I YEAR / II SEMESTER (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY)

IT8201- INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ESSENTIALS

UNIT – I

WEB ESSENTIALS

COMPILED BY

M.KARTHIKEYAN, M.E., (AP/IT)

VERIFIED BY

HOD PRINCIPAL CEO/CORRESPONDENT

SENGUNTHAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – TIRUCHENGODE

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

1
 CREDIT POINT

ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI

AFFILIATED INSTITUTIONS

R - 2017

B.Tech - INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

2
 SYLLABUS

IT8201 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ESSENTIALS LTPC3003

UNIT I WEB ESSENTIALS 9

Creating a Website - Working principle of a Website - Browser fundamentals -
Authoring tools - Types of servers: Application Server - Web Server - Database
Server
UNIT II SCRIPTING ESSENTIALS 9
Need for Scripting languages - Types of scripting languages - Client side scripting -
Server side scripting - PHP - Working principle of PHP - PHP Variables - Constants
- Operators – Flow Control and Looping - Arrays - Strings - Functions - File Handling
- PHP and MySQL - PHP and HTML - Cookies - Simple PHP scripts
UNIT III NETWORKING ESSENTIALS 9
Fundamental computer network concepts - Types of computer networks - - Network
layers - TCP/IP model - Wireless Local Area Network - Ethernet - WiFi - Network
Routing - Switching - Network components
UNIT IV MOBILE COMMUNICATION ESSENTIALS 9
Cell phone working fundamentals - Cell phone frequencies & channels - Digital cell
phone components - Generations of cellular networks - Cell phone network
technologies / architecture - Voice calls & SMS
UNIT V APPLICATION ESSENTIALS 9
Creation of simple interactive applications - Simple database applications -
Multimedia applications - Design and development of information systems –
Personal Information System – Information retrieval system – Social networking
applications TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Robin Nixon, "Learning PHP, MySQL, JavaScript, CSS & HTML5" Third Edition,
O'REILLY, 2014.
2. James F. Kurose, ―Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach‖, Sixth
Edition, Pearson, 2012.
REFERENCES:
1. Gottapu Sasibhushana Rao, "Mobile Cellular Communication", Pearson, 2012.
2. R. Kelly Rainer , Casey G. Cegielski , Brad Prince, Introduction to Information
Systems, Fifth Edition, Wiley Publication, 2014.

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 SENGUNTHAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, TIRUCHENGODE- 637205
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
LECTURE PLAN

Subject Code : IT8201

Subject Name : Information Technology Essentials
Name of the faculty & Designation : M.KARTHIKEYAN / HOD - IT
Course : II Semester B.Tech., IT
Academic Year : 2018 – 2019

RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS / REFERENCE BOOKS

Sl . Title of the Book Author Reference

No
1 Information Technology AA.Puntambekar,
T1
Essentials ,Technical Publication I.A Dhotre R.Sonia
2 Gottapu
"Mobile Cellular Communication",
Sasibhushana
Pearson, 2012. R1
Rao,

3 R. Kelly Rainer ,
Introduction to Information
Casey G. Cegielski
Systems, Fifth Edition, Wiley R2
Publication, 2014. , Brad Prince,

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 NO. OF
TOPIC REFERENCES TEACHING
HOURS
UNIT I - WEB ESSENTIALS

Creating a Website T1-CH1 Black Board 2

Working principle of a T1-CH1 2
LAB VISIT
Website
Browser fundamentals T1-CH1 Black Board 1

Authoring tools T1-CH1 Black Board 1

Types of servers: T1-CH1

Application Server Black Board 2

Web Server - Database T1-CH1 1

Black Board
Server

UNIT II SCRIPTING ESSENTIALS

Need for Scripting 2

T1-CH2 Black Board
languages
Types of scripting T1-CH2
languages - Client side 1
Black Board
scripting - Server side
scripting
PHP - Working principle of T1-CH2
PHP - PHP Variables - Black Board 1

Constants
Operators – Flow Control T1-CH2 1
Black Board
and Looping
Arrays - Strings - T1-CH2 Black Board 1

Functions - File Handling - T1-CH2 Black Board 1

PHP and MySQL T1-CH2 Black Board 1

PHP and HTML - Cookies T1-CH2

- Simple PHP scripts Black Board 1

UNIT III NETWORKING ESSENTIALS

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 Fundamental computer 2
T1-CH3 Black Board
network concepts
Types of computer 1
T1-CH3 Black Board
networks
Network layers - TCP/IP 1
T1-CH3 Black Board
model
Wireless Local Area 1
T1-CH3 Black Board
Network - Ethernet - WiFi -
Network Routing T1-CH3 Black Board 2

Switching T1-CH3 Black Board 1

Network components 1
T1-CH3 Black Board

UNIT IV MOBILE COMMUNICATION ESSENTIALS

Cell phone working 2

T1-CH4 Black Board
fundamentals
Cell phone frequencies & 2
T1-CH4 Black Board
channels
Digital cell phone 1
T1-CH4 Black Board
components
Generations of cellular 1
T1-CH4 Black Board
networks
Cell phone network
technologies / architecture T1-CH4 Black Board 2

Voice calls & SMS T1-CH4 Black Board 1

UNIT V APPLICATION ESSENTIALS

Creation of simple 2
T1-CH5 Black Board
interactive applications

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Simple database 1
T1-CH5 Black Board
applications
Multimedia applications T1-CH5 Black Board 2

Design and development of 1

T1-CH5 Black Board
information systems
Personal Information 1
T1-CH5 Black Board
System
Information retrieval system T1-CH5 Black Board 1

Social networking 1
T1-CH5 Black Board
applications
Total 45
Revision 10
Total Hours 55

UNIT I - WEB ESSENTIALS

 Creating a Website

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  Working principle of a Website
 Browser fundamentals
 Authoring tools
 Types of servers: Application Server
 Web Server
 Database Server

PART A

1. What is the importance of Authoring Tools ?[APR/MAY 2018]

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2. List any four browsers and state the basic functionality of a browser.
[APR/MAY2018]
3. What is a web page?
4. Differentiate between web page and web site.
5. Define web browser.
6. What are html kit tool?
7. What are types of servers?
8. Define cache.
9. Define request and response messages.
10. What are the features of web authoring tool?
11. What ate Top Style CSS?
12. Define working principles of web’s.
13. Define links.
14. Figure out working principle of DNS.
15. What is tunnel?
16. Define URL.
17. Define Proxy.
18. Define DNS
19. State the principle of good website design.
20. What is gateway?

PART B
1. Compare and Contrast application server and database server.
[APR/MAY2018]
2. Explain the process of client server communication for a web request.
[APR/MAY2018] [OR] Discuss about working principle of a WWW.
3. Explain in detail about creating website.
4. Explain in about Web Authoring Tools.
5. Explain in detail about the server?

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 PART A

1. What is the importance of Authoring Tools ?[APR/MAY 2018]

Authoring Tools is also known as authorware, a program that helps you
write hypertextor multimedia applications. Authoring tools usually enable you to
create a final application merely by linking together objects, such as a paragraph
of text, an illustration, or a song. By defining the objects' relationships to each
other, and by sequencing them in an appropriate order, authors (those who use
authoring tools) can produce attractive and useful graphics applications. Most
authoring systems also support a scripting language for more sophisticated
applications.

2. List any four browsers and state the basic functionality of a browser.
[APR/MAY2018]
A web browser, or simply "browser," is an application used to access and
view websites. Common web browsers include Microsoft Internet Explorer,
Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Apple Safari.
3. What is a web page?
A web page is a document that is suitable for the World Wide Web and web
browsers. The web page usually means what is visible, but the term may also
refer to a computer file, usually written in HTML or a comparable markup
language. Typical web pages provide hypertext that includes a navigation bar or
a sidebar menu linking to other web pages via hyperlinks, often referred to as
links.

4. Differentiate between web page and web site.

Webpage Website
Single document displayable by a A collection of multiple documents
browser displayable by a browser
Shares a unique domain name Has its own unique domain name
Makes up a website Contains one or more webpages

5. Define web browser.

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 Web browsers coordinate various web resource elements for the written web
page, such as style sheets, scripts and images to present the web page. A web
browser can retrieve a web page from a remote web server. The web browser
uses the hypertext transfer protolcol (HTTP)to make such requests.
6. What are html kit tool?
Popular Web developer tool for HTML and more. Includes many plugins, such as
CSS, HTML Tidy, W3C HTML and CSS references, XHTML, JavaScript, ASP,
ColdFusion, Perl, PHP, SSI, SQL, and more.

7. What are types of servers?

Types of server:
 Application server
 Catalog server
 Communication server
 Computing server
 Database server
 Fax server
 Game server
 Media server
 Sound server
 Mail server
 Web server
 Print server
 Proxy server

8. Define cache.
A cache is a facility that may store previous requests and responses for handling
new requests. If a new request arrives that 's the same as a stored request,
the cache can supply the stored response rather than accessing the resource
indicated in the URL.

9. Define request and response messages.

Request messages:

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 A request message is sent by an agent to a server to request some action. These
are the possible actions, called methods: 1.option 2.get 3.head 4.post 5.put
6.delete 7.trace
Response messages:
A response message is returned by a server to an agent in response to a request
message. It may include an entity body containing hypertext-based information.
In addition, the response message must specify a status code, which indicates
the action taken on the corresponding request.

10. What are the features of web authoring tool?

 Web page authoring tools
 Software for directly editing source code or markup
 Software for converting to web content technologies
 Integrated development environments
 Software that generates web content on the basis of templates, scripts,
command-line input or “wizard”-type processes

11. What ate TopStyle CSS?

Integrates seamlessly with Macromedia home Site, Macromedia Dreamweaver,
CSE HTML Validator, Note Tab, and others. The lite version is already included
in Home Site (and possibly other programs, too).Popular program with web site
developers.

12. Define working principles of web’s.

Client uses TCP/IP protocol to connect to server
 Client sends HTTP request packages to server.
 Server returns HTTP response packages to client. If the requested
resources include dynamic scripts, server calls script engine first.
 Client disconnects from server, starts rendering HTML.

13. Define links.

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 Links are found on almost every webpage and provide a simple means of
navigating between pages on the web. Links can be attached to text, images, or
other HTML elements.

14. Figure out working principle of DNS.

15. What is tunnel?

Tunnels are used when there must be an intermediary system between client
and server but it unnecessary for that system to understand the contents of any
messages. An example is a firewall in which a client or server external to a
protected network can establish an authenticated connection, and then maintain
that connection for purposes of HTTP transactions.

16. Define URL.

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 URL IS AN ACRONYM FOR Uniform Resource Locator.URL is the technical for
what is often called a & quot; web address & quot; It the address by which
computers and documents on the internet can be located.

17. Define Proxy.

A proxy acts on behalf of other clients, presenting request from the other clients
to a server. The proxy acts as a server in interacting with a client and as a client
in interacting with a server.

18. Define DNS

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical decentralized naming

system for computers, services, or other resources connected to the internet or a
private network. It associates various information with domain names assigned
to each of the participating entities.

19. State the principle of good website design.

Design principles are derived from fields as varied as

1. Human-computer interaction
2. Usability and user experience design
3. Graphic design and typography
4. Colour theory
5. Design processes and models.

20. What is gateway?

A gateway is a server that appears to the client as if it were an origin server.

itacts on behalf of other servers that may not be able to communicate directly
with a client.

PART B

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1. Compare and Contrast application server and database server.
[APR/,MAY2018]

Computer Hardware

System software

File Mngt Operating Utilities

Tools system

Compilers

Assembler Debugger

Application software

Word Spread sheets Graphics

processing

Communications Databases
Games

 An application server is any program or group of programs that is

designed for end user, application software can be divided into two
general classes: systems software and applications software.
 Applications software( also called as end user programs) include such
things as data base programs, word processors, web browsers and
spreadsheets.
 An application server is a program that handles all application operations
between users and an organization backend business applications or
database.
 An application server is typically used for complex transaction-based
applications.

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 To support high end needs, an application server has to have built-in
redundancy, monitor for high availability, high performance distributed
application services and support for complex database access.
 Application servers are system software upon which web applications or
desktop application runs.
 Application servers consists of web server connectors, computer
programming languages, runtime libraries, database connectors, and the
administration code needed to deploy, configure, manage, and connect
those components on a web host.
 An application servers runs behind a web server and in front of an SQL
database.
 Web applications are computer code which run a top application server
and are written in the languages the application servers supports and call
the runtime libraries and components the application server offers.
 An application server is a software framework that provides both facilities
to create web application and server environment to run them.
 Sometimes referred to as a type of middleware, application servers occupy
a large chunk of computing territory between database servers and the
end user, and they often connect the two.
 Purpose of application server are:
 Hosts web apps allowing users in the network to run and use them,
without having to install a copy on their own computers.
 Unlike what the name might imply, these servers need not to be
part of the World Wide Web; any local network would do.
 Application server frameworks contain a comprehensive service layer
model.
 An application server acts as a set of components accessible to the
software developer through a standard API defined for the platform itself.
 For web applications, these components are usually performed in the
same running environment as their web servers and their main job is to
support the construction of dynamic pages.

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  However, many application servers target much more than just web page
generation: they implement services like clustering, fail-over, and load
branching, so developers can focus on implementing the business logic.
 In the case of java application servers, the server behaves like an
extended virtual machine for running applications, transparently handling
connections to the database on one side and often connections to the web
client on the other
 Other uses of the term may refer to the services that a server makes
available or the computer hardware on which the services run.
 May application servers exit. The choice impacts the cost, performance,
reliability, scalability, and maintainability of a web application.
 Proprietary application servers provide system services in a well defined
but proprietary manner. The application developers develop programs
according to the specification of the application server. Dependence on a
particular vendor is the drawback of this approach.

Java application server:

 Java application servers provide system services in a well-defined, open,

industry standard.
 The application developers develop programs according to the Java EE
specification and not according to the application server.
 A Java EE application developed according to Java EE standard can be
deployed in any Java EE application server making it vendor independent.

PHP application server:

 PHP application servers are used for running and managing PHP
applications.
 Zend server built by ZendTechnologies provides application server
functionality for the PHP based application.
 Appserver.io, built by TechDivision GmbH is a multithreaded application
server for PHP written in PHP.

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Mobile application server:

 A mobile app server is a mobile middleware that makes back end systems
accessible to mobile application to support mobile application
development.
 Much like a web server that stores, processes and delivers web pages to
clients, a mobile app server bridges the gap from existing infrastructure to
mobile device.
 Purpose: although most standards based infrastructure are designed to
connect to any independent of any vendor, product or technology, most
enterprise have trouble connecting back end systems to mobile
applications, because mobile devices add the following technological
challenges:
 Limited resources - Mobile devices have limited power and bandwidth.
 Intermittent connectivity - Cellular service and wifi coverage is often not
continuous.
 Difficult to secure – mobility and BYOD make it hard to secure mobile
devices.

The purpose of the mobile application server is to build on existing infrastructure to

accommodate mobile devices.

Common features: core capabilities of a mobile application services include

 Data routing
 Orchestration
 Authentication service
 Off-line support
 Security

Data base server:

 A database is a computer program that provides database services to other

computer programs or to computes,as defined by the client- server model.

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 The term may also refer to a computer dedicated to running such a
program.
 Database management systems frequently provide database server
functionality and some database management systems are exclusively on
the client server model for database access.
 Database server is the term used to refer to the back- end system of a
database application using client/server architecture. The back-end ,
sometimes called a database server performs tasks such as data analysis,
storage, data manipulation, archiving, and other non-user specific tasks.
 A database server is a computer is a LAN that is dedicated to database
storage and retrieval.
 The database server holds the database management system and
databases. Upon requests from the client machines, it searches the
database for selected records and passes them back over the network.
 A database server is useful for organization that have a lot of data to deal
with on a regular basis. If you have client server architecture where the
clients need process data too frequently, it is better to work with a database
server.
 Some organizations use the file server to store and process data. A
database server is much more efficient than a file server.
 In database network the client executes SQL requests to the database
server. The network database server process the client database request
and the executed answers command are come back over the network
computer.
 In the whole concept database serves its own power to process the request
or search the requested result. The database server some time also known
as SQL engine.
 All database functions are controlled by the data base server.
 Any type of computer can be used as database server.
 It may be microcomputer minicomputer or mainframe computer.
 In larger organization networks the mainframe computers are used as
server.

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 The database server manages the recovery security services of the DBMS.
It enforces the constraints that are specified inside the DBMS.
 It controls and manages all the clients that are connected to it. It handles all
data base access and control functions.
 It provides concurrent access control. it provides better security and server
hides the DBMS from clients.
 It provide the multiuser environment. Several users can access the
database simultaneously.
 All the data is stored on the data server therefore, the DBA can easily
create the backup of the database.
 A standard called ODBC provides an application programming interface
which allows client side programs to call the DBMS on the server side.
 For this purpose necessary software should be installed on both sides.
Hence a client program connects to the database server and sends
requests using the ODBC application programming interface (API).
 The server processes the queries and sends back the results of queries to
the client program which are processed by the client computer.
 Users access a database server either through a front end running on the
users computer which displays requested data or through the back end
which runs on the server and handles tasks such as data analysis and
storage.
 In a master slave model, database master servers are central and primary
location of data while database slave servers are synchronised backups of
the master acting as proxies.
 Most database servers respond to a query language. Each database
understands its query language and converts each submitted query to
server readable form and executes it to retrieve results.
 Examples of proprietary database servers include Oracle, DB2, Informix
and Microsoft SQL server.
 The SQL query language is more or less than the same on all relational
database servers.
 Simply the server that maintains only services related to clients can be
called as data base server.

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  DB- engine lists over 200 DBMSs in its ranking.

2. Explain the process of client server communication for a web request.

[APR/MAY2018] [OR]
Discuss about working principle of a WWW.
The World Wide Web is based on several different technologies that make it
possible for users to locate and share information through the internet. These
include web browsers, hypertext markup language (HTML) and hypertext transfer
protocol (HTTP).
The working principle of WWW:
 Every time you open your browsers, type some URLs and press enter, will
see the web pages appear on the screen.
 Normally, browser is a client. After a URL is types, it takes the host part of
the URL and send it to a Domain Name Server in order to get the IP
address of the host.
 Then it connects to the IP address and asks to setup a TCP connection.
 The browser sends HTTP requests through the connection.
 The server handles them and replies with HTTP responses containing the
content that make up the web page.
 Finally, the browser renders the body of the web page and disconnects
from the server.
 A web server also known as an HTTP server, uses the HTTP protocol to
communicate with clients. All web browsers can be considered clients. We
can divide the web’s working principles into the following steps:
o Client uses TCP/IP protocol to connect server.
o Client sends HTTP request packages to server.
o Server returns HTTP response packages to client. If the
requested resources include dynamic scripts, server calls script
engine first.
o Client disconnects from server, starts rendering HTML.

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 URL and DNS resolution:

URL is an acronym for uniform resource locator. URL is the technical tern for
what is often called a “web address”. It is the address by which computers and
documents on the internet can be located.

The URL was designed to be extensible in the sense that as new types of
documents are added to the internet. The URL would be able to adapt and
uniquely identify each document with regard to each new document format
needs.

The URL was designed to be extensible in the sense that as new types of
documents are added to the Internet.

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical decentralized naming

system for computer, services, or other resources connected to the Internet or a
private network.

Working Principal of DNS:

The information of hosts on the internet is saved in the Domain Name Servers.

 The Domain Name Server are distributed widely on the Internet.

 The Computer needs to connect with a host on the Internet you only need to
enter the Domain name in the URL of Browser.
 The computer will then contact the configured or default Name Servers.
 The Name Server with then tell the computer the IP Address of the query
Host.
 Once the computer get the IP Address of the host, it can then Communicate
with the host.

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The working principle of DNS is as shown below:

 Each Name Server have to save the information of ALL hosts on the Internet.
 If a Name Server forgets to update the Information, Many new domain names
will not be found.
 To guarantee that all new domains are activated are the internet, the
information of all Name Servers must be updated. This may take 2 – 3months.
 How to guarantee that Name Servers are updated are on schedule.

HTTP Protocol:

Http is a transaction-oriented client/server protocol.

 The most typical use of HTTP is between a web browser and a web server.

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  To provide reliability, HTTP makes use of TCP.
 HTTP is a “stateless“protocol each transaction is treated independently.
 A typical implementation creates a new TCP connection between client and
server for each transaction and then terminates the connection as soon as the
transaction completes.
 The specification does not dictate this one-to-one relationship between
transaction and connection lifetimes.
 The stateless nature of HTTP is well suited to its typical application.
 A normal session of a user with a web browser involves retrieving a sequence
of web pages and documents.
 Another important feature of HTTP is flexibility in the formats that it can
handle.
 When a client issues a request to a server, it may include a prioritized list of
formats that it can handle and the server replies with the appropriate format.
Three example of HTTP operation:

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The user agent is the client that initiates the request, such as a Web bowers being
run on behalf of an end user.

The origin server on which a resource of interest resides

The client opens a TCP connection that’s end-to-end between the client and the
server.

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The client then issues an HTTP request.

The request consists of a specific command a URL and a message containing

request parameters, information about the client and perhaps some additional
content information.

Intermediate HTTP systems:

Proxy:

A proxy acts on behalf of other clients, presenting requests from the other clients to a
server.

The proxy acts as a server in interacting with a client and as a client in interacting
with a server.

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Firewall:

The client and server may be separated by a firewall with the proxy on the client side
of the firewall.

Typically the client is part of a network secured by the firewall and the server is
external to the secured network.

Different versions of HTTP:

If the client and server are running different versions of HTTP, the proxy can
implement both versions the required mapping.

Gateway:

A gateway is a server that appears to the client as if were an origin server.

It acts on behalf of other servers that may not be able to communicate directly with a
client.

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Firewall:

The client and server may be separated by a firewall with the gateway on the
server side of the firewall.

Non-HTTP Server:

Web browsers have a built-in capacity to contact servers for protocols other
than HTTP Such as FTP and Gopher Servers.

Tunnel:

The tunnel performs no operations on HTTP requests and responses.

Tunnel is simply a relay point between two TCP connections and the HTTP
messages are passed unchanged as if there were a single HTTP connection
between user agent and origin Server.

Cache:

A cache is a facility that may store previous requests and responses for handling
new requests.

If a new request arrives that’s the same as a request, the cache can supply the
stored response rather than accessing the same as a stored request.

The cache can Supply the stored response rather than accessing the resource
indicated in the URL.

3. Explain in detail about creating website.

There is a large difference between the requirements for a website that
provides a basic web presence to let potential customers know that it exit and
one that provides full e-commerce facilities such as an online store. The most
important aspects of creating a website are as given below:
a) Plan web pages

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 Planning is essential for creating a web site, whether your site consist of
one page or many. Decide what you want to accomplish with your web
pages. Decide on a main topic or theme for your web pages
b) Gather information
Collect the information you want to include on your web pages, such as
text, images etc.
c) Organize information
Divide the information you gathered into sections. Each section should be
a separate web page
d) Home page
The home page is the main page in a web site. The home page is usually
the first page people see when they visit a website. Always include a brief
summary of your web pages on the home page.
Your home page should include a table of contents that lists the
information contained in your web site. You should include links that allow
readers to quickly access information of interest.
e) Study other web sites
Before you start creating your web pages take a close look at some of
your favourite web sites. Determine what you like about them and consider
how you can use these ideas on your pages
f) Put important information first
Always display the most important information at the top of each page.
Some users will not scroll through a web page to read all the information.
g) Transfer speed
When creating your pages, try to keep the file size of the pages and
images as small as possible. This will speed up the display of your web
pages by reducing the time it takes for the information to transfer from the
server to the browser. Resizing image in web builder does not make them
smaller in size, so use your favourite image editor to resizing the image to
the correct size.
h) Test your website in different browsers
Sometimes when a page looks good in one browser it might not be
displayed the same in other browsers.

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 i) The basics of web site security
web sites are unfortunately prone to security risks and so are any
networks to which web servers are connected. setting aside risks created
by usage or misuse of network resources.

4. Explain in about Web Authoring Tools.

Authoring tools covers any software is used to write the web, from enterprise
content management systems (CMSs) through to micro blogging mobile apps,
whether web-based, non-web-based or a combination.

It is easier than ever to create a web site with an html editor, as software
developers continue to add tools that let you developers advanced feature with
style.

Today’s Web authoring tools can provide the power to build an interactive,
animated, state-of-the-art Web site suitable for anything from a personal web
page to amidsize business site.

New web designers don’t need to know HTML to create discussion groups,
Pop-Up, Windows, navigation bars, animated page transitions.

Features:

 Web page authoring tools(e.g., WYSIWYG HTML editors)

 Software for directly editing sources code or markup
 Software for converting to web content technologies.
 Integrated development environments.
 Software that generates web content on the basis of templates,
scripts, command-line input or “wizard” –type processes.
 Software for rapidly updating portions of web pages.
 Software for live collaboration over the web.
 Email client that send messages in web content technologies.
 Multimedia authoring tools.
 Debugging tools for web applications.

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TYPES of Web Authoring Tools:

There Web Authoring Tools are NetObjects Fusion, Microsoft FrontPage, and
Macromedia Dreamweaver.

When the first versions each software came out, there were distinctly different in
the features that they offer.
But current versions of Microsoft FrontPage 2000, macromediaDreamweaver 3
and NetObjects Fusion 5.0.

Microsoft FrontPages:

Microsoft FrontPage Microsoft FrontPage 2000 is a Web authoring

tools that gives you everything you need to create and manage exactly the site
you want, ether you’re creating a personal Web page or a corporate internet or
internet site.

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Features:

 Microsoft FrontPage gives you excellent control over creating a site with a
consistent look and feel.
 It site management features are rated the best, including a graphical view
of your site.
 Microsoft FrontPage lets you see a graphical map of site, and you can
easily add pages to it from there.
 Your new page comes template the look and feel you created for the rest
of your site, saving lots of time.

b) Netobjects Fusion NetObjects Fusion 5.0:

Netobjects Fusion NetObjects Fusion 5.0 is a web authoring tools that is that
solution for small business Web sites, from planning, building, and managing
your site to promoting and growing your online business quickly and effectively.

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 Features: it is a true WYSIWYG tool than an html EDITOR.

 You can drag image, text, and other object anywhere on the page and
simply drop them in.
 NetObjects Fusion was the first program to remove the tedious hand
coding from creating
 The visual Fusion was the first program to remove the tedious hand coding
from creating pixel-precise page layout in HTML.

c) Macromedia Dreamweaver Macromedia Dreamweaver 3 :

Macromedia Dreamweaver macromedia Dreamweaver 3 is a web authoring tool

that is the solution for professional Web site design and production.

Features:

A Quick click of Dreamweaver calls up an external HTML source editor.

o A quick click of Dreamweaver’s external Editor button, and you are editing
Sources code.
o Macromedia Dream weaver keeps the HTML code you graphically create
as pristine as if you did it by hand.
o Dynamic HTML: Animation made easy.
o Producing your effects is a simple matter of dragging and dropping the
browser object you want to move.

5. Explain in detail about the server?

Server is a computer program or a device that provides functionality for other
programs or devices called clients. This architecture is called the client- server
model, and a single overall computation is distributed across multiple processes
or device.
 Servers can provide various functionalities often called services, such as
sharing data or resources among multiple clients or performing computation for
a client.

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  A single server can serve multiple clients, and single client can use multiple
servers.
 A client process may run on the same device or may connect over a network
to a server on a different device.
 Client server systems are today most frequently implemented bt the request-
response model: a client sends a request to the server, which performs some
action and sends a response back to the client, typically with a result or
acknowledgement.
 Designating a computer as “server-class hardware” implies that it is
specialized for running servers on it.
 This often implies that it is more powerful and reliable than standard personal
computers, but alternatively, large computing clusters may be composed of
many relatively simple, replaceable server components.

Operation of a server:

A
network based
on the client-server model where multiple individual clients request services and
resources from centralized servers.

 Server refers to a computer program or process. Through metonymy, it refers

to a device used for running one or several server programs. On a network,
such a device is called host.
 In additional to server, the words serve and services are frequently used,
though servicer and servant are not. The word service may refers to either
the abstract form of functionality, e.g. web service.

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 Alternatively it may refer to a computer program that turns a computer into a
server,e.g windows service.

 The server is part of the client- server model: in this model, a server serves
data for clients. The nature of communication between a client and server is
request and response.
 This is in contrast with peer-to-peer model in which the relationship is on-
demand reciprocation.
 In principle, any computerized process that can used or called by another
process is a server, and the calling process or processes is a client.
 Thus any general purpose computer connected to a network can host
servers. For example, if files on a device are shared by some process, that
process is a file server.
 Similarly, web server software can run on any capable computer, and so a
laptop or a personal computer can host a web server.
 While request-response is the most common client-server design, there are
others, such as publish- subscribe pattern.
 In the publish- subscribe pattern, clients register with a pub-sub server,
subscribing to specified types of messages; this initial registration may be
done by request-response.
 Thereafter, the pub-sub server forwards matching massages to the clients
without any further requests: the server pushes messages to the client, rather
than the client pulling messages from the server as in request-response.

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  When referring to hardware, the word server typically designates computer
models specialized for their role. In general, a server performs its role better
than a generic personal computer.
 Almost the entire structure of the internet is based upon a client-server
model. High level root name servers, DNS, and routers direct the traffic on
the internet.
 There are millions of servers connected to the internet, running continuously
throughout the word and virtually, every action taken by an ordinary internet
user requires one or more interactions with one or more server.
 There are exceptions that do not use dedicated servers; for example peer-to-
peer file sharing, some implementations of telephony.

Types of server:

 Application server
 Catalog server
 Communication server
 Computing server
 Database server
 Fax server
 Game server
 Media server
 Sound server
 Mail server
 Web server
 Print server
 Proxy server

Web Server Application Database

Server Server

Presentation
Business
data

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 6. Discuss about Web Server
Web server:
 AWeb Server is a computer system that processes requests via HTTP, the basic
network protocol used to distribute information on the WORLD WIDE WEB.
 The term can refer to the entire system, or specifically to the software that
accepts and supervises the HTTP requests.
 It uses HTTP to server files that create web pages to users in response to their
requests, Which are forwarded by their computer HTTP connection.
 The server that delivers that delivers an XML document to another device can be
a web server.

Types of Web Server

There are different types of web servers available in open market. The most
popular are
a.Apache
b. IIS
c. NGINX
e. LiteSpeed

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a) Apache web server

o Apache is the most popular web server in the world developed by the
Apache Software foundation.
o Apache is an open sources software and can be installed on most all
systems including Linux, unix, Windows, FreeBSD, Mac.OS X and
more.
o About 60% of machines run on Apache Web Server.
o An Apache server can be customized easily as it contains a modular
structure.
o It is also an open sources which means that you can add own modules
to the server when to require and make modifications that suit your
specific needs.
o An apache server can be customized easily as it contains a modular
structure.
o It is more stable than any other web servers and is easier to solve
administrative issues.

b)IIS Web Server

IIS is a Microsoft product.

IIS Server has all the features just like apache. But it is not an open sources
and more over personal modules cannot be added easily and modification
becomes a little difficult job.

Microsoft developed, maintains it, thus works with all the Windows operating
system platforms. Also, they had good customer support if it had any issues.

a) Nginx web server

 Nginx is another free open source web server, it includes IMAP/POP3
proxy server.
 Nginx is known for its high performance, stability, simple configuration
and low resource usage.

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  This web server doesn’t use threads to handle requests rather a much
more scalable event- driven architecture which uses small and
predictable amounts of memory under load. It is getting popular in the
recent times and it is hosting about 7.5% of all domains worldwide.

b) Lite speed web server

 Litespeed(LSWS) is a high performance apache drop-in replacement.
LSWS is the 4th most popular web server on the internet and it is a
commercial web server.
 Upgrading your web server to LiteSpeed will improve your
performance and lower operating costs.
 This is compatible with most common apache features, including
mod_rewrite and mod_security. LSWS can load apache configuration
files directly and works as a drop in replacement for apache with
hosting control panels _ replacing apache in less than 15 minutes
with zero downtime.
 Unlike other front-end proxy solutions, LSWS replaces all apache
functions, simplifying use and making the transition from apache
smooth and easy. Most of the hosting companies were using LSWS
in recent times.

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