EVENT
As we all know very well the traffic conditions in our country. Most of the drivers do not follows
traffic rules and regulations and it results in horrible accidents and sometimes the lives of innocent
people are lost in them.

Such an accident took place the last day. I am still in the influence of that accident, as it was really
dangerous. An old man was walking along the road with his short strike. He was trying to cross the
road. As the red lights turned on, he started walking on the zebra crossing to go across the road. But
unfortunately there were two bike riders coming after one another in a furious speed. They were
trying to beat each other. One of them safely crossed the zebra crossing and did not harm the old
man. But the other one badly hit that old man.

That miserable man fell on the ground and started to bleed and was seriously injured. I suddenly
rushed to that old man to pick him up. I took the help of other people and carried him to the hospital.
His injuries were serious because he was an old man. Both the riders do not even look back what
they had done behind? He was treated in the casually and after about half an hour he came round. I
dropped him at his home and took many prayers from him.

The good thing about old man was that he forgave those cruel bike riders but I would say that they
should have taken case, as the old man was quite careful on his part. In the end I would like to say
that we should follow the traffic rules so that we may travel without the fear of accident.

IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE
OR
BLESSINGS OF SCIENCE
OR
MERITS AND DEMERITS OF SCIENCE
As we turn over the pages of history, we come across the development made by man in different
walks of life over the centuries. From the primitive Stone Age to the modern computerized era,
every step of man has proved to be the milestone in the history of civilization. Modern science has
evolved over a long period, and has now reached the peak of success. It has worked wonders in our
life, but it cannot be said that it is altogether a blessing. When we look at the other side of the
picture, we are filled with a sense of horror. The fear of war and destruction hangs over our heads all
the time. In order to understand the creative and destructive aspects of modern science, we stand in
need of an analysis that will help us differentiate between the good and the bad.

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As we look over the brighter side of the achievements of science, we come to realize that there is
hardly any sphere of life that has not been enhanced by the creative abilities of man. In the field of
medical science, knowledge and research has gone to such an extent that almost all the ailments have
found a cure. The threatening clouds of death no longer haunt the patients who were otherwise filled
with despair. Epidemics have been wiped out, nutritional standards have been improved, drug
therapy has been recognized and hygienic conditions are being created so that the new generation
may enjoy a longer and better life.

In the realm of communication, modern scientific inventions have helped a lot. The far-flung corners
of the world have been linked together with a wide spread air network. Distances have lost their
meaning and thousands of miles can be covered within hours. Traveling today is not only swift, but
also full of pleasure and luxury.

Modern science has opened new vistas of entertainment. All the new electronic gadgets have filled
our lives with recreational variety. From the small pocket sized transistor to the big screen television
and VCR, we are provided entertainment at home and we owe it all to science. Readers are provided
illustrated, colourful books due to the blessing of modern science in the form of latest printing
machines and techniques. Such means of entertainment have about a change in our habits and
hobbies.

The advantages of science are not restricted to the urban population. In the fields of agriculture,
forestry and fishery, science has provided the rural population with the latest implements and know
how. The new methods of agriculture have boosted the production of farms and fields. With the use
of the different kind pesticides, the crops remain undamaged and the tillers of the soil get better
return of the labour. This increase in output not only improves the condition of the toiling masses,
but also brings about a healthy change in the economy of the country. This keeps on moving the
nations on the path of progress and prosperity.

As we cast our eyes on the other side of the picture, we cannot help coming to the conclusion that
science is also the monster of death and destruction. Man is selfish and pugnacious by nature. To
fulfill his jingoist designs, he stands in need of the most destructive weapons, which could bring
about the annihilation of his rivals. Man has gained knowledge in the field of science, but due to lack
of wisdom, he is misusing this knowledge. All big nations are thinking of fulfilling the dream
becoming the super power. The wars of today are not limited to the battlefield. It brings about
epidemic killing of the civilian population. The knowledge of this domain has added immeasurable
danger to war. All the leading powers posses fatal weapons and it seems that the weaker countries
are their mercy. These big nations talk a lot about reduction in arms and they hold disarmament
conferences. However, their practice is quite contrary to their preaching.

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ROLE OF WOMEN IN
PAKISTAN SOCIETY
Society composes both men and women and both of them are spinal cords of the society. Men are
supposed t be active members who formulate and mould the society according to prevailing
conditions similar is the case with Pakistani society.

Islam gives an equal status to women in society. As such a Pakistani woman definitely plays the
most dynamic role in the formulation, success and activities of the society. They are not passive
members. In fact they provide freshness to the society by their presence and services. Thanks to their
efforts that the society adopts and changes itself according to the currents of the time.

In the education and upbringing of younger generations, Pakistani women play a decisive role. They
educate and train their children and prepare them to face the grim events of life. Beyond doubt the
situation needs improvement in villages, yet the sign of rapid improvement exist. Now Pakistani
women are rubbing shoulders with male partners not only in their domestic life, but also in the
outside world. Gone are those days when our ladies were limited to the confine in the houses. Today
they have an equally important role to play in the formation, advancement and progress of our
society.

FLOOD IN PAKISTAN
Floods are common in Pakistan. Every year one reads of floods in one river or another, often causing
great damage. When the floods are extensive, the water rushes into the heart of city or the village.
Floods are always sudden and unexpected.

A flood is mainly due to heavy rainfall. For it cause the rivers to overflow and inundators the
surrounding areas. It is also caused by cyclones, tidal bores or melting of snows on mountains. It is
one of the natural calamities over which man has no control. He is extremely helpless when it rushes
forward and devours everything in its way.

When a flood occurs, there is devastation all around. The plight of the human beings under these
circumstances is most pitiable. Houses topple down. Their belongings are destroyed. They have
nothing to eat and no roof to shelter them. When the means of communication are broken off, it
takes much time before any help from outside can be rendered. Meanwhile they suffer and die. This
distress of the domestic animals becomes all the more intense. Without fodder, without shelter. They
die in thousands. Their car cases are found floating in the rivers.

Every calamity has its end. So the flood ends too. But it leaves with the people difficult problems to
tackle. The whole area looks dull and dearly. Trees are uprooted. The floods given birth to famine.
Often after the floods diseases spread and people die in large numbers.

To fight against the disaster of this natural calamity, relief work is organized. The government
sanctions money for gratuitous relief and longer – term loans. It also rushes food, clothes and
medicine for the affected people. Many generous minded persons contribute huge sums of money.
Relief committees are formed. Appeals are made for food, clothes and money. The students of
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colleges and universities engage themselves in raising funds. They even go to the affected areas for
rendering help in as many ways as they can. Many selfless social workers come forward and work
day and night to relieve the suffering. The floods take only a few hours to destroy, but it takes years
to restore the flooded area back to its normal life.

Everything has its merits and demerits. The flood has its good effects too. It leaves sites on the land
it passes over. This makes the land more fertile. But its evils are far greater than the small good its
does to the land.

IMPORTANCE OF
COMMERCE EDUCATION
WHAT IS COMMERCE? MEANING
Commerce is a branch of business. It is concerned with the exchange of goods and services. It
includes all those activities, which directly or indirectly facilitate that exchange.

Commerce looks after the distribution aspect of the business. Whatever is produced it must be
consumed, to facilitate this consumption there must be a proper distribution channel. Here comes the
need for commerce which is concerned with the smooth buying and selling of goods and services.

DEFINITION OF COMMERCE
According to James Stephenson, “Commerce is an organized system for the exchange of goods
between the members of the industrial world”.

In a broader sense, “Commerce is that part of business which is concerned with the exchange of
goods and services and includes all those activities which directly or indirectly facilitate that
exchange”.

IMPORTANCE OF COMMERCE
Importance of comer are mentioned in following points:

1. COMMERCE TRIES TO SATISFY INCREASING HUMAN WANTS

Human wants are never ending. They can be classified as ‘Basic wants’ and ‘Secondary wants’.
Commerce has made distribution and movement of goods possible from one part of the world to the
other. Today we can buy anything produced any where in the world. This has in turn enabled man to
satisfy his innumerable wants and thereby promoting social welfare.

2. COMMERCE HELPS TO INCREASE OUR STANDARD OF LIVING

Standard of living refers to quality of life enjoyed by the members of a society. When man consumes
more products his standard of living improves. To consume a variety of goods he must be able to
secure them first. Commerce helps us to get what we want at right time, right place and at right price
and thus helps in improving our standard of living.

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3. COMMERCE INCREASES NATIONAL INCOME AND WEALTH
When production increases, national income also increases. In a developed country, manufacturing
industries and commerce together accounts for nearly 80% of total national income. It also helps to
earn foreign exchange by way of exports and duties levied on imports. Thus, commerce increases the
national income and wealth of a nation.

4. COMMERCE HELPS IN GROWTH OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

Commerce looks after the smooth distribution of goods and services made available by the industry.
Without commerce, industry will find it difficult to keep the pace of production. It helps to increase
demand for goods on one hand and on the other hand it helps industries by getting them the
necessary raw materials and other services. Hence, commerce helps in attaining better division of
labour and industrial progress.

5. COMMERCE BENEFITS UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRIES

Underdeveloped countries can import skilled labour and technical know-how from developed
countries. While the advance countries can import raw materials from underdeveloped countries.
This helps in laying down the seeds of industrialization in the underdeveloped countries.

6. COMMERCE HELPS DURING EMERGENCIES

During emergencies like floods, earthquakes and wars, commerce helps in reaching the essential
requirements like food stuff, medicines and relief measures to the affected areas.

THE DUTIES OF WOMEN

Women play a very vital role in human progress and have a significant place in the society. They are
not at all inferior to men. They are capable of sharing all the responsibilities of life. Man and woman
have been rightly compared to the wheels of the same carriage. Islam has accorded an equal position
to women in the society. Islam realized the importance of women and granted them a very dignified
position equal to man.

The main responsibility of a woman is to preserve the human race. As a mother, her position is
unique. She brings up the children with extreme care. The first school of a child is the lap of his
mother. It is quite true that great man had great mothers. Napoleon said:

“Give me good mothers and I will give you a good nation.”

The progress of nation depends upon the way the mothers bring up their children. If the mothers are
educated, the whole society will progress. Women have always played an important role in the
progress of a nation. In the early days of Islam, women worked side by side with men. In the
battlefield, they nursed the injured, kept up the supplies and in certain cases even fought bravely.
Florence Nightingale was the woman, who led a very successful campaign for the reforms of
hospitals and nursing profession. Women had been great saints, scholars, poets, writers, reformers
and administrators.

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Women should be given proper education and training. They should known what life is and how it
should be lived. Educated women can do much to reform the society. Many disturbances in the
society is created by those anti-social persons, who were brought up by wrong hands. In modern age,
women are going very well in all the fields of progress. They are demonstrating their talents in best.
They are serving as teachers, doctors, engineers, administrators and even head of the states. The
literacy rate among the women so in Pakistan is very low. The need is to increase this ratio. More
education among the women means the more progress of the society.

LOAD SHEDDING
Karachi has been very famous as the city of light but now a days this city has been converted into the
city of darkness. The load shedding has now become a part of our life, all of sudden the electricity is
off and entire city comes in the grip of pitch darkness. The temperature in Karachi remains 40
degrees in summer and the citizens find themselves is very uncomfortable situation and the daily
routine of a person is highly affected on account of daily break down of electricity. The people of
Karachi have been facing great difficulty in leading there normal life. It is too hot to bear for the
citizens. When the fans and A.C stops there operation on account of load shedding of electricity it
seems that every activity of life has been stopped. The student studying in or collages, the patient
and the doctors in the hospital and common people at home become restless.

Another great problem is that factories have loss their production in the absence of electricity.
Karachi is one of the greatest centre units of industries in the world. Karachi almost are 68 percent of
the total National Income of Pakistan. Due to electric failures the production and services get a very
set beg. The electric failure has paralyzed the economic activity of the city.

The patients are crying in the hospital due to severe pain and proper treatment can not be provided in
absence of electricity. Emergency operations are delay on account non availability of electricity.
Important investigation related with medical treatment can not be conduct timely due to the curse of
electricity.

Now we hope and pray to God that he might save us from scorching heat and so many others
complication. The Government of Sindh has been proved helpless in bringing about the condition
under control.

“May God help us in solving our problem!”

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ROLE OF COMPUTER
IN MODERN LIFE
Fairly acknowledged as the eighth wonder of the world, computer has opened unlimited fields to the
capability, potentiality, ingenuity sagacity, competency and efficiency of man, with their
complicated sophistication, variability of application, rapidity of execution, celerity of solution,
complexity of operation, pervicity of computation and accuracy of decision they are world wide
acclaimed as a tool to wonder. These reliability infallibility, dexterity capability and exactitude have
opened new horizons for the man. Computers have brought about a tremendous revolution in every
walk of life.

The field of application of computers is various and new application is being searches cut. The
scientists applied it to prediction of weather earthquakes arid storms, controlling of satellites and
controlling of atomic reaction in reactors and else where. Engineers have not logged behind they use
computers in designing case, aero planes and ships, building, bridges and tools.
In the business world, computers are playing great parts. They are used to word processing, record
keeping, inventory controlling, payroll processing, account keeping, and auditing, stock marketing
and ticket reservations.

For entertainment purpose, computers are used to play computer games, I.Q. games and stimulation
games.

Lawyers and police recognized the usefulness of computers soon. They are used to keep records of
criminals, records of courts and records of the decisions. Despite the aforesaid frailties, foibles and
faults they are trained with. Computers are widely acclaimed, intensively used and blindly, relied
upon. Their applications are increasing in various files and they are expected to do services so far not
imagine.

WAR AGAINST TERRORISM

Terrorism means to use violence to terrorist people for political purpose. It is also used to force or
threat to weaken the courage of others in order to change one’s opinion. This is one of the most
severe problems of the present age that people all over the country as well as the third world are
facing this devilishness. The basic causes of terrorism are only to make the political position of the
glob uncertain. Terrorism becomes or may become conclusion effect of strain and too much anxiety.
The causes of terrorism always are the immorality malevolence and maliciousness and its every
important aim, planning or intention is prevailing landlessness, destruction and alter loss to innocent
lives and properties. This devilish destruction forces are always in action and they remain ready to
cerate political maladministration in the country. Terrorism is the worst form of barbarism. A
barbarism action is always supposed as terrorism for it generates an air of terror and a deep sense of
horror. There are countless terrorism groups in action in the world who are always busy in their
detrimental actions.

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Today all the countries of the world are busy in war against terrorism. All countries even most
developed countries like America are facing the problem of terrorism. America has announced his
policies for the war against terrorism but the hidden aims of these policies are related with the war
against Muslim Countries. After the event of 11th September, Usama Bin Ladin was presented as the
symbol of terrorism. On the basis of the elimination of Al-Qaida Network, America made militaristic
action against Iraq and Afghanistan. America also gave political pressure on the Government of
Pakistan to take action against Usama Bin Ladin and Al-Qaida Network. This war against terrorism
is only political set up of developed country countries to capture the economic resources of the
Muslim World.

TERRORISM
Terrorism has many faces, forms and dimensions. It may be regional, national or global and
international in scale.

Terrorism in Pakistan is widespread and there seems no end to it, at last for the present the terrorist
and extremists have been using all kinds of violence and automatic weapons and bombs to terrorist
people and the administrations. Their strategies include killing, murders bomb explosions,
destruction of houses, looting of banks, and disruption of road, rail and transportation and other
means of communication, desecration of religious places, hijacking and kidnapping.

In recent days there has been again spurt in terrorist activities in different part of the country. The
terrorist groups have again become active and trying to create communal disturbances. The terrorist
indulge in all sorts of anti social and anti Government activities to achieve their narrow, sectarian,
political and unholy aim.

The cause of Militancy and terrorism should be clearly and precisely identified and remedial steps
taken. Terrorism and its sponsors commit a crime against humanity at large and must be dealt with
accordingly. It is a global danger and can be eliminated only by close co-operation between various
communities and nations of the world. Only patriotic feelings coupled with efforts in reduction of
poverty, illiteracy, regional, imbalances and inequality among people can successfully face and fight
the means of Terrorism.

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AN EXCITING CRICKET MATCH

Cricket is one of the most popular and exciting out door sports. Some of us get the opportunity to
play first class cricket, but there are millions who enjoy seeing it being played. It gives us moments
of leisure and pleasure and fills us with a competitive spirit. I witnessed the demonstration of the
greatest excitement and determination at National Stadium, Karachi.

It was a fine day. A large number of people including men, women and children from all walks of
life gathered there to enjoy the match between Pakistan and New Zealand. To be a good sports team,
one has to be aggressive and this was shown in the final between the two teams. New Zealand won
the toss and invited Pakistan to bat first. This was a big blunder that their captain had made. Shahid
Afridi and Saeed Anwar were sent as openers. It was a right decision by the captain, because Shahid
Afridi slammed the boll over the field. It was due to his hard hitting that Pakistan achieved a good
start. Saeed Anwar was very careful and most of the time simply obstructed. The bowling was quite
strong, due to which Saeed Anwar was not able to score a single run for the first fifteen minutes. But
as time passed, he grasped the strategy of the bowlers and began to fully support Afridi. He
completed his half-century by playing keen and beautiful shorts. When he was at a score of 88, the
first slip caught him smartly. In this way, the first wicket of Pakistan fell at a total of 130. After him,
Shahid Afridi could not steadily face the bowlers and proceeded towards the pavilion in a short time.
Ejaz Ahmed began his batting when the Pakistani team was playing at 135. Along with Inzamam ul
Haq, he pulled up the score to 170. The next four men were dismissed very quickly. Two bowled
one caught and one out leg before wickets. However Moin Khan made a stand and was able to
increase the score to 218. At this moment, 10 overs remained un bowled and three wickets in hand.
Wasim Akram played a beautiful inning and Pakistani team snatched a total of 269 for 8.

This terrifying score marked down the morals of the New Zealand team. They made a poor start, as
their first wicket fell when the score was only ten. However, their middle order batsmen made a
great effort and cheered the Kiwi Team. Inzamam ul Haq was the person who caught the second
middle order batsman at 70. The following batsman also played quite well and raised up the score to
220 for 5. This situation was exciting and pointed out to the defeat if Pakistan. However, when
Wasim Akram came to bown, the hopes of Pakistanis revived. He bowled extra ordinary well and
just after 5 overs, the New Zealand team had rached to 260 for 7. The rival needed barely 10 runs to
win in 1 over. The down order batsmen shook up well. Score kept on increasing gradually and they
reached to 266. It was the last ball; New Zealand requiring 4 runs to win and Waqar Younis was on
the other side of the wicket. As soon as he bowled, the wickets were slammed and Pakistan was
granted another exciting victory over New Zealand. The crowd went in mad uproar, congratulating
their national champions for the great success.

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LETTERS
1. Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper making complaint against the over flow of
Traffic in the city.

May 20th 2012

The Editor
The Daily DAWN
I.I. Chundrigar Road,
Karachi, Pakistan.

Dear Sir

The union councils of our area want walking up; as our private appeals their offices have not
affected them at all, may be this little publication will do no harm. In fact the Korangi Road has
almost been imposable for last three weeks. Specially in a dark night it is obviously dangerous for
motors or carriages to pass that way. Moreover there are ditches and heaps of road metal on both
sides that leave very little space in the middle for the passers.

I hope this publication will bring pressure on local authorities to put the road in through repair.
Waiting for immediate results.

Yours faithfully
XYZ

2. Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper making complaint against the poor water
supplied in the city.

May 20th 2012

The Editor
The Daily DAWN
I.I. Chundrigar Road,
Karachi, Pakistan

Dear Sir

I want to drag the attention of local authorities of Defence Khaban-e-Badar Karachi, through your
highly respected and read newspaper. For the last two weeks poor water has been supplied to the
area which causes serious illness in many people. The local authorities have not taken any notice yet.

I hope after reading this alarming fact an immediate action will be the response and the residents of
the area will be able to consume pure water.

Yours faithfully
XYZ

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3. Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper making complaint against the overflow of
gutters in the city.

May 20th 2012

The Editor
The Daily DAWN
I.I. Chundrigar road,
Karachi, Pakistan

Dear Sir

It is pity that gutters of the city keep overflowing throughout the city. The municipal authorities are
not paying any attention towards this problem.

These overflowing gutters are responsible for the growth of mosquitoes and a thus are great health
hazards. They can also cause of pollution too. The whole area stinks wherever a gutter overflows.

Plastic shopping bags are said to be the biggest reasons for overflowing of gutters. It is high time
that these plastic shoppers be banned now.

I hope that the municipal authorities will try to solve this problem and relieve the people from their
sufferings. Thanks.

Yours faithfully
XYZ

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SAMPLE RESUME (CV)

JOB OBJECTIVES:

• To gain practical exposure by applying knowledge

• To grow among professionals

QUALIFICATION:

• Certificate Course from British Council

• B.Com (Karachi University)
• I.Com

WORKING EXPERIENCE:

• August 2007 to date

• 2-years teaching experience at intermediate level

COMPUTER SKILLS:

• Ms Office (Suite)
• Accounting Software (Peach Tree)

INTEREST AND ACTIVITIES:

• Current affairs
• Social work

PERSONAL:

• Date of Birth : March 1st 1988

• NIC No : xxxxx-xxxxxx-x
• Domicile : Karachi
• Father’s Name : xxxxxxxxxxxxx

REFERENCE:

Furnished on request

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SAMIA FAROOQI
40-B Sunset Boulevard
Phase II, DHA
Karachi
Tel No: 35864432
E-mail: [email protected]

Education: University of Karachi

• Bachelor of Arts Degree, First Class, November 2002
• Major subjects – Sociology
• Subsidiaries – English and International Relations

Board of Higher Secondary Education, Karachi

• HSC Examination, ‘A’ Grade, 2000
• Humanities Group – English, Islamic History and Economics

Board of Secondary Education, Karachi

• SC Examination, ‘B’ Grade, 1998
• Humanities Group – Islamic History, Geography and Economics
Work Experience: Tour Guide, June to August 2001
National Convention centre
NIPA
Karachi

• Numerous customers request me to do their work.

• 885 customer satisfied
• Own automotive tools
• Sold several secondhand / used cars
• Was asked to display one car at Clifton Car Rally
• Sold two cars at 50% profit.
Award and Memberships:
• Life Member of Indus Automobile Club.
• Karachi Motor Club Award – 1998
• 3rd place in Karachi to Quetta Car Rally – 2000
Interests: Swimming, Cricket and Music.

References: Available upon request.

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CURRICULUM VITAE
Name Najeeb Siddiqui
Address L-20 sector 8D-2 North Karachi, Karachi
E-mail [email protected]
Cell No. 0332-3232313
Age 28

OBJECTIVE:
Work sincerely and enthusiastically and prove to be a fruitful human asset for the organisation.

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION:
• MBA (Studying)
• ACCA (Stage one clear)
• B.Com from Karachi University in the year 2009 (1st division)
• Inter Commerce in the year 2006 from Karachi Board (63%)
• Metric Science in the year 2004 from Karachi Board (72%)

EXPERIENCE:
Teaching ACCOUNTING to I.Com and B.Com since last two years at STUDENT’S IN
COLLEGIATE.

VOCATIONAL QUALIFICATION:
• English language certificate course (Pak – British Center)

COMPUTER EXPERTISE:
Following certificate courses completed from (LAKSON LITERACY COURSE)
• MS – Office
• Internet

CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES:
Teaching is my hobby and currently rendering my services as an Accountant, statistics and business
math teacher in a locally situated institute named STUDENT’S IN.

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SARFARAZ UDDIN SHAH

Address: A-393 15/B Shadman Town North Karachi, Karachi Pakistan

Email: [email protected]
Personal Mobile: 0343-3232123
Details Nationality: Pakistani
D.O.B: 7 August, 1985

Objective: I wish to get into a prestigious and professional organization

offering excellent working environment and professional growth.
Based on my education & experience, I strive to make creative
Profile
and effective contributions as an individual and part of the team
working towards the future growth of the institution.

Marketing Officer 2012 to date

DevParadigm Software house
North Karachi, Karachi.

Operating Officer 2011 to 2012

Experience Meezan Bank Ltd
Federal B. Area Branch, Karachi.

General Banking Officer / Branch IT Coordinator (officiating) 2010 to 2011

MCB Bank Ltd
Nayabad Branch, Karachi.
Meezan Bank Limited, Karachi
Internee (Human Resource Department) (10 weeks)

Internships Karachi Electric Supply Corporation

Internee (HRM/Customer Service Department) (6 weeks)

Allied Bank Limited, Karachi

Internee (Branch Banking) (6 weeks)
2007 – 2008 Master in Public Administration
Karachi University
Achieved First Division
2003 – 2006 Bachelors of Public Administration
Karachi University
Education
Achieved First Division
2001 – 2003 Intermediate
Pakistan Ship Owner Govt. College
Achieved Second Division

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2000 – 2001 Matriculation
Progressive Children Academy
Achieved First division

• Certification of Search Engine Optimization (SEO) from SalSoft Software

Certificate House.
• Certification of Web Designing (Dreamweaver CS5.5, Adobe Photoshop CS5,
Courses &
Flash CS5) from Dat pert software training.
Skills • Proficient in Windows 7/xp, MS office 2003 / 2007 (word, excel, access),
Adobe Photoshop, Inpage, Outlook and Web languages (HTML, Jscript, PHP)
• Research Project on “Corporate Culture at Enar Petrotech Services Pvt. Ltd

Projects • Conducted workshop on “Who Moved My Cheese”.

• Conceived and produced a creative and on DPA.
and
• Research report on “Product Analysis: Comparative study of Mobilink and
Reports Warid”.
• Internship report on KESC (Pvt.) Ltd & Allied Bank Limited.

Supervision, Planning, Self starter, Trend setter, Results Oriented, Time

Management, Communication, Job Prioritizing & Scheduling. Cost conscious,
Skills decision making and problem solving, coordination, event management,
presentation, research, ms-office, internet and E-mail, Highly Proficient in use of
MS Excel.

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English for Under Graduates

COVERING LETTERS
53 Tower Apartments,
Nagin Chowrangi,
North Karachi.
September 29, 2004

Mr. Riaz Khan

National Motors Ltd
13 Indus Road,
Karachi 7449.

Dear Mr. Khan,

Mrs. Irum Ejaz, your Office Manager, mentioned that you require an assitant in your Head Office.
The enclosed resume will show you that office work has been my occupation and my recreation.

A successful dealership like yours depends on reputation. I have good customer relations during the
time I worked at Abdullah Motors. My car sales experience has made me familiar with a variety of
parts and engines.

May I call you after 2:30 p.m. on Thursday, October 3, to set up a time and date for an interview? If
this is not a convenient time, please call me any day after 2:30 p.m. on 8487653. I look forward to
meeting you.

Thank you for your consideration.

Yours sincerely,

Tariq Raheem

Enclosures: three

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English for Under Graduates

Examination Hall,
ABC University,
Karachi.

Date: June 10th, 2012

The Manager
XYZ Ltd
Karachi.

Subject: Application for the post of ------------------------

Sir / Madam,

With reference to your advertisement in the daily DAWN, dated 31st May 2009 for the post of
accountant. I would like to offer my services for one of them.

I have recently passed my graduation in commerce in first division. I am sure that I hold a
personality equipped with an articulate tone, growing ambitions and sensible attitude, which is just
right for the position offered by you.

The details about my academics and other aspects are reflected in my CV. You will be pleased to
discuss it in an interview session. I am available on phone in the office timings.

Yours truly,

The Applicant

Enclosure: A Resume

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